As alterações na alimentação dos equinos levaram à mudança também no desgaste dentário natural, tornando-o desordenado e até ineficiente, contribuindo de forma ampla para as desordens digestivas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as implicações de um tratamento odontológico, sobre os parâmetros digestivos e metabólicos de equinos. Foram utilizados oito cavalos da raça Puro Sangue Árabe, machos, castrados, com idade média 80±7 meses e peso médio de 460±28 kg nunca submetidos a tratamento odontológico. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais, alimentados com dieta constituída de 2% do peso corpóreo (PC) em MS/dia, divididos em 0,75% de concentrado peletizado formulado para equino em manutenção e 1,25% de feno de gramínea (Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85). Os tratamentos foram divididos em grupo controle (D0; animais sem nenhum tratamento odontológico), grupo D20 (animais avaliados vinte dias após o tratamento odontológico) e grupo D40 (animais avaliados quarenta dias após o tratamento odontológico). Os animais passaram por um período de adaptação à dieta de 15 dias e 5 dias de coleta total de fezes. A odontoplastia consistiu de sedação e, na sequência, redução de pontas excessivas de esmalte e ajuste de oclusão, buscando melhorar a amplitude dos movimentos mastigatórios. As variáveis avaliadas foram: coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CD) da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), proteína bruta (PB) e extrato etéreo (EE); área abaixo da curva (AAC) de glicose e insulina, comportamento alimentar, concentração de colesterol, triglicérides e lipoproteínas, pH fecal, ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e ácido láctico nas fezes O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com medidas repetidas no tempo e os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância considerando significância de 5%. Foram observadas diferenças na digestibilidade aparente (P<0,05) da FDA com redução nos grupos D20 e D40. Para perfil de AGCC, a odontoplastia aumentou o ácido propiônico do grupo D40 em relação ao controle e redução do Ácido Lático nas fezes do grupo D40 em relação ao controle. Os animais do grupo D40 tiveram redução do peso (P<0,05). A odontoplastia não interferiu nos demais parâmetros avaliados. Pode-se concluir que após odontoplastia houve alteração na ingestão voluntária de volumoso, o que promove alteração na relação concentrado/volumoso da dieta dos equinos, interferindo no ambiente fermentativo e metabólico pós prandial. / Changes in feed for horses led to change also the natural tooth wear, making it cluttered and even inefficient, contributing broadly to digestive disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the implications of dental treatment on the digestive and metabolic parameters of horses. Eight horses, Arabian race, castrated male, mean age 80 ± 7 months and average weight of 460 ± 28 kg never undergoing dental treatment were used. The animals were housed in individual stals, fed a diet consisting of 2% of body weight (BW) in MS/day, divided into 0.75% of pelletized concentrate formulated for equine maintenance and 1.25% grass hay ( Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85). The treatments were divided into control group (D0; animals without any dental treatment), D20 group (animals evaluated twenty days after dental treatment) and D40 group (animals evaluated forty days after the dental treatment). The animals went through a period of adjustment to the 15-day diet and five days of total collection. The floating teeth consisted of sedation and, as a result, reduction of excessive enamel points and occlusion adjustment, seeking to improve the range of masticatory movements. The variables evaluated were: apparent digestibility coefficient (CD) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and ether-extract (EE); area under the curve (AUC) of glucose and insulin, ingestive behavior, cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins concentration, fecal pH, short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and lactic acid in the stool. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measures time, and data were submitted to analysis of variance considering a 5% significance. There were differences in apparent digestibility (P<0.05) with reduction in the ADF in D20 and D40 groups. For SCFA profile, floating teeth increased propionic acid D40 group compared to the control and reduction of lactic acid in the feces of the D40 group compared to the control. The animals of group D40 had weight reduction (P<0.05). The odontoplastia did not interfere in the remaining parameters. It can be concluded that after floating teeth there were changes in voluntary intake of roughage, which promotes change in concentrate/roughage diet of horses, interfering in the fermentation environment and postprandial metabolic.

