Full-time employed and unemployed adults' life level of analysis future time perspective (FTP) and work level of analysis occupational future time perspective (OFTP) were evaluated to measure differences between FTP conceptualizations and the validity of OFTP in the work domain. A final sample of 304 full-time employed and 98 unemployed job seeking adults completed a self-report online battery including demographic, work history, FTP, work-related attitudes, and personality measures. Results found the three FTP conceptualizations [Carstensen and Lang Future Time Perspective Scale (CL-FTP); Zimbardo and Boyd Future Factor (ZBF); and Consideration for Future Consequences Scale (CFC] were differentially related to achievement striving and planfulness. The CL-FTP scale was weakly, significantly and not significantly related to the CFC and ZBF scales, respectively. In addition, results indicated OFTP had a significantly stronger relationship with chronological age than CL-FTP and OFTP added incremental validity beyond general CL-FTP in predicting work-related attitudes. Lastly, mean differences in CL-FTP and OFTP scores by employment status were obtained, indicating that OFTP may be susceptible to change via work characteristics. Further exploratory analyses and theoretical and practical implications of the current findings are discussed.

国立情報学研究科で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

This longitudinal study examined the relationship between Zimbardo time perspectives (TPs) and career decision-making self-efficacy (CDMSE). In total, 1,753 young adults participated in the longitudinal study. For the present study, we selected only participants who were students and provided information on TPs, CDMSE, and sociodemographic characteristics (n = 492, M = 22.97 years, SD = 1.32, 82.9% women). The results of multilevel modeling showed that future orientation and present-hedonistic TPs were positively related to CDMSE, whereas present-fatalistic and past-negative TPs were negatively related to CDMSE. These findings indicate that besides the beneficial effect of widely studied future TP, the negative role of past-negative and present-fatalistic TPs should be considered in connection with the career development of emerging adults.

The prevalence of work and family in people’s lives combined with limited time and resources often results in a moral decision between work and family, posing a dilemma between hedonistic values for work and altruistic values for family. This study aimed to understand the processes of decision-making in work-family dilemmas and tested three approaches. Therefore, the construal-level theory, time perspectives and logic of appropriateness were introduced. In line with research on construal-level theory and dilemmas, the impact of psychological distance and construal level theory on the decision was examined. Operationalizing social distance, participants were asked to either advise a closely related person (group 1) or someone they just met (group 2) on four work-family dilemmas. The total sample consisted of 212 participants from Germany (49.5%), Sweden (35.8%) and other countries (14.2%). t-tests between the two treatment groups did not reveal significant differences in the dilemma advice (p > .05). Exploratory analyses did not find time perspectives to be related to the decision (p > .005) but work-family centrality was found to be significantly associated to the decision-making in the dilemma (p <.005). With the limitations of the study in mind, the construal level theory could not be supported but values have shown to impact attitudinal decisions, supporting the logic of appropriateness. In work-family conflicts, it, therefore, does not matter whom one advises but whether the advisor values work or family more, influences the given advice. Based on this study, implications for further research are pointed out.