A detailed structural analysis was conducted of the Warwick Hills at the northeast tip of the doubly-plunging Dagger Flat anticlinorium, Marathon Basin, west Texas. Field work delineated a folded duplex structure composed of three horses. Thrust transport was towards the northwest and resulted in a hinterland-dipping duplex. Initial thrusting In the Warwick Hills shortened the area by 2.2:1 (54%). Post-thrusting, the duplex underwent nearly isoclinal folding creating two anticlines and a syncline, second-order folds to the Dagger Flat anticlinoium. Folding combined with thrusting brought the total shortening of the rock package to 6.5:1 (85%). Earlier estimates gave a shortening for the Warwick Hills of 3:1. Finally, the folded duplex was extended by oblique tear faulting that offset the folded thrusts accommodating extension of the major folds in a northeast direction. These tear faults occurred post-plunging of the folds and were the last deformational movements that affected the Warwick Hills. The Ordovician Maravillas and Devonian Caballos Formations acted in the Warwick Hills as a structurally competent couplet. Addition or subtraction of this couplet, or units in this couplet, controlled the location of the major and minor thrusts, the style and shape of folds, and the location of the fold hinges. Bounding the couplet are incompetent shales of the Ordovician Woods Hollow and the Mississippian Tesnus Formations. Thrusts in the Warwick Hills duplex have a basal décollement in the Woods Hollow shale and ramp up through the Maravillas/Caballos couplet with an upper décollement in the Tesnus shale. The entire duplex was primarily folded by flexural slip (i.e. concentric folds) as evidenced by slickensides oriented parallel to bedding and perpendicular to fold axes, the constant thickness of the competent layers and the change in fold shape with depth. Fold wavelength, as determined from the couplet in the lowest thrust sheet, averages ~1,300 m and the average fold axis for the Warwick Hills, as determined stereographically, plunges ~54° N90°E. Shale in the Woods Hollow and Tesnus Formations bounding the couplet, flowed passively during folding into the cavities that were created by the bending of the more competent units. Lower and upper boundaries of disharmonic folding developed in the Woods Hollow and Tesnus Formations respectively. Unique to this area when compared to the rest of the anticlinorium are the presence of tightly folded thrusts and steep east-trending fold axes. The anticlinorium plunges in the Warwick Hills because it drapes off a down-to-the-northeast basement fault. Folds were "dragged" or diverted to the east during thrusting of the duplex over this transversely-oriented paleotopographic fault scarp, or were diverted subsequent to thrusting of the duplex by strike-slip movements at depth along the basement fault. / text

Η παρούσα μελέτη παρουσιάζει νέα στοιχεία που αφορούν την τεκτονική και στρωματογραφία του φλύσχη της Νότιας Aιτωλοακαρνανίας και έχει ως στόχο να ερμηνεύσει την τεκτονική εξέλιξη της περιοχής και την κινηματική των επωθήσεων. Γεωλογικά δεδομένα που προέκυψαν από την τεκτονική και στρωματογραφική ανάλυση καθώς και από την ανάλυση αεροφωτογραφιών συνδυάστηκαν με σεισμικές τομές. Οι μεγάλης κλίμακας επωθήσεις της Πίνδου και του Γαβρόβου, που σχηματίζουν ένα προελαύνον προς την προχώρα σύστημα επωθήσεων, δρουν συγχρόνως για μεγάλο διάστημα του Ολιγοκαίνου. Η επώθηση Γαβρόβου χαρακτηρίζεται από σημαντική μετατόπιση (>10 χλμ.), μικρούς ρυθμούς βράχυνσης, και από πολύπλοκη ιστορία προέλασης που περιλαμβάνει και επωθήσεις εκτός ακολουθίας. Επωθήσειςν ΒΒΔ-ΒΔ διεύθυνσης ελέγχουν την τοπογραφία της περιοχής και συνείσφερουν σημαντικά στην πάχυνση του φλύσχη. Η υπέρθεση του φλύσχη ενέτεινε την βύθιση της λεκάνης και την υποβύθιση τμημάτων του φλοιού κάτω από την επώθηση. Η έναρξη της κλαστικής ιζηματογένεσης λαμβάνει χώρα στο Πριαμπόνιο, ενώ το τέλος της προσδιορίστηκε στο Ανώτερο Ολιγόκαινο. Στην Ιόνια λεκάνη η κατώτερη ακολουθία ιζημάτων του φλύσχη αντιστοιχεί σε αποθέσεις εξωτερικού ριπιδίου ενώ η ανώτερη σε αποθέσεις εσωτερικού ριπιδίου-κατωφέρειας. Στην λεκάνη Γαβρόβου επικρατούν κυρίως αποθέσεις εσωτερικού-μέσου ριπιδίου. Τα αποτελέσματα που προκύπτουν από την παρούσα διατριβή υποδηλώνουν ότι το κλασσικό μοντέλο του προελαύνοντος προς την προχώρα συστήματος επωθήσεων, που έχει προταθεί για τις Εξωτερικές Ελληνίδες χρειάζεται σημαντικές τροποποιήσεις. / This study demonstrates new structural and stratigraphic data derived from the syn-orogenic clastic deposits in the Etoloakarnania area, in order to define the structural evolution and the movement history of thrust faults in the area. Geological data derived from structural, stratigraphic analysis and interpretation of air photos combine with data from seismic lines. The crustal-scale Pindos and Gavrovo thrusts,which formed a foreland propagating sequence, acted simultaneously for a long period of Oligocene. The Gavrovo thrust is characterized by significant displacement (>10 km), low shortening rates and a complex propagation history, involving out-of-sequence thrusting. NNW to NW-directed thrusts control the topography of the region and cause a significant thickening of the flysch. The superposition of flysch enhanced further subsidence and underthrusting. The clastic sedimentation began in the Priabonian and lasted till the Late Oligocene. In the Ionian basin the lower part of the clastic sequence corresponds to outer fan deposits, while the upper part corresponds to inner fan-slope deposits. In addition, inner to middle fan associations predominate in the Gavrovo basin. The results of this study show that the classic model of a foreland propagating thrust sequence for the External Hellenides needs significant modifications.

Italian Trap Allochthon is a rare upper-plate exposure of Paleozoic metasedimentary and Precambrian to Tertiary crystalline tectonites in the Santa Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex. Elsewhere in the complex, metasedimentary tectonite is usually restricted to an autochthononous position. The internal structures of the allochthon consist of numerous low-angle faults, tear faults, and overturned asymmetric and upright folds. Close association of the low-angle faults and asymmetric folds, and vergence of the folds, indicates that these folds were formed during westward transport along the low-angle faults. The structures of the allochthon are truncated and rotated to the northeast by a listric (?) normal fault. The probable shape of the fault surface, together with the northeastward rotation of the internal structures, suggests translation of the allochthon from the northeast to the southwest. The fact that metasedimentary tectonites are found in upper- plate position indicates that the listric (?) normal faulting post-dates the metamorphism of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata. Metamorphism in turn was part of the development of the Santa Catalina-Rincon metamorphic core complex. It is inferred that the Italian Trap Allochthon was emplaced in the final stages of profound regional extension which prevailed during the mid-Tertiary in southern Arizona.