Este trabalho avaliou o efeito do tipo de lesão cariosa artificial em esmalte produzido por quatros protocolos in vitro em relação ao potencial remineralizante in situ, utilizando como variáveis de resposta a microdureza superficial (SH) e longitudinal (CSH) e a microradiografia transversal (TMR). Para tal, 288 espécimes de esmalte bovino polidos (4x4mm) foram divididos de acordo com os valores de SH inicial em 4 tipos de protocolos desmineralizantes: Gel MC (gel de metilcelulose a 8%, ácido lático 0,1 M, pH 4,6, 14 dias); Gel PA (ácido poliacrílico 20g/L, ácido lático 0,1 M com hidroxiapatita a 500 mg/L, pH 4,8, 16h); Solução MHDP (ácido lático 50 mM, cálcio, fosfato e tetraetil metilenodifosfanato, pH 5,0, 6 dias) e Solução Tampão (ácido acético 50 mM, cálcio, fosfato e fluoreto, pH 5,0, 16h). Os espécimes desmineralizados foram tratados com agentes remineralizantes em um modelo in situ cruzado e duplo cego, com a participação de 12 voluntários que utilizaram aparelhos palatinos contendo 2 amostras de cada tipo de lesão de esmalte em cada fase, durante 3 fases experimentais com duração de 3 dias cada. Na fase da saliva humana, os voluntários realizaram o tratamento dos espécimes com dentifrício placebo (sem fluoreto, solução 1:3) ex vivo, 2x1min/dia. Na fase dentifrício fluoretado, o mesmo procedimento foi repetido em relação ao tratamento dos espécimes, porém utilizando o Dentifrício Crest (1.100 ppm F). Na fase verniz fluoretado, os mesmos procedimentos da fase dentifrício fluoretado foram repetidos, porém os espécimes foram tratados com verniz Duraphat (22.600 ppm F, 6h in vitro) anteriormente à fase in situ. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística (ANOVA ou similar não paramétrico e ANOVA a 2 critérios, p<0,05). Os diferentes protocolos desmineralizantes produziram lesões cariosas com perfis diferentes (resultados similares entre SH, CSH e TMR. Grau de desmineralização: Solução MHDP > Gel MC > solução Tampão = Gel PA) sendo nítida a diferença no grau de remineralização entre as diferentes lesões cariosas artificiais (resultados incoerentes entre SH, CSH e TMR). Na análise de SH, o Gel PA foi capaz de mostrar diferenças significativas entre os 3 protocolos remineralizantes, enquanto o Gel MC e Solução Tampão mostraram diferenças significativas entre as fases com fluoreto e controle. Para a solução MHDP não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre os tratamentos remineralizantes. Em relação à CSH, o padrão de remineralização foi inversamente relacionado ao grau de desmineralização inicial. Na análise da porcentagem de recuperação de CSH, apenas o gel PA foi capaz de mostrar diferenças significativas entre as fases com fluoreto e controle até os 30 &#x3BC;m de profundidade. Na análise pela TMR (parâmetro &#x394;&#x394;Z), houve diferença significativa entre as lesões cariosas artificiais em relação à remineralização (Solução Tampão < Solução MHDP = gel PA < Gel MC), com exceção da fase verniz fluoretado. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos remineralizantes pela TMR, mostrando uma modesta remineralização, independentemente do tratamento. Pode-se concluir que o tipo de lesão cariosa artificial tem influência sobre o grau de remineralização do esmalte e isto deve ser considerado no delineamento experimental. / This study evaluated the effect of type of artificial enamel carious lesion produced by four in vitro protocols in respect to the remineralizing potential in situ, using as response variables: surface microhardness (SH), cross-sectional microhardness (CSH) and transverse microradiography (TMR). Thus, 288 polished enamel specimens (4x4mm) were divided according to the baseline SH values in 4 demineralizing protocols: MC gel (8% methylcellulose gel, 0.1 M lactic acid, pH 4.6, 14 days); PA gel (20g/L polyacrylic acid, 0.1 M lactic acid with 500 mg/L hydroxyapatite, pH 4.8, 16h); MHDP solution (50 mM lactic acid, calcium, phosphate and tetraethyl methylene diphosphanate, pH 5.0, 6 days) and Buffer Solution (50 mM acetic acid, calcium, phosphate and fluoride, pH 5.0, 16h). The demineralized specimens were treated with the remineralizing agents in an in situ model, with crossover and double-blind design. Twelve volunteers wore intra-oral appliances containing two specimens of each type of enamel lesion in each phase, during 3 experimental phases with duration of 3 days each. In the phase \"human saliva\", the volunteers performed the treatment of specimens with placebo toothpaste (no fluoride, solution 1:3) ex vivo, 2x1min/day. In phase \"fluoride toothpaste\", the same procedure was repeated, but using the toothpaste Crest (1100 ppm F). In the phase \"fluoride varnish\", the same procedures of the phase \"fluoride toothpaste\" were repeated, but the specimens were treated with Duraphat varnish (22600 ppm F, 6h in vitro) prior to the in situ phase. The data were submitted to statistical analysis (ANOVA or similar nonparametric test and 2-way ANOVA, p<0.05). The different demineralizing protocols produced artificial carious lesions with different profiles (similar results among SH, CSH and TMR. Degree of demineralization: MHDP solution> MC Gel > Buffer solution = PA Gel). There was a clear difference in the degree of remineralization between the different artificial carious lesions (contradictories results among SH, CSH and TMR). In SH analysis, PA Gel was able to show significant differences among the 3 remineralizing protocols, while MC Gel and Buffer Solution showed significant differences between the fluoride phases and control. MHDP solution did not show any significant difference among the remineralizing treatments. In respect to the CSH, remineralization was inversely related to the degree of initial demineralization. In the analysis of the percentage of CSH recovery, only PA gel was able to show significant differences between the fluoride and control phases up to 30 &#x3BC;m depth. For TMR (&#x394;&#x394;Z parameter), there was significant difference between the artificial carious lesions in respect to the remineralization (buffer solution < MHDP Solution = PA gel < MC Gel), except during fluoride varnish phase. No significant differences were found among the remineralizing treatments by TMR, showing a modest remineralization, regardless of the treatment. It can be concluded that the type of artificial carious lesion has influence on the degree of enamel remineralization and this should be considered in experimental design.

