The distribution of the physical and chemical properties in Tofino Inlet is examined in this study. The presence of shallow thresholds in the entrances to the inlet prevents the exchange of deep water in the inlet with oceanic water of the same depth and restricts the intrusion of oceanic water to that of the surface layer. Replacement of the bottom water of the inlet occurs in the summer, when the density of the oceanic surface water is highest for the year, and accounts for the relatively high bottom temperatures, which are observed throughout the year. Between replacements the bottom water in the upper basins of Tofino stagnates and becomes anoxic. Under these stagnant conditions the oxygen supply of this water is used up. Eventually heterotrophic bacteria use sulphate as hydrogen acceptor for the oxidation of organic matter and produce hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. The production of these substances results in an increase In the alkalinity and a decrease in the pH of the water. Using certain assumptions regarding the oxidative processes, calculations are made which suggest that the observed anomalous increase in alkalinity is mainly due to the dissolution of calcium carbonate in these relatively acidic waters. A rate of oxygen utilization is calculated for the deep basin water and is used to determine whether or not replacement of the bottom water was likely during the summer of 1959. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

'The soils resource in the Tofino area of Vancouver Island is considered for land-use planning and management purposes. This was done by completing a series of four studies. The first study describes the study area by looking at those components which were considered to have a major impact on the function of the soils in the landscape. This included geology (bedrock and surficial), soil morphology, depth to water table, vegetation, climate and water quality. The soils exhibit a range of soil development from very little to strongly expressed genetic characteristics including cemented horizons. The presence of many lithologic discontinuities confirms a complex mode of material deposition in the area. The second study is concerned with the physical, chemical and mineralogical properties of the soils. Soil genesis is also discussed. The analyses show a wide range of textures in the soils and varifies the presence of lithologic discontinuities. Pedo-genic processes have changed the structure in some soils by aggregating the Fe and Al oxides into larger sized particles. The soils are low in natural fertility with nutrient cycling occurring primarily in the organic horizons or above restricting layers in the mineral horizons if these are near the surface. Vermiculite is the dominant clay mineral in the surface mineral horizons indicating a weathering environment of moderate intensity. The third study discusses the characteristics and genesis of some placic horizons (thin pans) which have developed in some soils in sand deposits. These horizons exhibit considerable variation in morphology and chemical composition. The primary cementing materials are organic matter (mainly fulvic acid), and Pe which is present as either inorganic amorphous or organically complexed Fe. The morphological characteristics and stability of the placic horizons are dependent upon the amount of OM present and the form in which the Fe occurs. The genesis of these pans is initiated at lithologic discontinuities under differential redox conditions. Diffusion is active in material transport with the pan acting as a template upon which the material is precipitated. The fourth study is an assessment of-the soils for land-use planning and management purposes. Emphasis is given to the identification of processes which control the function of the soils both internally and externally. The soils are grouped into three categories characteristic of the dominant control. The categories are; landscape components, inherent characteristics and genetic features. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The Dungeness crab (Cancer magister Dana) trap fishery in British Columbia has been regulated by a minimum legal size limit of 165 mm spine-to-spine carapace width (CW, 154 mm notch-to-notch CW) since early this century. Evaluation of the size limit by yield- and eggs-per-recruit analyses has been precluded by a lack of information on basic population variables such as growth, mortality, movement and mating behavior. Information on these variables was obtained in an intensive two year study of the Dungeness crab fishery near Tofino, B.C. from April 1985 until March 1987. A cohort of pre-recruit males and females was followed as the males entered the fishery and were subsequently exploited, yielding information on moult increments-at-size , length of intermoult periods, size-at-maturity, size of mating pairs, mortality, movement, commercial fishing success and exploitation rates. Male C .magister entered the fishery during their fourth year after settlement. Size frequency analysis revealed that nearly all legal-sized (>154 mm notch-to-notch CW) males are within the 155.0±11.2 mm instar (≈50% of this instar). Sublegal-sized males in this instar have a high annual natural mortality rate (M=2.8-4.5), hence a low probability (<10%) of surviving to legal size. Legal-sized males have a high annual fishing mortality rate (F=5.1-6.9). Consequently, a small component of the commercial catch is composed of males in larger instars. Despite females not being landed, the negative slope of female catch curves from four regional fisheries was steepest for the most heavily fished region and shallowest for the most lightly fished region. Females mate after moulting while accompanied by a larger male, and in a heavily fished population larger males may be absent. Thus, the catch curves suggested the possibility of reduced mating and moulting, and consequently fewer large females, in heavily fished populations. Yield-per-recruit analysis suggests landings might be markedly improved by lowering the minimum legal size limit. However, eggs-per-recruit analysis, which modeled the possible consequences of removing large males, suggests that for a heavily fished population the current size limit may result in up to a 50% decline in population egg production relative to an unfished population. The historical presumption that the current minimum legal size limit for males does not impact on population egg production should be reconsidered. To facilitate calibration of trap samples biased by differences in soak times, parameters for models describing changes in bait effectiveness over time, and agonistic interactions between crabs within a trap and those attempting to enter that trap, were estimated. Parameter estimates were obtained by simulating the entry and exit of crabs into and out of traps based on experiments which (1) emphasized the above two processes, and (2) estimated the daily probabilities of crabs of different sizes escaping traps. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Real-time sensitive network applications are emerging and require ultra-low latency to reach the desired QoS. A main issue that contributes to latency is excessive buffering at intermediate switches and routers. Existing queuing strategies that aim to reduce buffering induced latency typically apply a single queue AQM that does not support service differentiation and treats all packets equally. The recently proposed per packet value framework utilizes a packet value marker and a packet value aware AQM to solve this issue by supporting service differentiation in a single queue and introducing more advanced policies for resource sharing. However, the per packet value framework is implemented and tested in a software environment with no possibility to study the performance on hardware equipment.  This thesis utilizes P4 to design and implement a packet value marker on dataplane programmable devices. The marker should be capable of supporting multiple resource sharing policies, following resource sharing policies accurately, and not being the bottleneck in the network. A target-independent packet value marker is designed and modified with target-dependent P4 constructs to fit the implementation requirements of a Tofino switch and a Netronome smart NIC. An accurate Tofino implementation using this approach is difficult to achieve because of a complicated random number generation process and resource limitation. Evaluation using a testbed with a Netronome marker shows that the marker achieves desired functionality with accurate packet value distribution for throughputs larger than 5000 Kbps. However, the challenge of concurrent packet processing combined with a smart NIC that does not have powerful packet processing cores results in the marker having lower throughput and higher latency than expected. The evaluation also shows that resource limitation in terms of available memory and the number of supported policies affects the maximum number of supported users. We also ported a version to a switching ASIC with limited functionality due to the restrictions of the hardware platform. Our evaluation also provides insights into how such a marking scheme performs on different hardware targets and the limitation imposed by such target specific architecture. / Realtids Känsliga nätverksapplikationer utvecklas och kräver ultra-låg latens för att nå önskad QoS. Befintliga lösningar på detta problem tillämpar AQM på en enda kö och stöder inte tjänst differentiering och behandlar alla paket lika. Det nyligen föreslagna ramverket per packet value löser problemet genom att stödja tjänst differentiering på en kö och införa mer avancerade policyer för resursdelning. Ramverket per packet value implementeras och testas i en mjukvaru miljö utan möjlighet att studera prestanda på hårdvaru utrustning. Denna avhandling använder P4 för att designa och implementera en packet value marker på dataplan programmerbara enheter. Markern bör kunna stödja flera resursdelning principer, följa resursdelning principer exakt, och inte vara bottlenecken i nätverket. En hårdvaruoberoende packet value marker är designad och modifierad med hårdvaruberoende P4-konstruktioner för att passa implementerings kraven för en Tofino switch och en Netronome smart NIC. Slumpmässig talgenerering och resursbegränsning resulterar i en misslyckad implementering av en marker på Tofino med detta tillvägagångssätt. Utvärdering med hjälp av en testbädd med en Netronome marker visar att ett enanvändarscenario och en slumptalsgenerator orsakar lägre genomströmning och högre latens jämfört med forwarding. Resultaten visar att denna metod för Markern är felaktig när man tillämpar policyer vid lägre genomströmningar. Utvärderingen visar också att det maximala antalet användare begränsas av minnet och antalet policyer som stöds. Denna utvärdering ger inblick i hur en sådan marking algoritm är designad och svårigheterna med implementering för olika hårdvara.

