The problem with which this investigation was concerned was to determine whether or not fear of death was related to positive future time perspective and self-esteem.

In the United States, approximately 45,000 persons die by suicide annually. Members of the LGBTQ community experience heightened suicide risk; for example, suicide attempts are four times higher among gay and bisexual men, and twice as common in lesbian and bisexual women, compared to heterosexual counterparts. Experiences of stigma and discrimination may constrict one’s view of a positive future (e.g., hopelessness), thereby contributing to the development of psychache, or unbearable psychological pain and negative emotionality, and heightened risk for suicide. However, individual-level resiliency traits, such as a positive view of the future (e.g., future orientation) may contribute to reduced levels of psychological pain and suicidality. That is, whereas future orientation may ameliorate psychological pain and suicide risk, hopelessness may exacerbate such risks; yet, a comparison of the effects of these temporal constructs on psychache has not been previously examined in an LGBTQ sample. At the bivariate level, we hypothesized that hopelessness would be positively related to psychache and suicide risk, and that psychache would be positively related to suicide risk. In addition, we hypothesized that future orientation would be negatively related to hopelessness, psychache and suicide risk. At the multivariate level, we hypothesized that psychache would mediate the associations between hopelessness and suicide risk, and between positive future orientation and suicide risk. In other words, greater positive future orientation would be associated with less psychache and, in turn, to reduced suicide risk, and greater hopelessness would be linked to more psychache and suicide risk. Recruited locally, nationally, and internationally from advocacy organizations and support groups, our sample of LGBTQ individuals (N = 496) was primarily White (81.7%; n = 365), female (44.8%; n = 201), and either lesbian or gay (46.8%, n = 209). Participants completed online self-report measures, including: Beck Hopelessness Scale, Future Orientation Scale, Psychache Scale, and the Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised. Bivariate correlations, and multivariate analyses per Hayes (2013), were conducted, covarying age, birth sex, and race/ethnicity. In bivariate correlations, all variables were significantly related in hypothesized directions (p < .01). In serial mediation analyses, the total effect of future orientation on suicide risk was significant (t = -2.17, p < .05), and the direct effect was nonsignificant when psychache was added to the model (t = -.879, p = .381), indicating mediation. In the second model, psychache mediated the relation between hopefulness and suicide risk; the total effect was significant (t = 3.56, p < .05), and the direct effect was nonsignificant (t = 1.35, p = .181). Supporting hypotheses, our results suggest that LGBTQ individuals with a positive future orientation experience less psychache and, in turn, reduced suicide risk. On the other hand, LGBTQ persons with greater hopelessness experience greater psychache and, in turn, greater suicide risk. Therapeutic interventions designed to encourage an adaptive, positive view of the future (e.g. Future Directed Therapy), rather than a hopeless view of the future, may help to counteract the often-present stressors and distress experienced by LGBTQ persons, thereby ameliorating suicide risk.

The present study aimed to evaluate (a) the extent to which different impulsivity measures would be related to each other and to a risk taking measure, (b) the extent to which impulsivity, risk taking, time perception and time perspective are related to each other, and (c) the extent to which these processes differ in Latino and White American students. Experiment I was conducted at Utah State University. One hundred and fortythree participants were exposed to the delay discounting, probability discounting and temporal bisection procedures, and answered the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). Results showed that (a) the AUC for delay discounting was related to the scores on the BIS-11 scale, (b) the AUCs for delay and probability discounting were positively and significantly correlated, (c) the mean of the temporal bisection procedure was correlated with the AUC of the delay discounting procedure, (d) the scores on the ZTPI were correlated with the impulsivity measures, and (e) the scores on the ZTPI subscales were also correlated with the risk taking measure. These results suggest that different impulsivity measures may be evaluating similar decision-making processes, that impulsivity and risk taking may be different decision- making processes, and that time perception and time perspective are related to impulsivity and risk taking. Experiment II was conducted at Washington University in St. Louis, with 18 Latinos and 16 White Americans. Results show that while Latinos were more impulsive in the delay discounting procedure, their scores did not differ from the White Americans on the BIS-11. Interestingly, Latinos and White Americans did not differ on time perception, but they did differ on time perspective: Latinos scored higher on fatalism compared to White Americans.

This study examines cultural differences in time perspective (TP). Two groups of psychology students were compared using the Swedish Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI). One group was Swedish (n=125) and the other was Namibian (n=105). Students from Namibia also participated in focus groups discussing aspects affecting their TP. Results show Swedish students are more past positive, less past negative, less present hedonistic, less present fatalistic and less future negative compared to Namibian students. Focus groups findings reveal that economic aspects are important to the Namibian students view of the past and the future. They believe it is not possible to have a positive past or future if basic needs, like food and shelter, are not met. Other important aspects include family and freedom. The students also discuss the importance of finding a balance between appreciating the present and investing in the future.