Yes / Cattle (Bos taurus) are biologically able to breed year-round, potentially giving farmers the freedom to choose a calving strategy to best meet their economic goals. Thus, an accurate method to determine cattle birth seasonality from archaeological remains would prove to be a valuable tool when investigating a prehistoric farming community. This paper presents the results of intra-tooth isotope ratio analysis (δ18O, δ13C) of first, second and third molars from 15 cattle. The principal outcome is a possible new approach to determining cattle birth seasonality utilizing both carbon and oxygen isotope ratio measurements of first molar enamel. Although this technique requires verification through more extensive testing, particularly of modern material, initial results suggest that it may produce more accurate predictions of birth seasonality than techniques based on intra-tooth δ18O measurements of second and third molars.

Yes / Bioarchaeological evidence suggests that the site of Grimes Graves, Norfolk, characterised by the remains of several hundred Late Neolithic flint mineshafts, was a permanently settled community with a mixed farming economy during the Mid-Late Bronze Age (c. 1400 BC – c. 800 BC). The aim of this study was to investigate, through isotope ratio analysis (87Sr/86Sr, δ13C and δ18O), the origins and husbandry of Bronze Age cattle (Bos taurus) excavated from a mineshaft known as the “1972 shaft”. Strontium isotope ratios from the molar enamel of ten Grimes Graves cattle were compared with eight modern animals from the Chillingham Wild White cattle herd, Northumberland. The range of 87Sr/86Sr values for the modern cattle with known restricted mobility was low (0.00062) while the values for the Grimes Graves cattle varied much more widely (range = 0.00357) and suggest that at least five of the cattle were not born locally. Two of these animals were likely to have originated at a distance of ≥ 150 km. Intra-tooth δ13C profiles for eight of the Grimes Graves cattle show higher δ13C values compared to those of Early Bronze Age cattle from central England. Most of these profiles also display pronounced shifts in δ13C during the period of enamel formation. One possible interpretation is that the cattle were subject to dietary change resulting from movement between habitats with different vegetation δ13C values. More comparative data, both archaeological and modern, is required to validate this interpretation. The multi-isotope approach employed in this study suggests that certain cattle husbandry and/or landscape management practices may have been widely adopted throughout central Britain during the Mid-Late Bronze Age. / AHRC Studentship

Yes / The identification of dairying is essential if we are to understand economies of the past, particularly in northwest Europe, where a high degree of lactose tolerance suggests that fresh milk has long been a significant food product. This paper explores a possible link between economic focus and seasonality of calving. Although cattle (Bos taurus) can breed throughout the year, animals living in temperate regions with minimal or no human management tend to breed seasonally, their breeding behaviour being strongly influenced by the availability of food. In order to achieve a year-round supply of fresh milk in the past, it is likely that multiple-season calving was necessary, which would have required additional husbandry effort. Alternatively, for meat-focussed economies or those based on storable dairy products, a strategy of single-season calving in spring may have been favoured to maximise the utilization of spring and summer vegetation. Cattle birth seasonality is investigated through isotope ratio analysis (δ18O, δ13C) of tooth enamel. Results for cattle from Pool, Orkney dating to the latter part of the first millennium A.D suggest that calving occurred during at least three seasons implying that the continuous provision of fresh milk was of economic importance. / AHRC Studentship