New internet services require low and stable latency, which is difficult to provide with traditional routers and queuing mechanisms. Current routers aim to provide high throughput using large buffers causing considerable network latency under load. Recently, Active Queue Management (AQM) algorithms have been proposed to reduce such problem by actively controlling queue lengths to maintain target latencies. However, AQMs are difficult to implement in switching Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) due to inherent architectural constraints. On the other hand, resource sharing is another important goal aiming to differentiate traffic and allocating more resources to different traffic types.  The objective of this thesis is to implement the AQM algorithm Proportional Integral Controller Enhanced (PIE) with a packet marking based resource sharing concept Per Packet Value (PPV) on a programmable switching ASIC using the novel network programmability concept P4. Our solution is designed to maintain low and controllable latency and to utilize the bottleneck link efficiently, while observing the bandwidth sharing properties of the marking scheme. Our goal is to show that Data Plane native implementations of PPV PIE using the Tofino is possible without severely limiting performance or accuracy. The solution places the computation of PIE's drop probability estimation on a timer in the Data Plane utilizing a state machine, packet mirroring, packet recirculation and approximative arithmetics implemented by lookup tables. Additionally, a small control loop is required in order to update lookup tables based on packet statistics from the Control Plane.  In our evaluation using a Tofino based testbed, we evaluate the impact of different parameters on both Control Plane latency, Data Plane throughput and delay for both static and dynamic traffic scenarios. Our results demonstrate commendable performance in terms of controlling queuing delay, effective throughput and bandwidth share when taking operator policy in regard.

