Ce mémoire est dédié à l’étude de la synthèse de l’estimation d’état en temps fini par une approche algébrique (les techniques développées au sein de l’équipe ALIEN) pour les systèmes linéaires à paramètres invariant dans le temps (LTI) sujets à des perturbations extérieures inconnues, les systèmes linéaires à paramètres variant dans le temps (LTV) et les systèmes linéaires à commutation en temps continu (SLC). Pour les systèmes LTI et LTV, une expression formelle de l’état en fonction des intégrales itérées des sorties et de l’entrée a été donnée. Pour les systèmes linéaires à commutation, en combinant les résultats de l’estimation d’état pour les systèmes LTI et de la détection de l’instant de commutation en temps réel présentée dans le chapitre 4, nous donnons la démarche principale de l’estimation en temps réel du mode courant et l’état continu du système. Pour ce faire, on applique certains outils mathématiques : la transformation de Laplace, les outils issus du calcul opérationnel et la théorie des distributions / This PhD thesis is dedicated to the synthesis of the state estimation in a finite time by an algebraic approach (the techniques developed within the ALIEN group) for the linear time-invariant systems (LTI) subject to the external unknown disturbances, the linear time-varying systems (LTV) and the switched linear systems (SLC) in continuous time. For the LTI and LTV systems, a formal expression of state as a function of iterated integrals of the output and the input is obtained. For switched linear systems, combining the results of state estimation for LTI systems and switch instant detection presented in Chapter 4, we give the main approach of current mode estimation and the continuous state estimation in real time. To do this, one applies some mathematical tools: Laplace transforms, the operational calculus and the theory of distribution

Les principales contributions de cette thèse concernent le développement de méthodes pour la synthèse de contrôleurs et pour l'analyse de la stabilité des systèmes linéaires, soit variant ou invariant dans le temps. Concernant les systèmes invariant dans le temps, le but est la synthèse de contrôleurs robustes d'ordre réduit pour les systèmes en temps continu qui présentent des paramètres incertains. La méthode présentée pour la synthèse est basée sur une technique en deux étapes, où un gain de retour d'état est construit dans la première étape, et appliqué à la deuxième, fournissant le contrôleur robuste souhaité. Chaque étape consiste à la résolution de conditions sous la forme d'inégalités matricielles linéaires.Dans le cas des systèmes variant dans le temps, en général, en fonction des informations disponibles, deux modèles mathématiques peuvent être utilisés. D'un côté, pour des systèmes dont les éléments variant dans le temps sont bornés mais pas complètement connus, on peut utiliser des modèles dépendant de paramètres variants, ce qui donne une représentation polytopique. Dans ce cas là, la technique de stabilisation proposée est basée sur la méthode en deux étapes, pour générer des contrôleurs dépendants des paramètres. On suppose que les paramètres sont mesurables en ligne, et les contrôleurs sont synthétisés pour qu'ils soient robustes à des bruits de mesures. De l'autre côté, si les dynamiques variantes dans le temps sont connues, on peut traiter directement le système sans utiliser aucune paramétrisation. Deux techniques de synthèse sont proposées pour ce cas: la construction des gains stabilisants en utilisant directement la matrice de transition d'état, et une technique de synthèse conçue à partir d'un nouveau critère de vérification de la stabilité du système. La validité des méthodes proposées est illustrée par plusieurs exemples numériques, qui montrent la qualité des résultats qui peuvent être obtenus / The main contributions of this thesis concern the development of methods for the stability analysis and the synthesis of controllers for linear systems, either time-varying or time-invariant. Concerning time-invariant systems, the objective is the synthesis of reduced-order robust controllers for continuous-time systems presenting uncertain parameters. The method presented for the synthesis is based on a two-stages technique, in which a stabilizing state-feedback gain is constructed in the first stage and then applied on the second stage to search for the desired controller. Each stage consists in the resolution of conditions based on linear matrix inequalities. In the case of time-varying systems, depending on the amount of available information, twomathematical models may be used. On one hand, if the time-varying elements of the system are not entirely known, one can model the system as function of time-varying parameters, resulting on a polytopic representation. In this case, the stabilization method proposed is based on the two-stages technique, which yields parameter-dependent controllers. The parameters are supposed to be real-time measurable, and the controllers are robust with respect to noises and uncertainties on the measures. On the other hand, if the time-varying dynamics are known, the system may be directly handled without using any parameterization. Two synthesis techniques are proposed in this case: the construction of stabilizing gains by using the state transition matrix, and a synthesis technique derived from a new stability criterion for time-varying systems. The validity of the proposed methods is illustrated through numerical examples, that show the efficiency of the results that can be obtained