Yes / The Early Bronze Age barrows at Irthlingborough and Gayhurst in central England are notable for the large number of cattle (Bos taurus) remains associated with their human Beaker burials. Previous work using strontium isotope analysis has indicated that most of the cattle analysed, and one aurochs (Bos primigenius), were of local origin (Towers et al. 2010). In this study, stable isotope analysis of enamel and bone was carried out to investigate whether the mature cattle had experienced similar husbandry practices, climate and environment. Bulk carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotope analysis of collagen suggested most were consuming similar sources of plant protein from environments probably local to the sites and this was supported by high resolution intra-enamel carbon isotope profiles. Oxygen isotope profiles indicated the aurochs and most of the cattle experienced similar climatic regimes: the only exception being an animal with a non-local strontium isotope ratio. However, a comparison of seasonality profiles of the local animals using estimated tooth formation times showed that there was no consistency in season of birth: the animals appeared to have been born throughout the year. Cattle can breed throughout the year but it requires considerable human effort and intervention to successfully overwinter young stock; it is therefore unlikely to have been carried out without good reason and benefit if winters were harsh. One reason is to ensure a continuous supply of milk. Measuring oxygen isotope profiles to identify year-round calving may thus be a potential indicator of dairying economies.

A hidroxiapatita e o esmalte dental são, na atualidade, alguns dos materiais mais pesquisados pela técnica de espectroscopia por Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica ? RPE. O esmalte dental, que possui cerca de 97% de sua massa constituída por cristais de hidroxiapatita, se apresenta como o tecido humano preferencial para dosimetria de radiação com o uso desta técnica, principalmente no caso de exposições acidentais da população em geral. A análise de hidroxiapatitas sintéticas tem por finalidade auxiliar o entendimento do espectro do esmalte dental bem como desenvolver um dosímetro de radiação com boa eficiência e eficácia. O espectrômetro em banda-K utiliza uma freqüência intermediária aos espectrômetros em banda-X e em banda-Q, possuindo uma melhor resolução que banda-X sem as dificuldades, devido à alta sensibilidade, do banda-Q. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar espectros em banda-K de um bloco de esmalte irradiado e de hidroxiapatitas sintéticas, comparando com espectros de banda-Q e banda-X presentes na literatura, e ainda verificar a possibilidade de se fazer dosimetria de radiação com o uso deste aparelho. / Hydroxyapatite and tooth enamel are, nowadays, some of materials mostly investigated by the spectroscopic technique of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance ? EPR. Tooth enamel, that have about of 97% of its mass constituted by hydroxyapatite crystals, appears itself as the preferential human tissue for radiation dosimetry using EPR, mainly in case of accidental expositions by ordinary personnel. The analyses of synthetic hydroxyapatites have as the main goal to help the understanding of tooth enamel?s spectrum seeking the developing of a radiation dosimeter with good efficiency and accuracy. The K-band EPR spectrometer uses an intermediate frequency between the spectrometers in X-band and Q-band, possessing a better resolution than the X-band without presenting the Q-band?s difficulties. In this preliminary work the EPR spectra of a small block tooth enamel and synthetic hydroxyapatites irradiated were analyzed in K-band, comparing the results with X- and Q-band with published results, the possibility of performing radiation dosimetry at K-band was verified.

Strontium isotope analysis has provided archaeologists with an unprecedented opportunity to study the mobility of humans and animals in the past. However, a lack of systematic environmental baseline data has seriously restricted the full potential of the analytical technique; there is little biosphere data available against which to compare measured skeletal data. This thesis examines the extent to which geographic variation in biosphere 87Sr/86Sr composition can be spatially resolved within the lowland terrain of England, in a geographically and geologically coherent study area. Systematically collected samples of vegetation, stream water and surface soils, including new and archived material have been used. The potential of these sample media to provide reliable estimates of the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr composition of bioavailable strontium are evaluated under both high-density and low-density sampling regimes, and against new analyses of local archaeological material. Areas lying south of the Anglian glacial limit, display a pattern of geographic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr biosphere variation (0.7080-0.7105) controlled by solid geology, as demonstrated by high-density biosphere mapping. Data collected at a wider geographic scale, including above superficial deposits, indicate the dominant influence of re-worked local rocks on the biosphere. These methods have enabled a reclassification of the archaeologically important Cretaceous Chalk domain. Analysis of rainwater and other indicators of atmospheric deposition show that, in this setting, local biosphere variation is not significantly perturbed by atmospheric inputs. Time-related data from archaeological cattle and sheep/goat tooth enamel suggest that the modern biosphere data can be used to understand livestock management regimes and that these are more powerful than using an average value from the enamel. A more complete understanding of possible patterns of mobility in a group of humans has been achieved through analysis of material from Winchester and comparison with the Chalk biosphere domain.

