Problem – Lean is a concept used by organizations to become more efficient, thus more competitive. However, it has been documented that only a small portion of all implementations actually succeeds. Research has suggested critical success factors and pointed out top management commitment as being vital for a successful implementation. It is therefore confirmed that without top managers’ involvement, the venture cannot succeed. However, despite existing research on how to succeed, top managers are still lacking commitment which has caused many implementations to fail. Purpose – This study aims to use the side-bet theory of Becker (1960) to explore the phenomena to why top managers’ commitment is vacillating during the implementation of Lean. The research question is; Why is top managers’ commitment not consistent to Lean implementation when regarding their side-bets? Methodology – Data collecting has been qualitative where semi structured interviews have been executed with five top managers of different organizations. Some have succeeded to implement Lean and some have not. The side-bet theory has been used to create a framework for where the empirical data is constrained to. Conclusions – Before and during the implementation, top managers are only committed to a successful implementation if they find themselves having enough penalties associated with a failed implementation. Only when they realize that there exists side-bets and penalties of enough magnitude, their commitment will be consistent and the implementation successful. The side-bets which have shown to be decisive to determine a consistent or deviating commitment are the ones belonging to ‘Generalized cultural expectations’ and ‘Impersonal bureaucratic arrangements’. The penalties associated with these side-bets have been of socially form than economically. Furthermore, these side-bets and penalties have shown to arise when top managers and their organization have made it clear that the Lean venture is of highest priority and any sidestep from it is considered as wrong. Implications – This study has contributed with an understanding of why top manager’s commitment is consistent or deviating during the Lean implementation. Research so far has suggested how top managers’ commitment is deviating and consistent. This study provides the explanation of why. By exploring the answer to why top managers lack commitment, the possibility of ensuring consistent commitment is raised. Referring to Becker (1960) people operates only when they understand why and find value in a certain kind of activity.  Delimitations – The study is only focused on the dimension of continuance commitment. There is a possibility to study other dimensions of commitment in this field of research (i.e. affective and normative commitment).  The findings are based on Swedish top managers, thus using the findings outside Sweden should be proceeded with caution since culture has effect on commitment.

Este trabalho consistiu em analisar a possibilidade de verificação da violação de sabor em correntes neutras intermediadas por glúons de Kaluza-Klein (GKK) através do modelo de dimensões extras compactas e curvas. Este introduz a possibilidade de violação de sabores em correntes neutras através de processos do tipo próton/próton em top/anti-quark c. Inicialmente estudamos o comportamento de jatos com altos momentos transversos (da ordem de 300 GeV) e suas subestruturas. Após isto, estudamos a detecção do quark top através dos algoritmos HEPTopTagger e Johns Hopkins (fizemos uma breve comparação entre eles). Por último, propusemos duas maneiras de encontrar os GKK. Uma delas, através da procura de somente quarks top. A outra, através da procura de um quark top e um jato sem subestrutura (algoritmo do tipo TJ). Pudemos ver que a possibilidade de encontrar o fenômeno de violação de sabores é acessível (a razão S/B da ordem de 0,1) para ambos os casos de massa analisados através do algoritmo do tipo TJ. / This study was to examine the possibility of verifying the violation of flavor in neutral currents mediated by Kaluza-Klein gluons (GKK), in which it was introduced by compact warped extra dimensions. The possibility of violation of flavors in neutral currents occurs through processes like proton/proton into quark top/ antiquark charm. Initially we studied the behavior of jets with high transverse momentum (the order of 300 GeV) and its substructures. After this, we studied the detection of the top quark via HEPTopTagger and Johns Hopkins algorithms (we did a brief comparison between them). Finally, we proposed two ways to find the GKK. One of them, by searching for only quark top. The other, by looking for a quark top and a jet without substructure (algorithm of TJ type). We could see that the possibility of encountering the phenomenon of violation of flavors is accessible (the ratio S/B is the order of 0.1) in both cases of mass analyzed by TJ type algorithm.

