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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Atributos físicos e químicos de um latossolo, fase cerrado, sob diferentes sistemas de manejo

Bilibio, William Diniz 18 February 2008 (has links)
Chemical and physical attributes of an Acrustox subjected to different management systems were evaluated. The experiment was conducted at the Fazenda do Glória/UFU since 2000. The field experimental area was conducted during seven years, in a randomized block design, to evaluate some chemical and physical attributes of the soil, at depths of 0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm, for different management systems (conventional and conservationist). The parameters examined were: density, porosity, macro and microporosity, aggregate stability, total organic carbon (TOC), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), potassium (K+), nitrogen (N) and aluminum (Al3+). Statistical differences were found between conventional and conservationist treatments. The values indicated a density increase with the depth, combined with porosity decrease as the relationship macro/micropores and with lower aggregate stability in conventional system in comparison with the conservationist systems. Statistical differences of the chemical attributes of soil, between the conservationist and conventional treatments, were found only at the top 5 cm of the soil, only for the elements Ca, P and K. Aluminum correction was more efficient in the conventional system, due to lime addition in the soil, independent of gypsum addition. / Foram avaliados atributos físicos e químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico submetido a diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo. O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda do Glória/UFU desde o ano 2000. A área experimental de campo, disposta num esquema de delineamento em blocos casualizados, foi conduzida durante sete anos para avaliar alguns atributos físicos e químicos do solo, nas profundidades de 0-5; 5-15 e 15- 30 cm, para diferentes sistemas de manejo (convencional e conservacionistas). Os parâmetros analisados foram: densidade, porosidade total, macro e microporosidade, estabilidade de agregados, carbono orgânico total (COT), fósforo (P), cálcio (Ca2+), magnésio (Mg2+), potássio (K+), nitrogênio (N) e alumínio (Al3+). Foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos conservacionistas e convencional. Os dados indicaram aumento da densidade com a profundidade, conjugado com redução da porosidade total, bem como da relação macro/microporos e com a menor estabilidade de agregados no sistema convencional, em relação aos sistemas conservacionistas. Para os atributos químicos do solo, diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos conservacionistas e convencional ocorreram apenas nos primeiros 5 cm do solo, somente para os elementos P, Ca e K. A correção do Al foi mais eficiente no sistema convencional, devido à incorporação do calcário ao solo, independente da aplicação de gesso agrícola. / Mestre em Agronomia
22

Emissão de óxido nitroso e metano em área de cultivo com arroz irrigado com diferentes manejos da palha pós-colheita / Nitrous oxide and methane emissions fron rice field under different post-harvest straw managements