A hidroxiapatita e o esmalte dental são, na atualidade, alguns dos materiais mais pesquisados pela técnica de espectroscopia por Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica ? RPE. O esmalte dental, que possui cerca de 97% de sua massa constituída por cristais de hidroxiapatita, se apresenta como o tecido humano preferencial para dosimetria de radiação com o uso desta técnica, principalmente no caso de exposições acidentais da população em geral. A análise de hidroxiapatitas sintéticas tem por finalidade auxiliar o entendimento do espectro do esmalte dental bem como desenvolver um dosímetro de radiação com boa eficiência e eficácia. O espectrômetro em banda-K utiliza uma freqüência intermediária aos espectrômetros em banda-X e em banda-Q, possuindo uma melhor resolução que banda-X sem as dificuldades, devido à alta sensibilidade, do banda-Q. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar espectros em banda-K de um bloco de esmalte irradiado e de hidroxiapatitas sintéticas, comparando com espectros de banda-Q e banda-X presentes na literatura, e ainda verificar a possibilidade de se fazer dosimetria de radiação com o uso deste aparelho. / Hydroxyapatite and tooth enamel are, nowadays, some of materials mostly investigated by the spectroscopic technique of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance ? EPR. Tooth enamel, that have about of 97% of its mass constituted by hydroxyapatite crystals, appears itself as the preferential human tissue for radiation dosimetry using EPR, mainly in case of accidental expositions by ordinary personnel. The analyses of synthetic hydroxyapatites have as the main goal to help the understanding of tooth enamel?s spectrum seeking the developing of a radiation dosimeter with good efficiency and accuracy. The K-band EPR spectrometer uses an intermediate frequency between the spectrometers in X-band and Q-band, possessing a better resolution than the X-band without presenting the Q-band?s difficulties. In this preliminary work the EPR spectra of a small block tooth enamel and synthetic hydroxyapatites irradiated were analyzed in K-band, comparing the results with X- and Q-band with published results, the possibility of performing radiation dosimetry at K-band was verified.

Strontium isotope analysis has provided archaeologists with an unprecedented opportunity to study the mobility of humans and animals in the past. However, a lack of systematic environmental baseline data has seriously restricted the full potential of the analytical technique; there is little biosphere data available against which to compare measured skeletal data. This thesis examines the extent to which geographic variation in biosphere 87Sr/86Sr composition can be spatially resolved within the lowland terrain of England, in a geographically and geologically coherent study area. Systematically collected samples of vegetation, stream water and surface soils, including new and archived material have been used. The potential of these sample media to provide reliable estimates of the 87Sr/86Sr composition of bioavailable strontium are evaluated under both high-density and low-density sampling regimes, and against new analyses of local archaeological material. Areas lying south of the Anglian glacial limit, display a pattern of geographic 87Sr/86Sr biosphere variation (0.7080¿0.7105) controlled by solid geology, as demonstrated by high-density biosphere mapping. Data collected at a wider geographic scale, including above superficial deposits, indicate the dominant influence of re-worked local rocks on the biosphere. These methods have enabled a reclassification of the archaeologically important Cretaceous Chalk domain. Analysis of rainwater and other indicators of atmospheric deposition show that, in this setting, local biosphere variation is not significantly perturbed by atmospheric inputs. Time-related data from archaeological cattle and sheep/goat tooth enamel suggest that the modern biosphere data can be used to understand livestock management regimes and that these are more powerful than using an average value from the enamel. A more complete understanding of possible patterns of mobility in a group of humans has been achieved through analysis of material from Winchester and comparison with the Chalk biosphere domain. / British Geological Survey¿s British University Funding Initiative (BUFI) and the School of Life Sciences at the University of Bradford joint funding.