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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and compare how women and men in a CEO position have experienced the recruitment process for the function as CEO. The study aims to identify similarities and differences between women and men's experience of contributing factors to the fact that they were recruited to the position of CEO. The study also intends to create an understanding of what opportunities and obstacles women and men have experienced that have affected their path to the CEO position. The study is comparative and the empirical material consists of ten semi- structured interviews with five women and five men who have been recruited to the position of CEO. The study shows that the most central factors in being recruited to the CEO position is to be a part of a network, have access to social capital and have "good success stories". This is described by both our female and male respondents. However, no typical process can be identified. The recruitment process is perceived as “solid” and “waterproof” by the majority of respondents. The study shows that four out of five women have been recruited internally, thus, they have been included in networks internally. Among our male respondents, four out of five have been recruited externally, indicating that they have been included in networks outside the organization. We found that women have experienced that they have been given opportunities internally, which has contributed to them advancing to the CEO position. In contrast to women, men describe that opportunities create the individual, they are not given. The results of our study show that being part of significant networks provides opportunities. The respondents experience age as an obstacle, that they have been young in senior positions is perceived to be problematic. No respondent experiences any obstacles during the recruitment process. / Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och jämföra hur kvinnor och män på vd- position upplevt rekryteringsprocessen till posten som vd. Studien ämnar identifiera likheter och skillnader mellan kvinnor och mäns upplevelse av bidragande faktorer till att de rekryterats till posten som vd. Studien avser även skapa förståelse för vilka möjligheter och hinder kvinnor respektive män upplevt påverka deras väg till vd- posten. Studien är komparativ och det empiriska materialet består av tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem kvinnor och fem män som rekryterats till vd- posten. I studien framkommer att det mest centrala för att rekryteras till vd-posten är att vara en del av nätverk, ha tillgång till socialt kapital och ha ”good success stories”. Detta beskrivs av både våra kvinnliga och manliga respondenter. Någon typisk process kan inte identifieras. Rekryteringsprocessen upplevs som ”gedigen” och ”vattentät” av majoriteten av respondenterna. Studien visar att fyra av fem kvinnor rekryterats internt, de har således inkluderats i nätverk internt. Bland våra manliga respondenter har fyra av fem rekryterats externt, vilket tyder på att de inkluderats i nätverk utanför organisationen. Vi finner att kvinnor upplevt att de fått möjligheter internt, vilket varit bidragande till att de avancerat till vd-posten. Männen beskriver i motsats till kvinnorna att möjligheter skapar individen, de ges inte. Vår studies resultat visar att vara del av betydelsefulla nätverk ger möjligheter. Respondenterna upplever ålder som ett hinder, att de varit unga på seniora poster upplevs varit problematiskt. Ingen respondent upplever några hinder under rekryteringsprocessen.

This study investigates if the proportion of women on Board of Directors (BOD) and Top Management Teams (TMT) in Swedish listed firms affect the financial performance. Using a sample of 1,432 firm-year observations for firms listed at Nasdaq Stockholm during the years 2012-2019, the study estimates multiple regressions to investigate the association between proportion of women on BODs and TMTs and firms’ financial performance, measured as ROA, ROE and Tobin’s Q. Using an interaction variable, the study also investigates if female representation in TMT affects the association between BOD gender diversity and financial performance. Furthermore, in line with critical mass theory, the study investigates whether there is a specific threshold of female representation that needs to be achieved for the performance effect to occur. The study’s results provide some evidence for a positive association between proportion of women on BOD and financial performance, but only possible indications for a negative effect of proportion of women in TMTs and financial performance. No support is found for the interaction effect. The positive impact of female representation on BOD and TMT does not seem to depend on any critical mass threshold. The study contributes with a new perspective on how gender diversity on several firm levels affects the financial performance.

