The effects of indigenous predators on green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), populations on flue-cured tobacco were evaluated in 1985 and 1986. The most common GPA predators found on tobacco were convergent lady beetle (CLB) (Hippodamia convergens), syrphid flies, Geocoris spp., Jalysus wackhimi, Nabis spp., Chrysopa spp., Micromus sp., and several other species coccinellids. However, CLB was the only predator that had a numerical response to increasing GPA density on tobacco. In the laboratory, the minimum number of GPA required to initiate reproduction in CLB, and the conversion rates were two factors that determined the oviposition rate of CLB. In fields, CLB demonstrated a sigmoid curve predator-prey relationship. CLB did not show a linear relationship until GPA populations reached a certain density. Furthermore, CLB did not show a response when GPA density was above the satiation point. Although CLB were able to reduce GPA population growth, they were not able to maintain GPA populations below the economic injury level. Two factors probably limited the success of CLB to control GPA populations on flue-cured tobacco: 1.) the glandular trichomes of tobacco which produced gummy exudates, and 2.) the satiation point of CLB when GPA populations were very high. In addition, interplanting tobacco with clover increased the number of syrphid fly larvae on tobacco. Likewise, tobacco interplanted with sunflowers had increased big-eyed bug, populations, and tobacco-alfalfa and tobacco-tobacco plots had higher stilt bug populations on tobacco. / Master of Science

By the late nineteenth century, private companies and state authorities had transformed the East Coast of Sumatra, an agricultural region in the northwestern side of the Netherlands Indies, into a primary site for producing and testing global cash crops. Central to this intermingling of world commerce and colonial pursuit was how extractive practices reconfigured local environments in which living beings operated. Underscoring architecture as key to the profound transformation, this dissertation traces the conversion of native land into industrial plantations and the creation of an extensive network of buildings sustaining commodity production. Each chapter explores a different type of space that speaks to the entanglement between spatial practices and resource extraction. Chapter One attends to the formation of plantation fields that was characterized by the persistent appearance of soils and fires as both objects of control and modes of resistance. Chapter Two deals with efforts to make tobacco leaves uniform, which hinged on experimenting with cultivation techniques and reformulating the design of processing facilities. Chapter Three highlights the role of agricultural experiment stations deployed by trade associations to eliminate plant diseases and increase crop production. Chapter Four focuses on migration offices that were distributed in more than a hundred locations to maintain the influx of labor from China, India, and Java to the plantation estates in the region. Analyzing primary sources—land concessions, planting maps, corporate photographs, technical drawings, and institutional reports, among other forms of documents—produced by plantation companies, trade associations, research institutions, and state agencies, this dissertation proposes that those spaces constituted a material practice that built commodities, thereby giving form to their appearances, amounts, categorizations, and other aspects that eventually contributed to their market values. Yet, amid the reordering of environments caused by the extractive process underlying commodity production, soils, fires, plants, microbes, and different groups of people also emerged across episodes as environmental actors, both informing and distorting those spaces.

The content of the Diploma "Analysis of Communication Anti-Smoking Campaigns" is firstly the introduction of the issue of social campaigns, its marketing principle and also important elements and aspects which are typical for these campaigns. There is also the presentation of tobacco policy in the Czech Republic and the environment in which we operate. Another important part of the Diploma shows the specific anti-tobacco campaigns and projects that have been realized both in the Czech Republic and the other states and presents analysis of their communication and the key elements and forms which are used in campaigns. Then there is presented a research, which was conducted through a questionnaire and which was answered by 256 respondents. Its main objective was to determine the attitudes and opinions of Czech public towards antismoking policies, their personal experience with specific campaigns and also the perception of policy and consumption of tobacco in the country. Many interesting results emerged from the research. Most of the respondents do not consider anti- smoking policy in the Czech Republic too intense, they also do not trust the effects of anti- smoking campaigns, and they would appreciate harsher and more naturalistic advertising and stricter rules on the use of tobacco and cigarettes.