Une ontologie (ou base de connaissances) est une représentation formelle de connaissances sous la forme d'entités et de faits sur ces entités. Ces dernières années de nombreuses ontologies ont été développées dans des contextes académiques et industriels. Elles sont généralement définies à l’aide du langage forme lRDF et interrogées avec le langage de requêtes SPARQL. Une connaissance partielle du contenu et de la structure d’une ontologie peut amener les utilisateurs à exécuter des requêtes qui retournent un résultat vide de réponses, considéré comme insatisfaisant. Parmi les techniques d’interrogation coopératives développées pour résoudre ce problème se trouve la technique de relaxation de requêtes. Elle consiste à affaiblir les conditions exprimées dans les requêtes pour retourner des résultats alternatifs à l'utilisateur. En étudiant les travaux existants sur la relaxation de requêtes SPARQL nous avons constaté qu’ils présentent plusieurs limitations :(1) ils ne permettent pas de définir précisément la relaxation à effectuer tout en offrant la possibilité de contrôler le processus de relaxation (2) ils n’identifient pas les causes réelles d'échec de la requête formulée par l'utilisateur et (3) ils n’intègrent pas d’outils interactifs pour mieux exploiter les techniques de relaxation proposées. Pour répondre à ces limitations, ce travail de thèse propose un framework pour la relaxation de requêtes SPARQL. Ce framework inclut un ensemble d'opérateurs de relaxation des requêtes SPARQL permettant de relaxer incrémentalement des parties précises de la requête utilisateur tout en contrôlant la pertinence des réponses alternatives retournées par rapport aux besoins exprimés par l’utilisateur dans sa requête. Notre framework propose également plusieurs algorithmes qui identifient les causes d’échec de la requête utilisateur et les requêtes qui réussissent (c'est-à-dire, qui ont des résultats) ayant un nombre maximal de conditions de la requête initialement exprimée. Ces informations permettent à l’utilisateur de mieux comprendre pourquoi sa requête échoue et d’exécuter des requêtes qui retournent des résultats alternatifs.Enfin, notre framework propose des stratégies de relaxation qui élargissent les conditions de la requête utilisateur en s’appuyant sur les causes d’échec de celle-ci. Ces stratégies permettent de réduire le temps d’exécution du processus de relaxation par rapport à l’approche classique, qui consiste à exécuter les requêtes relaxées, en fonction de leur similarité avec la requête utilisateur, jusqu’à l’obtention d’un nombre satisfaisant de résultats alternatifs. Les contributions proposées dans ce framework ont été implémentées et validées par des scénarios et expérimentations basés sur le banc d'essai LUBM. Ils montrent l’intérêt de nos contributions par rapport à l'état de l'art. / Ontology (or Knowledge base) is a formal representation of knowledge as entities and facts related to these entities. In the past years, several ontologies have been developed in academic and industrial contexts.They are generally defined with RDF language and querying with SPARQL language. A partial knowledge of instances and schema of ontology may lead user to execute queries that result in empty answers, considered as unsatisfactory. Among cooperative querying techniques which have been developed to solve the problem of empty answers, query relaxation technique is the well-known and used. It aims at weakening the conditions expressed in the original query to return alternative answers to the user. Existing work on relaxation of SPARQL queries we suffer from many drawbacks : (1) they do not allow defining in precise way the relaxation to perform with the ability to control the relaxation process (2) they do not identify the causes of failure of the request expressed by the user and (3) they do not include interactive tools to better exploit the relaxation techniques proposed. To address these limitations, this thesis proposes an advanced framework forquery relaxation SPARQL. First, this framework includes a set of relaxation operators dedicated to SPARQLqueries, to incrementally relax specific parts of the user request while controlling the relevance of the alternative responses returned w.r.t. to the user needs expressed in his request. Our framework also provides both several algorithms that identify the causes of failure of the user query and queries that are successful with a maximum number of conditions initially expressed in the failing request. This information allows the user to better understand why his request fails and execute queries that return non-empty alternative results. Finally,our framework offers intelligent relaxation strategies that rely on the causes of query failure. Such strategies reduce the execution time of the relaxation process compared to the traditional approach, which executes relaxed requests, based on their similarity to the user request, until a number of satisfactory alternative results is obtained. All contributions proposed in this framework were implemented and validated by experiments and scenarios based on the tests bench LUBM. They show the interest of our contributions w.r.t. the state of theart.