This work deals with a phenomenon of party alliances, especially with the alliance of TOP 09 and STAN. This phenomenon is current in the Czech politics. This work concerns other unions of the right-wing or the center parties in the Czech Republic too, and searches an answer for the question, if it is an alliance. Primarily this work deals with the alliance of TOP 09 and STAN, which were established in 2009. It also deals with differencies of this alliance on the state, regional and local level, and searches any cleveages of this alliance on the state, regional or local level. This work also searches the answer for the question, what the perspectives of this alliance in the future are. The first agreement about the alliance was confirmed in 2009. The second agreement was confirmed in 2013. This agreement enables free relationship between TOP 09 and STAN on the regional and local levels.

This work deals with a phenomenon of party alliances, especially with the alliance of TOP 09 and STAN. This phenomenon is current in the Czech politics. This work concerns other unions of the right-wing or the center parties in the Czech Republic too, and searches an answer for the question, if it is an alliance. Primarily this work deals with the alliance of TOP 09 and STAN, which were established in 2009. It also deals with differencies of this alliance on the state, regional and local level, and searches any cleveages of this alliance on the state, regional or local level. This work also searches the answer for the question, what the perspectives of this alliance in the future are. The first agreement about the alliance was confirmed in 2009. The second agreement was confirmed in 2013. This agreement enables free relationship between TOP 09 and STAN on the regional and local levels.

Esta tesis doctoral ha provocado un cambio de actitud y mentalidad; porque la forma de realizar investigación hasta el momento había sido basada en resultados, es decir, primero se piensa cual será el resultado que se obtendrá o hacia donde se debe llegar, que es lo que se va a producir, utilizando en este caso el método de abajo hacia arriba (bottom up). Sin embargo, este informe se ha realizado bajo una metodología causal, es decir, interesa conocer primeramente cual será el modelo para luego contestar preguntas ¿qué es? y ¿para qué es?, debido a que así se decide un modelo que servirá de marco a la solución y se concretan los objetivos, ya sin ambigüedad, que se persigue alcanzar. Posteriormente se irán contestando las preguntas de ¿cómo?, ¿cuándo? y ¿quién lo hará? Porque así se establece la estructura de la solución, la tecnología que la soportará, y el contexto. Por esa razón, este trabajo aborda aspectos diferentes a las formas tradicionales de resolver un problema en particular, sobre el cual ya se conocen otras soluciones. El método bottom-up puede utilizarse cuando se conoce de antemano la solución por otros casos parecidos; y el top-down es el método general cuando no se tiene mayor conocimiento previo sobre cuál puede ser la solución. De allí que para esta investigación se ha hecho uso del método top-down. Por lo tanto, el grado de Doctora permitirá, resolver problemas haciendo uso de método científico, procurando evitar incorporar arbitrariedad o reduciendo esta a su mínima expresión y, con ello, garantizando la calidad de la solución. Se persigue producir un avance en el estado del conocimiento, en el caso particular de la educación piramidal en el que se ha trabajado bajo un enfoque colaborativo jerarquizado, para la enseñanza de los lenguajes de programación, a través de una plataforma didáctica virtual, en la cual personas con un nivel de educación superior pueden tutorar a otros de nivel educativo inferior para, de esa manera, poder mejorar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador, aunque cabe mencionar que este proyecto podrá ser aplicado a cualquier institución educativa ya sea formal o informal. El objetivo principal es que mediante la educación piramidal y por medio del uso de una plataforma virtual, se pueda dar apoyo en el aprendizaje de cualquier área del conocimiento, que en el caso particular se abordarán los lenguajes de programación, por ser parte fundamental de las carreras de Informática y del área de competencia docente de la autora.