Submitted in full fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF COMMERCE (Marketing) at the UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND 2015 / With an increase in the concern over the harmful effects of smoking traditional tobacco cigarettes, there has been an increase in the use of a smoking alternative considered to be a healthier option, namely the e-cigarette. Thus, it is of interest to understand certain factors surrounding the novelty, and this research has been conducted in terms of evaluating the predictors of the diffusion of innovations on consumer resistance towards the e-cigarette among South African university students, with the primary purpose being to research a gap in the South African e-cigarette market, and to utilise the results to better understand the overall market. The gap in prior research has been identified as what appears to be a lack of information regarding the South African e-cigarette market, and in particular, the predictors of consumer resistance, including relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, trialability, observability, and perceived risk. The study undertook a quantitative methodology in which 400 students from the University of the Witwatersrand were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 22 and AMOS for structural equation modelling. The results indicate that three of the six hypotheses are supported. Thus, indicating that marketers should focus on applying relative advantage, complexity, and perceived risk to marketing strategies. This study contributes to existing literature and contextual knowledge regarding consumer resistance and the diffusion of innovation. The results further provide marketing practitioners with a better understanding on how to limit consumer resistance and how to improve product diffusion of the e-cigarette, subsequently improving the rate of adoption. However, future research is necessary for corroboration. / MT2017

Political science and tobacco policy--Theories of policy change--The global policy context--European countries and the EU--The UK: a case study--The United States--Other advanced industrial countries--Tobacco control policymaking in developing regions--The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) / https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1104/thumbnail.jpg

This study aims to explore the challenges faced by Street level bureaucrats in the implementation and regulation of the Tobacco Products Control Act 83 of 1993 (and the Tobacco Control Amendment Act of 1999) in relation to the selling of tobacco products (especially cigarettes) to minors in the Pietermaritzburg central business district area. These Acts are national policies formulated through the various stages of policymaking for tobacco control. Policymaking is not complete once a policy is approved. Instead implementation and regulation determine the success or failure of a policy or programme therein. Common implementation challenges include amongst others large number of participants in a programme, diverse goals, lack of commitment to the programme, lack of resources and technical difficulties. It is the purpose of this study to critically analyse and discuss the implementation problems faced by street level bureaucrats who have certain discretionary powers and are at the frontline of policy implementation. Specific focus will be given to environmental health officers and police officers in the Msunduzi Municipality and the Drugs and Liquor Section respectively (Pietermaritzburg central business district area). / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Purpose To estimate susceptibility to smoking among never-smoking youth globally and identify factors associated with such behavior. Methods Cross-sectional data for 168 countries were obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Simple and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Frequencies and proportions for descriptive statistics, and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for logistic regression models were reported. Results Approximately 12.5% of never-smoking youth worldwide were susceptible to smoking worldwide, of which 7.2% were males and 5.3% were females. Compared with youth in the Americas, those in other WHO regions were associated with decreased susceptibility to smoking. Regardless of gender, exposure to parental or peer smoking, secondhand smoke inside or outside home, and tobacco industry promotion was associated with increased smoking susceptibility. In contrast, support for smoke-free policies and school antismoking education was associated with decreased susceptibility to smoking among females. Moreover, exposure to antismoking media messages was associated with increased susceptibility to smoking among never-smoking youth. Conclusions Approximately 1 in 8 never-smoking youth worldwide was found to be susceptible to smoking. A comprehensive approach involving parental and peer education, smoke-free policies, ban on tobacco advertising and promotions, and antismoking education in schools should be developed by policy makers and public health professionals to protect never-smoking youth from being susceptible to smoking and transforming into future regular smokers.