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Le but premier de la physique des hautes énergies est d'améliorer notre connaissance de la structure fondamentale de la matière, et notamment des particules qui constituent le monde. L'une d'entre elles est le quark top, qui fut découvert en 1995 par les collaborations CDF et D0 auprès du collisionneur protons-antiprotons Tevatron. Un des buts principaux du Tevatron a été depuis l'étude fine des propriétés du quark top, et en particulier de la section efficace de production de paires top-antitop. Différentes analyses ont été menées dans les canaux leptons, dileptons, et tout hadronique afin de déterminer le plus précisément possible les valeurs de ces paramètres, et ainsi de tester la validité du Modèle Standard. Le but principal de cette thèse est de vérifier une des prédictions théoriques du Modèle Standard de la physique des particules, à savoir la section efficace de production top-antitop, auprès du collisionneur Tevatron. Le canal étudié est constitué d'un muon, d'un lepton tau, de leurs neutrinos associés, de de deux jets de quark b (l'un d'entre eux provenant d'un quark b, l'autre d'un anti-quark b). La reconstruction et l'identification des jets , des muons, des leptons taus (en particulier par l'utilisation d'un réseau de neurones dédié), et l'étiquetage des jets de b, représentent les éléments fondamentaux de cette étude. Au final, un bon accord entre les données et la simulation Monte Carlo est obtenu à la dernière étape de cette analyse. En outre, la mesure finale de la prédiction théorique au niveau NLL + NLO du calcul des pertubations sont compatibles. / The purpose of high energy physics is to improve our knowledge about the fundamental structure of matter, in particular about particles that constitute the world. One of these is the top quark, that was discovered in 1995 by the CFD and D0 collaborations at the Tevatron protons-antiprotons collider. One of the primary aim of the Tevatron has been then the fine study of the top quark propertiers, in particular the top-antitop production cross section. SDifferent analysis have been performed in the leptons, dileptons, and all-hadronic channels to determine accurately the values of these parmatersn and thus to test the validity of the Standard Model.The main goal of this thesis is to verify one of the theoretical predictions of the Standard Model of particle physics, the top-antitop production cross section, at the Tevatron collider. The channel studied is constituted by one muon, one tau lepton, their associated neutrinos, and two b-jets (one coming from the quark, the other one coming from a b anti-quark). The reconstruction and identification of jets, of muons, of taus (in particular with the use of a taus neural network), and the b-tagging of jets, represent the fundamental elements of this study. Endly, a good agreement between data and Monte Carlo simulation is obtained at the final stage of analysis. Moreover, the final measurement and the theoretical prediction at the NLL+NLO perturbations level are found to be compatible.

J'ai pris part à la recherche du boson de Higgs dans l'expérience ATLAS avec l'étude de l'état final comprenant une paire de quark top anti-top accompagnée d'un boson de Higgs, dit ttH. Je me suis spécialisé sur le canal boostés, dans lequel quarks top et boson de Higgs sont émis à haute énergie.La mesure de la section efficace du processus physique pp -> ttH permet de tester la validité du Modèle Standard de la physique des particules, qui prédit le mécanisme d'interaction entre quark top et boson de Higgs. / I took part in the Higgs boson search in the ATLAS experiment with the study of the final state of a top anti-top quark pair accompanied by a Higgs boson, called ttH. I have been focused on the boosted channel, in which top quarks and Higgs bosons are emitted at high energy.The measurement of the cross-section of the physical process pp -> ttH enables to test the validity of the Standard Model of particle physics, which predicts the mechanism of interaction between quark top and Higgs boson.