Functioning of the living cell is controlled by a complex network of interactions among genes, proteins, and other molecules. A major goal of systems biology is to understand and explain the mechanisms by which these interactions govern the cell's response to various conditions. Molecular interaction networks have proven to be a powerful representation for studying cellular behavior. Numerous algorithms have been developed to unravel the complexity of these networks. Our work addresses the drawbacks of existing techniques. This thesis includes three related research efforts that introduce network-based approaches to bridge current methodological gaps in systems biology. i. Functional enrichment methods provide a summary of biological functions that are overrepresented in an interesting collection of genes (e.g., highly differentially expressed genes between a diseased cell and a healthy cell). Standard functional enrichment algorithms ignore the known interactions among proteins. We propose a novel network-based approach to functional enrichment that explicitly accounts for these underlying molecular interactions. Through this work, we close the gap between set-based functional enrichment and topological analysis of molecular interaction networks. ii. Many techniques have been developed to compute the response network of a cell. A recent trend in this area is to compute response networks of small size, with the rationale that only part of a pathway is often changed by disease and that interpreting small subnetworks is easier than interpreting larger ones. However, these methods may not uncover the spectrum of pathways perturbed in a particular experiment or disease. To avoid these difficulties, we propose to use algorithms that reconcile case-control DNA microarray data with a molecular interaction network by modifying per-gene differential expression p-values such that two genes connected by an interaction show similar changes in their gene expression values. iii. Top-down analyses in systems biology can automatically find correlations among genes and proteins in large-scale datasets. However, it is often difficult to design experiments from these results. In contrast, bottom-up approaches painstakingly craft detailed models of cellular processes. However, developing the models is a manual process that can take many years. These approaches have largely been developed independently. We present Linker, an efficient and automated data-driven method that analyzes molecular interactomes. Linker combines teleporting random walks and k-shortest path computations to discover connections from a set of source proteins to a set of target proteins. We demonstrate the efficacy of Linker through two applications: proposing extensions to an existing model of cell cycle regulation in budding yeast and automated reconstruction of human signaling pathways. Linker achieves superior precision and recall compared to state-of-the-art algorithms from the literature. / Ph. D.

Since January 1, 2015, the police authority's largest organizational reform took place, and 21 county police authorities were merged into one unified police authority. The purpose of this was to increase the prerequisites for a stronger operating result with higher quality in the efforts. In connection with the reorganization, they sought to have a more distinct management where the operations would be employee driven. In this study, the official's space for action is studied, and to what extent the public works are considered regarding the expertise and knowledge of the employees at local police level. Through an interview study the officials of the local police level shared the experiences and how the reorganization's impact on the space of action has affected their ability on making decisions. The analysis of the study takes the biggest inspiration from Lisky's street-level bureaucracy theory but also shows elements of the authority's structure, i.e. top-down and bottom-up perspective. The study also takes into account the public officials’ tools of power and analyzes the exercise of power.

This thesis can be viewed as two parts. The first part focuses on performance analysis of millimeter wave (mmWave) communications. We investigate how the interference behaves in the outdoor mesh network operating at 60-GHz when block age and shadowing are present using the probability of collision as a metric, under both the protocol model and the physical model. In contrast with results reported in mmWave mesh networks at 60-GHz that advocates that interference has only a marginal effect, our results show that for a short-range link of 100 m, the collision probability gets considerably larger (beyond 0.1) at the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of interest (for example, the reference value is chosen as 15 dB for uncoded quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)). Compensation or compromise should be made in order to maintain a low probability of collision, either by reducing transmitter node density which is to the detriment of the network connectivity, or by switching to a compact linear antenna array with more at-top elements, which places more stringent requirements in device integration techniques. The second part of this thesis focuses on finding the optimal unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) deployment in the sense that it can maximize over specific network connectivity. We have introduced a connectivity measure based on the commonly used network connectivity metric, which is refered to as global soft connectivity. This measure can be easily extended to account for different propagation models, such as Rayleigh fading and Nakagami fading. It can also be modified to incorporate the link state probability and beam alignment errors in highly directional networks. As can be shown, under the line-of-sight (LOS) and Rayleigh fading assumptions, the optimization regarding the global soft connectivity can be expressed as a weighted sum of the square of link distances between the nodes within the network, namely the ground-to-ground links, the UAV-to-UAV links and the ground-to-UAV links. This can be shown to be a quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP) problem with non-convex constraints. We have also extended our global connectivity to other types of connectivity criteria: network k-section connectivity and k-connectivity. In all the three cases, we have proposed a heuristic and straightforward way of finding the suboptimal UAV locations. The simulation results have shown that all these methods can improve our network connectivity considerably, which can achieve a gain of up to 30% for a five UAV scenario.

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