Esta Dissertação irá apresentar a utilização de técnicas de controle nãolinear, tais como o controle adaptativo e robusto, de modo a controlar um sistema de Eletroestimulação Funcional desenvolvido pelo laboratório de Engenharia Biomédica da COPPE/UFRJ. Basicamente um Eletroestimulador Funcional (Functional Electrical Stimulation FES) se baseia na estimulação dos nervos motores via eletrodos cutâneos de modo a movimentar (contrair ou distender) os músculos, visando o fortalecimento muscular, a ativação de vias nervosas (reinervação), manutenção da amplitude de movimento, controle de espasticidade muscular, retardo de atrofias e manutenção de tonicidade muscular. O sistema utilizado tem por objetivo movimentar os membros superiores através do estímulo elétrico de modo a atingir ângulos-alvo pré-determinados para a articulação do cotovelo. Devido ao fato de não termos conhecimento pleno do funcionamento neuro-motor humano e do mesmo ser variante no tempo, não-linear, com parâmetros incertos, sujeito a perturbações e completamente diferente para cada indivíduo, se faz necessário o uso de técnicas de controle avançadas na tentativa de se estabilizar e controlar esse tipo de sistema. O objetivo principal é verificar experimentalmente a eficácia dessas técnicas de controle não-linear e adaptativo em comparação às técnicas clássicas, de modo a alcançar um controle mais rápido, robusto e que tenha um desempenho satisfatório. Em face disso, espera-se ampliar o campo de utilização de técnicas de controle adaptativo e robusto, além de outras técnicas de sistemas inteligentes, tais como os algoritmos genéticos, provando que sua aplicação pode ser efetiva no campo de sistemas biológicos e biomédicos, auxiliando assim na melhoria do tratamento de pacientes envolvidos nas pesquisas desenvolvidas no Laboratório de Engenharia Biomédica da COPPE/UFRJ. / This dissertation will present the use of nonlinear control techniques, such as adaptive and robust control in order to design a Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) system developed by Biomedical Engineering Laboratory at COPPE/UFRJ. Basically, a FES on the stimulation of motor nerves via skin electrodes in order to contract or stretch the muscles such that the amplitude and quality of the limbs movement can be maintained, reducing muscular atrophy as well. Consequently, the muscle strength can be improved and new neural pathways may be activated. Here, the goals of the proposed control system is to move the arm of the patient via electrical stimulation to achieve some desired trajectory related to the elbow angles of reference. Since we have a priori no deep knowledge of human neuro-motor model, the use of advanced and robust control schemes seems to be useful to stabilize this kind of systems which may be completely different for each individual, being time-varying, nonlinear, uncertain and subject to disturbances. The main objective is to experimentally verify the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear and adaptive controllers when compared to classical ones in order to achieve faster, robust and better control performance. It is expected to spread the application of adaptive and robust controllers and other intelligent system tools, such as genetic algorithms, to the field of biological and biomedical engineering. Thus, we believe that the developed control system may help the improvement of the patients treatment involved in the research carried out by Biomedical Engineering Laboratory at COPPE/UFRJ.

Esta Dissertação irá apresentar a utilização de técnicas de controle nãolinear, tais como o controle adaptativo e robusto, de modo a controlar um sistema de Eletroestimulação Funcional desenvolvido pelo laboratório de Engenharia Biomédica da COPPE/UFRJ. Basicamente um Eletroestimulador Funcional (Functional Electrical Stimulation FES) se baseia na estimulação dos nervos motores via eletrodos cutâneos de modo a movimentar (contrair ou distender) os músculos, visando o fortalecimento muscular, a ativação de vias nervosas (reinervação), manutenção da amplitude de movimento, controle de espasticidade muscular, retardo de atrofias e manutenção de tonicidade muscular. O sistema utilizado tem por objetivo movimentar os membros superiores através do estímulo elétrico de modo a atingir ângulos-alvo pré-determinados para a articulação do cotovelo. Devido ao fato de não termos conhecimento pleno do funcionamento neuro-motor humano e do mesmo ser variante no tempo, não-linear, com parâmetros incertos, sujeito a perturbações e completamente diferente para cada indivíduo, se faz necessário o uso de técnicas de controle avançadas na tentativa de se estabilizar e controlar esse tipo de sistema. O objetivo principal é verificar experimentalmente a eficácia dessas técnicas de controle não-linear e adaptativo em comparação às técnicas clássicas, de modo a alcançar um controle mais rápido, robusto e que tenha um desempenho satisfatório. Em face disso, espera-se ampliar o campo de utilização de técnicas de controle adaptativo e robusto, além de outras técnicas de sistemas inteligentes, tais como os algoritmos genéticos, provando que sua aplicação pode ser efetiva no campo de sistemas biológicos e biomédicos, auxiliando assim na melhoria do tratamento de pacientes envolvidos nas pesquisas desenvolvidas no Laboratório de Engenharia Biomédica da COPPE/UFRJ. / This dissertation will present the use of nonlinear control techniques, such as adaptive and robust control in order to design a Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) system developed by Biomedical Engineering Laboratory at COPPE/UFRJ. Basically, a FES on the stimulation of motor nerves via skin electrodes in order to contract or stretch the muscles such that the amplitude and quality of the limbs movement can be maintained, reducing muscular atrophy as well. Consequently, the muscle strength can be improved and new neural pathways may be activated. Here, the goals of the proposed control system is to move the arm of the patient via electrical stimulation to achieve some desired trajectory related to the elbow angles of reference. Since we have a priori no deep knowledge of human neuro-motor model, the use of advanced and robust control schemes seems to be useful to stabilize this kind of systems which may be completely different for each individual, being time-varying, nonlinear, uncertain and subject to disturbances. The main objective is to experimentally verify the effectiveness of the proposed nonlinear and adaptive controllers when compared to classical ones in order to achieve faster, robust and better control performance. It is expected to spread the application of adaptive and robust controllers and other intelligent system tools, such as genetic algorithms, to the field of biological and biomedical engineering. Thus, we believe that the developed control system may help the improvement of the patients treatment involved in the research carried out by Biomedical Engineering Laboratory at COPPE/UFRJ.