Les réseaux sociaux sont de plus en plus présents dans notre vie de tous les jours et sont en passe de devenir notre moyen de communication et d'information principal. Avec l'augmentation des données qu'ils contiennent sur nous et notre environnement, il devient décisif d'être en mesure d'accéder et d'analyser ces données. Aujourd'hui la manière la plus commune d'accéder à ces données est d'utiliser la recherche par mots-clés : on tape une requête de quelques mots et le réseau social renvoie un nombre fixe de documents qu'il juge pertinents. Dans les approches actuelles de recherche top-k dans un contexte social, la pertinence d'un document dépend de deux facteurs: la proximité sociale entre le document et l'utilisateur faisant la requête et le recoupement entre les mots-clés de la requête et les mots contenus dans le document. Nous trouvons cela limité et proposons de prendre en compte les interactions complexes entres les utilisateurs liés à ce document mais aussi sa structure et le sens des mots qu'il contient, au lieu de leur formulation. Dans ce but, nous identifions les exigences propres à la création d'un modèle qui intégrerait pleinement des données sémantiques, structurées et sociales et proposons un nouveau modèle, S3, satisfaisant ces exigences. Nous rajoutons un modèle de requêtes à S3 et développons S3k, un algorithme personnalisable de recherche top-k par mots-clés sur S3. Nous prouvons la correction de notre algorithme et en proposons une implémentation. Nous la comparons, à l'aide de jeux de données créés à partir du monde réel, avec celle d'une autre approche de recherche top-k par mots-clés dans un contexte social et montrons les différences fondamentales entre ces approches ainsi que les avantages qu'on peut tirer de la nôtre. / Social networks are increasingly present in our everyday life and are fast becoming our primary means of information and communication. As they contain more and more data about our surrounding and ourselves, it becomes vital to access and analyze this data. Currently, the primary means to query this data is through top-k keyword search: you enter a few words and the social network service sends you back a fixed number of relevant documents. In current top-k searches in a social context the relevance of a document is evaluated based on two factors: the overlapping of the query keywords with the words of the document and the social proximity between the document and the user making the query. We argue that this is limited and propose to take into account the complex interactions between the users linked to the document, its structure and the meaning of the words it contains instead of their phrasing. To this end we highlight the requirements for a model integrating fully structured, semantic and social data and propose a new model, called S3, satisfying these requirements. We introduce querying capabilities to S3 and develop an algorithm, S3k, for customizable top-k keyword search on S3. We prove the correctness of our algorithm and propose an implementation for it. We compare this implementation with another top-k keyword search in a social context, using datasets created from real world data, and show their differences and the benefits of our approach.

Background: Today´s world is characterized by a high level of digitalization that contributes to the development of new and effective technologies. However, this digital success requires knowledge and awareness about cybersecurity. Previous studies have shown that during 2020 the number of cyber-attacks among Swedish companies have increased. Due to digitalization, external parties find new methods to enter a company's systems and take advantage of its innovations and valuable information. That can affect the company's value negatively by ruining its reputation and making the stakeholders mistrust it. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to contribute to an increased understanding of strategic leadership´s influence on cyber risk awareness. Methodology: This study follows a qualitative research method. The data have been conducted through semi-structured interviews, based on 11 respondents consisting of experts whose professional background is anchored in cybersecurity. The research process follows an abductive approach. Conclusion: This study concludes that the current state of cyber risk awareness is not sufficient although it is increasing. Risk awareness is dependent on knowledge and organizational culture. This study concludes that the top management has a significant role in the influence of organizational culture and knowledge and thereby the risk awareness of a company, which in turn has an impact ontheir cybersecurity. It is the responsibility of the top management to delegate tasks that enhance riskawareness. Therefore, cyber risk awareness is to be treated as a top management issue. As a contribution, the study provides an insight on how humans, in this case, the top managementinfluences a company's cybersecurity through risk awareness.

Consumers are nowadays presented with many choices regarding products and services. In addition, there is a wide array of brands that one is forced to choose from. In this study you will get to know the brands that Swedish consumers think of first when given a specific category, thus the brands that are Top-of-mind. The purpose of this study is to investigate possible opportunities for a new entrant to become Top-of-mind and whether the importance of being Top-of-mind differs. The study examines four product categories: Toothpaste, Soft drink, Insurance company and Sportscar. The study’s empirical data is based on a survey of 200 respondents. The results of the study show that there are greater opportunities for a new market entrant to become Top-of-mind within the product category Insurance company and Sportscar, at the same time as it indicates that the possibilities within Toothpaste and Soda are smaller. Furthermore, the study's results conclude that it is more important to be Top-of-mind in the product categories Toothpaste, Soft drink and Insurance company.

In this thesis, I deal with the measurement of the transverse momentum spectrum of the top quark produced in top-antitop pairs at the LHC at center of mass energy 7 TeV. The analysis is carried out within the ATLAS collaboration. In the single lepton decay channel, I have performed studies on the simulation which were necessary to obtain the final spectrum from real data. I describe basic event selection rules to reduce background events. I study the efficiency of top-antitop pairs reconstruction. I study the unfolding of the measured spectrum which corrects for effects caused by imperfect resolutions. At the end, I show the measured top quark transverse momentum spectrum obtained from my analysis.