The Index of Receptivity to Tobacco Industry Promotion (IRTIP) is a model that is used by hundreds of articles. The causal claim based on findings from this model is even more pervasive, and has resulted in much of the modern post 1998 tobacco legislation that is still enforced. This thesis tested the link between adolescent receptivity to tobacco industry promotion and susceptibility to smoking. Pierce et al. (1998) reported that they had found a positive and causal association between receptivity and susceptibility by using IRTIP. They claimed that receptivity to tobacco industry promotion was the only significant causal factor affecting adolescent susceptibility to smoking. Exposure to peer and parental smoking was not found to be a significant effect. A review of the literature found that many sections of IRTIP differ from accepted marketing theory on how cigarette advertising and promotions affect adolescent adoption of cigarette smoking. The proxy measures used in IRTIP were shown to diverge from those previously used for measuring the constructs of Attention, Intention, Desire and Action (AIDA) in marketing communications. IRTIP also differs from previous theory by including measures that attempt to quantify the effect of tobacco premiums into a model that was designed to measure the effects of advertising.

[Summary]: The larvae of Anomala opacicollis (Pér), of Melolonthid and of other Rutelid species, attack tobacco in Southern Rhodesia, and are more commonly called "whitegrubs". Whitegrubs are widespread in the sandveld areas where tobacco is grown and, at the Trelawney Station of the Tobacco Research Board of Southern Rhodesia, where this work was done, A. opacicollis was the predominant species. An account o£ the one year life cycle is given. The adults eat the leaves of various indigenous trees and an account of an experiment on the food preferences of A. opacicollis adults is given, and the main food sources in the Trelawney area are listed. An experiment is described which shows that the beetles prefer to lay their eggs in the veld or in manured broken land rather than in normal ploughed lands. The larvae are erratically distributed in lands and experiments on larval movement suggest that this is mainly due to concentration of the larvae at discrete concentrations of organic matter in the soil. The temperature and moisture condition of the top 3" of soil are found to be those which attact the larvae. It is suggested that tho larvae prefer and move to soil which contains the lowest amount of moisture which keeps the soil air spaces saturated. lt appears that the preferred temperature decreases with increasing soil moisture content and it is suggested that this is due to the respiratory requirements of the larvae. Soil pH, compaction and fertiliser content and the presence of plants do not appear to influence larval movements. A theory is developed concerning the mechanism of movements in the soil and it is suggested that, in the absence of a continuous gradient, the speed but not the direction of movement is influenced by conditions to which the larvae are sensitive. Evidence in support of thie theory is given. Studies on the survival of larvae at different soil moisture contents and temperatures show that conditions in the top 3" of soil are not likely to be lethal in spite of the high temperatures and low moisture contents found there. The relation of whitegrub behaviour to agricultural problems is discussed. Other workers published evidence indicating that early ploughed lands were attractive to whitegrubs; this is shown not to be the case and the previous evidence is re-interpreted. Such lands tend to contain concentrations of whitegrubs round the borders. The reason for this is discussed and it is suggested that lands should be ploughed early to confine whitegrub infestations in this manner. Soils low in fertility through repeated cultivation are commonly believed to contain more whitegrubs than virgin soil. However, behaviour studies suggest that it is the activity and not the size of the population which is affected by soil fertility. The time at which tobacco is planted is known to determine the extent of subsequent whitegrub damage. The reason for this is to be found in the life cycle of whitegrubs and the results of an experiment on time of planting in relation to whitegrub damage are given. Some insecticides are shown to be more repellant than others to A. opacicollis larvae and the influence of this fact on the assessment of soil insecticide effectiveness in the field is discussed. Reference is made to a method developed by the writer for the determination of insecticide effectiveness under the conditions of erratic whitegrub distribution which normally occur.