This disertation thesis thematize the relationship to the future in high school students' and the diagnostic possibilities of this phenomena. We will describe the philosophical and primarily the psychological conception of time. The thesis focuses on the main theoretical concepts of time perspective, the cognitive-motivational theories and their relationship with achievement motivation. The empirical part has three goals: 1. The diagnostic of time perspective, 2. The description of students'relationship to the future, 3. The investigation of relationship between time perspective and achievement motivation. The analysis of the coding system of the Motivational Induction Method lead to improving this system. There was a battery of tests (quantitative and mixed methodology) used to diagnose the time perspective of students', namely Motivational Induction Method (Nuttin), Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (Zimbardo), Achievement Motivation Questionaire (Hrabal, Pavelková) and Motivational Sources of Learning Activities (Pavelková, Hrabal). The case studies that can show positives and/or negatives of used methods and individual ways of representing the future are presented in the end of the thesis. Key words: time perspective, future time perspective, perspective orientation, achievement motivation,...

Due to the fact that many of the secondary school pupils who experience difficulty in choosing a career, also appear to have problems with their time perspective, an investigation into the possible link between these concepts was undertaken. A literature study was done where the major dimensions of time perspective were identified continuity/directionality and locus of control; optimism/pessimism; structure. Analyses were done on the principal factors influencing time perspective and career choice. A reliable measuring instrument was developed in order to measure the secondary school pupil's time perspective. The results of the empirical investigation indicated that time perspective does play a significant role in the career choice of secondary school pupils. Gender and intellectual potential do not appear to have a significant bearing on time perspective. The educational implications of the findings are discussed, and guidelines regarding methods of improving a child's time perspective are given to both teachers and parents. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (with specialisation in Guidance and Counselling (Psychology of Education))

Due to the fact that many of the secondary school pupils who experience difficulty in choosing a career, also appear to have problems with their time perspective, an investigation into the possible link between these concepts was undertaken. A literature study was done where the major dimensions of time perspective were identified continuity/directionality and locus of control; optimism/pessimism; structure. Analyses were done on the principal factors influencing time perspective and career choice. A reliable measuring instrument was developed in order to measure the secondary school pupil's time perspective. The results of the empirical investigation indicated that time perspective does play a significant role in the career choice of secondary school pupils. Gender and intellectual potential do not appear to have a significant bearing on time perspective. The educational implications of the findings are discussed, and guidelines regarding methods of improving a child's time perspective are given to both teachers and parents. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (with specialisation in Guidance and Counselling (Psychology of Education))

This diploma thesis is focused on relationship between time perspective and wisdom. The aim of this paper was firstly to transfer Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS) into Czech environment and test its psychometric properties, and secondly to explore relationships between wisdom conceptualized using above mentioned scale and time perspective. The sample encompassed 196 respondents. In order to measure time perspective Swedish version of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (S-ZTPI) and the Transcendental-Future Time Perspective scale were used; in order to explore wisdom Czech version of the Three- Dimensional Wisdom Scale was applied. Both newly translated questionnaires showed good psychometric properties in Czech sample. Balanced time perspective was calculated via two different methods and was related to education and health state. Only a very few respondents achieved optimal scores for BTP as well as for wisdom. Czech respondents scored the highest in reflective wisdom dimension and the lowest in the affective wisdom dimension. Women scored higher than men in affective subscale. Wisdom subscales and total wisdom had complex relations with different time perspectives. BTP was posivitely correlated with wisdom. Women scored higher than men in TFTP. This time perspective correlated with...

This thesis deals with the concept of time perspective with relation to anxiety. In the theoretical part, the terms of state anxiety, trait anxiety and anxiety disorders are defined. Furthermore, a space is dedicated to self-regulatory mechanisms. To give a holistic view, possible positives and benefits of anxiety in general are outlined as well. Moreover, the concept of time perspective, approaches to its measurement and linkage to experience and behaviour of individuals are presented. Subsequently, relationships between anxiety and time perspective are discussed. Last chapter of the theoretical part focuses on possible time perspective interventions for anxious individuals. The empirical part aims at discovering relationships between the concept of time perspective and state anxiety. For this purpose, the data obtained were analysed using a questionnaire survey conducted on a sample of respondents aged in early and middle adulthood. The questionnaire battery consisted of a section gathering demographic information, STAI questionnaire measuring both state and trait anxiety and a shortened version of the ZTPI - short extended by negative future perspective. The results of our research showed a significant positive relationship between anxiety and following time perspectives: negative past and...

This diploma thesis with the future through the eyes of senior high school students, especially with its contents and time location of these contents. The theoretical part presents the most famous time perspective theories and the relationship between adolescents and their future. The emhasis is on introducing czech and also foreign research on a similar topic. The empirical part has four goals: find out which future contents senior high school students are dealing with, 2. where these contents are located in time, 3. how important are the contents and 4. what is the relationship between the future contents and student's past and present. They were done semi-structured interviews within the first and the second goal, then these interviews were coded and interpreted by using elements of grounded theory. To answer the other two goals students filled out questionnaire Ten most important life events by Cottle. The discussion part presents results of the research and comparison with the results of other research. The most senior high school students deal (in the context of the future) with university study, profession, travelling, independence and making their own family. Key words: time perspective, future time perspective, future orientation, late adolescence, senior high school students