Souza, Eduardo Lorensi de 15 February 2013 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Post-harvest rice straw managements can alter CH4 and N2O emissions and global warming potential (GWP) in lowland areas cultivated with rice. In order to test this hypothesis, the present study was planned to quantify annual N2O and CH4 emissions, GWP and grain yield of rice subjected to different post-harvest straw managements on a lowland area at Southern Brazil. The soil was a Planossol. The treatments were as follows: No management (NM); Post-harvest Roll-knife (RKPH); Post-harvest Disc harrowing (PHDH); Without straw (WS); NM + Ryegrass (NM + RG); Disc harrowing in August (DH); Post-harvest Disc harrowing + Disc harrowing in August (DHPH + DH) and Without straw + Disc harrowing in August (WS + DH). The amount of rice straw returned to the soil in all plots after harvest was adjusted to 6.5 Mg ha-1 in April 2010 and to 11.3 Mg ha-1 in March 2011. Emissions of N2O and CH4 were evaluated for two consecutive years during the periods between harvests and rice cultivation. At each gas sampling time soil samples were also collected to evaluate soil mineral N and moisture contents. GWP of each management system was calculated from soil C contents (at the start of the experiment and at the end of experiment), N2O and CH4 emissions and CO2 cost during all managements. The results showed that more than 98% of the emitted N2O in lowland rice cultivation occurs during fallow period. Nearly whole CH4 emissions were recorded during rice cultivation. Incorporation of rice straw with tillage management after harvest with disc harrowing or growing of ryegrass after harvest lowered N2O emissions during fallow period. The lower CH4 emissions were observed in the treatments where rice straw was incorporated after harvest with disk harrowing and roller knife. These straw management practices also reduced GWP without reducing grain yield, compared to managements that do not incorporate rice straw. Management systems that resemble NT or zero tillage, where straw was left on soil surface during the fallow period resulted in higher N2O and CH4 emissions. Similarly, those management systems where soil was harrowed before planting resulted in soil C loss and contributed towards higher GWP, being less efficient and unsustainable. / O tipo de manejo aplicado à palha pós-colheita do arroz pode afetar as emissões de CH4 e N2O e o potencial de aquecimento global (PAG) anual em áreas de várzea cultivadas com arroz irrigado por inundação. Para testar essa hipótese foi realizado o presente trabalho com o objetivo de quantificar as emissões anuais de N2O e CH4, o PAG anual e avaliar o rendimento de grãos da cultura do arroz irrigado sob diferentes sistemas de manejo da palha pós-colheita, em uma área de várzea no sul do Brasil. O experimento foi realizado em um Planossolo. Os tratamentos avaliados foram compostos por diferentes manejos da palha, como segue: Sem manejo da palha (Sm); Rolo-faca pós-colheita (RFpc); Grade pós-colheita (Gpc); Retirada da palha pós-colheita (RPpc); Sm + Azevém (Sm + Az); Grade em agosto (Gas); Gpc + grade em agosto (Gpc + Gas) e RPpc + grade em agosto (RFpc + Gas). A quantidade de palha de arroz adicionada na superfície do solo nas parcelas pós-colheita em todos os tratamentos foi ajustada para 6,5 Mg ha-1 em abril de 2010 e para 11,3 Mg ha-1 em março de 2011. As emissões de N2O e CH4 foram avaliadas por dois anos consecutivos durante os períodos de entressafra e de cultivo do arroz. Em diferentes datas de avaliação dos gases foram realizadas coletas de solo para quantificar os teores de N mineral e umidade do solo. Com base nos dados de C no solo no início e ao final do experimento, das emissões de N2O e CH4, e, dos gastos em CO2 dos manejos agrícolas foi calculado o PAG de cada sistema de preparo. Esse estudo demonstrou que mais de 98% do N2O emitido em área de várzea sob cultivo do arroz ocorre no período de entressafra da cultura. Já para o CH4 a quase totalidade desse gás é emitida durante o cultivo do arroz no período de alagamento do solo. A antecipação do preparo do solo, com incorporação da palha do arroz pós-colheita com grade ou cultivo de azevém pós-colheita promove as menores emissões de N2O durante o período de entressafra. As menores emissões de CH4 foram observadas nos tratamentos com a antecipação do preparo do solo, com incorporação da palha do arroz pós-colheita com rolo-faca e grade. Esses tipos de manejo da palha reduzem o PAG sem diminuir o rendimento de grãos, em relação aos sistemas que não incorporam a palha de arroz ao solo. Sistemas que se assemelham ao SPD, mantendo a palha sob a superfície do solo durante toda a entressafra, apresentam maiores emissões de N2O e CH4, ou ainda aqueles sistemas que recebem gradagem antes da semeadura (no mês de agosto), perdem grandes quantidades de C do solo, resultando em um PAG elevado nesses sistemas, mostrando-se menos eficientes e de baixa sustentabilidade.
23

Alterações no estoque e taxa de sequestro de carbono em um Latossoto vermelho submetido a sistemas de manejo.