Contexto: Há muito tempo se conhecem os malefícios do tabaco, seja para a saúde individual, coletiva e para o meio ambiente. Por outro lado, a sua produção é também considerada uma cultura das mais rentáveis e gera milhares de empregos e renda, tanto para trabalhadores e empresários, quanto para o Estado, através do recolhimento de valores importantes de impostos. Conhecer relações de exposição ao tabaco e seus possíveis danos à comunidade passa a ser uma ação importante, a fim de se avaliar relações de custo-benefício de tal produção. Objetivos: Georreferenciar os casos de internação hospitalar entre 2010 e 2012 da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, uma das maiores produtoras de tabaco do país, para encontrar um padrão de distribuição espacial da moradia destas pessoas e as indústrias do tabaco. Métodos: Foi utilizado um estudo ecológico, com georreferenciamento de casos, através do programa Terraview do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, de acordo com patologias específicas, através do banco de dados informatizado dos dois hospitais da cidade. Foram gerados mapas representativos, de Kernel, além da utilização de técnicas específicas para detecção de autocorrelações espaciais, como o Índice Global e Local de Moran, Médias Móveis, G e G* e Taxas Bayesianas Empíricas. As unidades de área estudadas foram os bairros da cidade, com informações do censo do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística de 2010. Resultados: Constavam nos registros hospitalares brutos 49.347 registros, sendo 33.377 do Hospital Santa Cruz e 15.970 do Hospital Ana Nery. Após a limpeza dos bancos, através dos critérios de exclusão determinados, foram elegíveis para o georreferenciamento dos casos de internação por neoplasias 285 (0,34%) casos e por doença respiratória 1.013 (2,05%). Em ambos os contextos de causas para internação, não houve uma distribuição espacial que determinasse uma autocorrelação, ou seja, não se demonstrou, no período estudado e para estes dois motivos de internação, que os casos estivessem correlacionados entre si, em se tratando de distribuição no espaço geográfico, tanto da cidade, quanto do entorno das fumageiras. Alguns aspectos relativos a taxas de incidência foram observados entre os anos, com a apresentação de aglomerados (clusters). Conclusões: O uso do delineamento ecológico como forma de se iniciar uma observação entre padrões de eventos dentro de grupos populacionais continua a ser uma ótima ferramenta. Suas fraquezas incluem a alta dependência da qualidade dos dados secundários registrados, que, se não forem cuidadosamente coletados e avaliados, podem diminuir em muito as forças dos achados. Parece não haver um padrão de distribuição espacial das residências de pessoas que foram internadas em um dos hospitais da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul entre os anos de 2010 e 2012, em relação a neoplasias e doenças respiratórias, tampouco uma correlação com proximidades às indústrias fumageiras. / Background: The dangers of smoking are well known, both for individual, collective health, and for the environment. On the other hand, its production is also considered one of the most profitable crop and generates thousands of jobs and income for both workers and employers, and in the State, through the gathering of important tax values. Meet the relationships of tobacco exposure and the possible damage to the community becomes an important action in order to evaluate the cost-benefit of such production. Objectives: To georeference cases of hospitalization between 2010 and 2012 in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, one of the largest tobacco producing in Brazil, to find a pattern of spatial of housing distribution of these people and the location of tobacco industries. Methods: An ecological approach with georeferenced cases by the Terraview software from the National Institute for Space Research, under specific conditions, through the computerized database of the two city hospitals. Representative maps were generated, like Kernel’s map, and the use of specific techniques to detect spatial autocorrelation, such as the Moran Global and Local Index, Moving Averages, G and G * and Empirical Bayesian Exchange. The units studied area were the city's neighborhoods with census data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2010. Results: There were available 49.347 records in hospital records, being 33.377 from the Santa Cruz Hospital and 15,970 from The Ana Nery Hospital. After cleaning the database, through certain exclusion criteria, 285 neoplasms admissions and 1,103 respiratory diseases were eligible for the georeferencing of hospitalization. In both contexts, there was no one that would determine spatial autocorrelation, ie, was not shown, during the study period and for these two reasons for hospitalization, the cases were correlated with each other, in the case of distribution in geographical space, both for the city, and the surrounding of the tobacco companies. Some aspects of the incidence rates were observed between years, with the presentation of clusters observed. Conclusions: The use of the ecological design as a way to start a note between patterns of events within population groups continues to be a great tool. Their weaknesses include the high dependence of the quality of secondary data, which, if not carefully collected and evaluated, may strongly decrease the strength of findings. There seems not to be a pattern of spatial distribution of the residences of people who were admitted to a hospital in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul between the years 20100 and 2012 in relation to cancer and respiratory diseases, nor a correlation with the nearby tobacco industries.