Many small communities in British Columbia are dramatically affected by economic transition. This project discusses how two communities, Tofino and Ucluelet, have responded to transition and how indicators can lead to a more sustainable future. While the communities share several similar biophysical and geographical traits, key differences exist in their historical and socioeconomic development. The communities, dependent on natural resources throughout their history, have developed different responses to the challenges created by transition. This project will discuss the transition experiences of Tofino and Ucluelet and detail how sustainable development tools (indicators) can help the communities move towards a more sustainable future. This project is guided by three key questions. First, the project considers the factors contributing to structural economic transition in Tofino and Ucluelet within the context of British Columbia as a whole. Secondly, the project examines how the communities of Tofino and Ucluelet have addressed the challenges of economic transition and how are they planning for sustainability. Finally, the project addresses how sustainability indicators can be used by the respective communities to move towards a more sustainable future. This project drew on information from the literature related to economic transition, sustainability indicators, and from interviews with the Planners in Tofino and Ucluelet. A process for how Tofino and Ucluelet could develop indicators is provided. Additionally, key environmental, socio-economic, and tourism indicators are provided that address some of the planning issues in the two communities. The project suggests that planners need to work with communities to facilitate the development of indicators that support principles of sustainability. Finally, it is suggested that a mechanism be developed to integrate indicators into formal planning practice.

Many small communities in British Columbia are dramatically affected by economic transition. This project discusses how two communities, Tofino and Ucluelet, have responded to transition and how indicators can lead to a more sustainable future. While the communities share several similar biophysical and geographical traits, key differences exist in their historical and socioeconomic development. The communities, dependent on natural resources throughout their history, have developed different responses to the challenges created by transition. This project will discuss the transition experiences of Tofino and Ucluelet and detail how sustainable development tools (indicators) can help the communities move towards a more sustainable future. This project is guided by three key questions. First, the project considers the factors contributing to structural economic transition in Tofino and Ucluelet within the context of British Columbia as a whole. Secondly, the project examines how the communities of Tofino and Ucluelet have addressed the challenges of economic transition and how are they planning for sustainability. Finally, the project addresses how sustainability indicators can be used by the respective communities to move towards a more sustainable future. This project drew on information from the literature related to economic transition, sustainability indicators, and from interviews with the Planners in Tofino and Ucluelet. A process for how Tofino and Ucluelet could develop indicators is provided. Additionally, key environmental, socio-economic, and tourism indicators are provided that address some of the planning issues in the two communities. The project suggests that planners need to work with communities to facilitate the development of indicators that support principles of sustainability. Finally, it is suggested that a mechanism be developed to integrate indicators into formal planning practice. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The concepts of ecotourism and sustainable tourism at the local level refer to the processes within which tourism can foster and contribute to sustainable development at tourist destinations. This thesis argues that in order for destinations to move towards sustainability, tourism must be properly planned and managed towards this goal. Assuming that tourism is a community-industry, planning for tourism must incorporate the perspectives of all tourism stakeholders, including community residents who share their space with tourists and are also part of the tourism product. Using a mixed-methodology that combined 11 unstructured interviews with a 117-respondent survey, this study reports the main constraints for the development of a sustainable tourist destination. It also brings to light the perspectives of the local community on tourism development. I conclude that for the destination to move towards sustainability, barriers must be acknowledged and overcome. Some suggestions are made in this regard.

Tourism has the potential of leaving permanent footprints on the physical, cultural and economic environments of tourism destinations. Understanding and managing these footprints is paramount to understanding the industry, and to the successful management of the associated host-guest relationships. Research questions and objectives examine the concepts of tourism carrying capacity and tourism space to determine whether tourism development in Tofino, British Columbia has exceeded its limits of acceptable use. Data were collected through surveys directed to three stakeholder groups; local residents, tourism businesses and tourists. Data were analyzed using quantitative, qualitative and spatial means. The research found that tourism carrying capacity has not been exceeded for the business and tourist participants, but is divided within the resident stakeholder group. Perceived tourism space was similar for all participant groups, but some identified areas did not match the defined boundaries of tourism use set forth by the District of Tofino.

Tourism has the potential of leaving permanent footprints on the physical, cultural and economic environments of tourism destinations. Understanding and managing these footprints is paramount to understanding the industry, and to the successful management of the associated host-guest relationships. Research questions and objectives examine the concepts of tourism carrying capacity and tourism space to determine whether tourism development in Tofino, British Columbia has exceeded its limits of acceptable use. Data were collected through surveys directed to three stakeholder groups; local residents, tourism businesses and tourists. Data were analyzed using quantitative, qualitative and spatial means. The research found that tourism carrying capacity has not been exceeded for the business and tourist participants, but is divided within the resident stakeholder group. Perceived tourism space was similar for all participant groups, but some identified areas did not match the defined boundaries of tourism use set forth by the District of Tofino.