Santos, Josiane Bürkner dos 17 May 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 josiane.pdf: 937524 bytes, checksum: fac9597a15355333fedce082a07f433d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-17 / The objective of this study was to quantify the changes of the total carbon (C) and total nitrogen (N) stock, and the variation of the C pool’s in monthly soil samples, and the C balance and C sequestration rates provoked by the soil tillage systems. The soil samples were accomplished in a long term experiment implanted in 1988, in the experimental station of Fundação ABC located in Ponta Grossa city, Center-South area of the Paraná State. The soil tillage systems were comprised: a) Conventional Tillage (CT); b) Minimum Tillage (MT); c) No-tillage with chisel plow (NTCP) each three years; and d) No-tillage – Continuous (NTC). Soil samples for each treatments were obtained by digging 3 profiles of 20-cm x 50-cm (surface area) x 50-cm deep for each replicate, and collected from three depths (0,0- to 2.5- cm, 2.5- to 5-cm, 5- to 10-cm). In the samples collected in October of 2003, May of 2004 and November of 2004, the total organic carbon (TOC) and the total nitrogen in all of the depths was measured. The particle size fractionation was accomplished, separating the soil in fractions in the size of 2000 - 210 Wm, 210 - 53 Wm and <53 Wm. In all these fractions TOC was determined. The treatments had significant effects on TOC and TN contents and pools. The total C and N stock in NTC was superior to the other systems demonstrating larger maintenance of C in the soil. The larger concentration of C was observed in the 210 to 53 Wm particle size fraction in the NTC. In the 2000 - 210 Wm fraction of the 0,0-2,5 cm layer were observed larger changes in the C stock due to the management systems in the samples at all long year. The greatest change was accomplished to CT. In NTP, the stock of C was larger in all soil samples, indicating that the maintenance of the cultural residues in the associated surface protection of the aggregates allows larger accumulation of C. Although the C stock in the particle size fraction <53 Wm not to present significant differences among the management systems, and was observed the C migration of the coarse fractions (210-53 and 2000-210 Wm) to the recalcitrant particle size fraction, indicating a continuous C flow. The C balance model adjusted for the local conditions revealed that the oxidation rate acted by K2 is inferior to the simulations accomplished by other authors, demonstrating the importance of the local conditions. With this model, the minimum amount of crop residues to maintain NTC system in steady-state was 8,05 Mg ha-1 year-1 while in the PC treatment it won't be possible to reach the balance with the amount of crop residues placed in this long term experiment, being a deficient system. / RESUMO Este estudo teve por objetivo quantificar as alterações provocadas pela adoção de sistemas de manejo do solo sobre o estoque total de carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N), a variação do estoque do C nas épocas de coleta, o balanço de C e as taxas de seqüestro de C. As coletas do solo foram realizadas em um experimento de longa duração, implantado em 1988, na estação experimental da Fundação ABC em Ponta Grossa, Meso Região Centro-Oriental do Estado do Paraná. Os sistemas de manejo do solo foram avaliados: a) Preparo convencional (PC), Preparo mínimo (PM), plantio direto escarificado (PDE) e plantio direto permanente (PDP). As amostras foram coletadas em 12 épocas com intervalos mensais e nas profundidades de 0,0-2,5; 2,5-5,0 e 5,0-10 cm de profundidade. As amostras deformadas foram coletadas em mini-trincheiras nas camadas de 0,0-2,5 e 2,5-5,0 cm e na camada de 5,0- 10,0 cm com o auxílio do trado. Nas amostras coletadas em outubro de 2003, maio de 2004 e novembro de 2004 foi determinado o carbono orgânico total (COT) e o nitrogênio total (NT) em todas as profundidades amostradas. Nas amostras coletadas mensalmente foi realizado o fracionamento granulométrico da matéria orgânica, separando o solo em frações no tamanho 2000 – 210 Wm, 210 – 53 Wm e < 53 Wm. Em todas estas frações foi determinado o COT. O estoque total de C e N no PDP foi superior aos demais sistemas de manejo demonstrando maior manutenção do C no solo. O estoque de C nas frações granulométricas apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as camadas amostradas, observando-se maior concentração de C na fração 210 a 53 Wm do PDP. Na fração 2000 – 210 Wm da camada de 0,0-2,5 cm observaram-se maior alteração no estoque de C devido aos sistemas de manejo durante as épocas de coleta, sendo a maior amplitude de variação atribuída ao PC. No PDP, o estoque de C foi maior em todas as épocas de coleta indicando que a manutenção dos resíduos culturais na superfície associada à proteção dos agregados permite maior acúmulo de C. Embora o estoque de C na fração < 53 Wm não apresentar diferenças significativas entre os sistemas de manejo, observou-se uma migração do C das frações mais grosseiras (210-53 e 2000-210 Wm) para esta fração mais recalcitrante, indicando um fluxo contínuo de C. O modelo de balanço de C proposto por Henin e Dupuis (1945) e ajustado para as condições locais revelou que a taxa de oxidação representada pelo K2 é inferior às simulações realizadas por outros autores, demonstrando a importância das condições locais. Com este modelo, a quantidade mínima de resíduos culturais para manter sistema PDP em equilíbrio foi de 8,05 Mg ha-1 ano-1 enquanto no PC não será possível atingir o equilíbrio com a quantidade de resíduos culturais aportada, sendo um sistema deficitário.
24

Experimentelle Untersuchung zum Einfluss der Makroporendichte auf das Infiltrationsverhalten landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Bornkampf, Constance 28 January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Soil is an important ecosystem and at the same time filter and storage for water. With respect to flood and erosion prevention, it is important to improve water retention and infiltration rates in soils to reduce surface run-off. The aim of the study is to quantify the influence of biogenic macropores on infiltration. The effect of the cropping system and management practices on macropore density and infiltration rate was examined. Soil hydraulic conductivity was determined by soil column experiments and field investigations using a hood infiltrometer and rainfall-simulation experiments. Macropores have a great effect on hydraulic conductivity. A large macropore-density results in high infiltration rates. This relationship is described with the skinfactor, applying the Erosion-2D model to adjust infiltration rates. Conservative agricultural management practices show positive effects on earthworm population and hence macropore density. The beneficial effects of no-tillage include less soil disturbance, greater quantities of crop-residues remaining on the soil surface and increased soil moisture.
25

Experimentelle Untersuchung zum Einfluss der Makroporendichte auf das Infiltrationsverhalten landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden

Bornkampf, Constance 18 November 2013 (has links)
Soil is an important ecosystem and at the same time filter and storage for water. With respect to flood and erosion prevention, it is important to improve water retention and infiltration rates in soils to reduce surface run-off. The aim of the study is to quantify the influence of biogenic macropores on infiltration. The effect of the cropping system and management practices on macropore density and infiltration rate was examined. Soil hydraulic conductivity was determined by soil column experiments and field investigations using a hood infiltrometer and rainfall-simulation experiments. Macropores have a great effect on hydraulic conductivity. A large macropore-density results in high infiltration rates. This relationship is described with the skinfactor, applying the Erosion-2D model to adjust infiltration rates. Conservative agricultural management practices show positive effects on earthworm population and hence macropore density. The beneficial effects of no-tillage include less soil disturbance, greater quantities of crop-residues remaining on the soil surface and increased soil moisture.:Abkürzungs- und Symbolverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Danksagung Summary 1 Einleitung 1.1 Motivation und Ziel der Arbeit 2 Stand des Wissens 2.1 Grundlagen zum Wasserfluss im Boden 2.1.1 Beschreibung des Infiltrationsprozesses im Boden 2.2 Definition des Begriffes Makropore, deren Entstehung und Einflüsse im Boden 2.2.1 Zusammenhang zwischen Bodenbearbeitung und dem Vorhandensein von Makroporen 2.2.2 Einfluss der Makroporen auf den Wasserfluss und die Infiltration 2.3 Ansätze zur Modellierung des Makroporenflusses 2.3.1 Dual-Porositäts-Modelle 2.3.2 Einfache empirische Schätzverfahren 3 Material und Methoden 3.1 Standorte 3.2 Geländeversuche 3.2.1 Erfassung bodenphysikalischer Parameter 3.2.2 Ermittlung der hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit 3.2.2.1 Haubeninfiltrometermessungen 3.2.2.2 Beregnungsversuche 3.2.3 Erfassung des Makroporensystems 3.3 Säulenversuche 3.3.1 Vorversuche 3.3.2 Experimente mit L. terrestris 3.3.3 Experimente mit künstlichen Makroporen 3.3.4 Experimente ohne Makroporen 3.4 Ableitung des Modellparameters Skinfaktor 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Ergebnisse der Geländeversuche am Standort Lüttewitz 4.1.1 Bodenphysikalische Parameter 4.1.2 Beregnungsexperimente 4.1.3 Hydraulische Leitfähigkeit 4.1.4 Makroporensystem 4.1.5 Auswertung der Tracerversuche am Standort Lüttewitz 4.2 Ergebnisse der Geländeversuche Standort Oberwinkel 4.2.1 Bodenphysikalische Parameter 4.2.2 Beregnungsexperimente 4.2.3 Makroporensystem 4.2.4 Skinfaktorenermittlung 4.3 Ergebnisse aus den Säulenversuchen 4.3.1 Verteilung der Grabgänge 4.3.2 Messung der hydraulischen Leitfähigkeit 5 Interpretation und Diskussion der Ergebnisse 5.1 Experimente im Gelände 5.1.1 Vergleich der kf-Werte aus Haubeninfiltrometermessung und Beregnung 5.2 Auswertung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse aus den Säulenversuchen 5.3 Vergleich Makroporenkennwerte mit bodenhydrologischen Messgrößen 5.4 Vergleich Makroporenkennwerte mit Modellparametern 5.5 Einfluss der Bewirtschaftung 6 Zusammenfassung Literaturverzeichnis

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