Es wird eine Messung der s-Kanal Einzel Top-Quark Produktion in Proton-Proton Kollisionen bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von 8 TeV vorgestellt. Der verwendete Datensatz wurde mit dem ATLAS Detektor am LHC aufgenommen und entspricht einer integrierten Luminosität von 20.3 inversen Femtobarn. Kollisionsereignisse werden selektiert, sodass der resultierende Anteil der Signalereignisse relativ hoch ist. Selektierte Ereignisse enthalten ein isoliertes Elektron oder Myon, fehlenden Transversalimpuls und zwei Jets, die durch b-Quarks induziert wurden. Alle Objekte haben hohe transversalimpulse. Auch nach dieser Selektion überwiegen Untergrundprozesse, insbesondere die Paarproduktion von Top-Quarks und die Produktion von W-Bosonen begleitet von Jets. Um den Signalprozess weiter von den Untergründen zu trennen, werden mehrere Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichten näherungsweise berechnet. Sie unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich der Annahme des zugrundeliegenden Streuprozesses. Zusammen ergeben sie eine Funktion der gemessenen Impulse, mit deren Hilfe das Signal weiter von den Untergründen getrennt werden kann. Ein statistisches Modell der entsprechenden Verteilung wird an die Messdaten angepasst. Diese Messung ergibt eine Signifikanz des Signalprozesses von 3.4 Standardabweichungen und einen totalen Wirkungsquerschnitt von 5.3^+1.8_-1.6 Pikobarn. Dies ist die erste signifikante Messung der s-Kanal Einzel Top-Quark Produktion in Proton-Proton Kollisionen. Die Ergebnisse stimmen mit der Vorhersage des Standardmodells überein. / A measurement of s-channel single top-quark production in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV is presented. The data set has been recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 inverse femtobarn. Collision events are selected so that a subset of the data is obtained where the signal fraction is relatively high. Selected events contain one isolated electron or muon, missing transverse momentum and 2 jets, both of which are induced by b-quarks. All of these objects have large transverse momenta. The resulting set of events is still dominated by background processes, most notably top-quark pair production and the production of W bosons in association with jets. In order to further separate the signal from the backgrounds, several approximate event likelihoods are computed. They are based on different hypotheses regarding the scattering process at hand. Together they result in a function of the measured momenta which allows for the desired separation of the signal process. A statistical model of the corresponding distribution is used in a fit to the measured data. The fit results in a signal significance of 3.4 standard deviations and a total cross section of 5.3^+1.8_-1.6 picobarn. This is the first evidence for s-channel single top-quark production in proton-proton collisions. The results agree with the standard model prediction.

This thesis presents studies of the single top t-channel in the electron plus jets mode. In order to understand this channel, an account of the present theoretical models is given. This work relies on collisions data from the ATLAS detector and its components are presented here. A summary of the work involving the SCT, part of the tracking system in ATLAS, is also explained here. Studies were performed to optimize the measurement of the Lorentz Angle of the holes in the Silicon for the initial data taking period. The data studied was acquired by ATLAS during 2011, with a total integrated luminosity of 4.7 pb−1 at a √s = 7 TeV. Monte Carlo simulation of signal and background events was also used throughout. Background studies were performed to correctly determine the expected amount of QCD via the Jet Electron data-driven method and of light or heavy flavour jets produced in association with a W boson, which is one of the dominant backgrounds for the t-channel. A cut based analysis was then applied to the data and simulation in order to better discriminate the t-channel signal. A binned likelihood fit to the invariant mass of the reconstructed top quark was performed and the cross section value for the t-channel process was calculated: σt−channel = 62.2±8.0(stat)+8.6 −8.8(syst) pb which is in good agreement with the theoretically predicted value. Finally, the response (preco T /ptrue T ) of light quark or gluon initiated jets is evaluated for both the t-channel and the Wt associated production, in order to determine the flavour composition uncertainty, as part of the framework that provides the jet energy scale uncertainties in a multiple jets environment. Other sources of system- atics are also reviewed.

Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Travis G. O'Quinn / The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of quality grade on beef eating quality of top sirloin steaks when cooked to multiple degrees of doneness (DOD). Beef top sirloin butts (N = 60; 15 / quality grade) were collected to equally represent 4 quality grades [Prime, Top Choice (modest00 – moderate100), Low Choice, and Select]. Top butts were cut into six consecutive steaks, and then divided laterally to get a total of twelve steaks per top butt. Steaks were assigned to one of three DOD: rare (60°C), medium (71°C), and well-done (77°C). Steaks within DOD were assigned to consumer sensory analysis, trained sensory analysis, fat and moisture analysis, and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF). There were no interactions (P > 0.05) for all consumer ratings of palatability traits, indicating increases in DOD had the same impact across all quality grades. There was a difference (P > 0.05) within quality grade for consumer ratings of juiciness (P > 0.05). Prime steaks had greater (P < 0.05) juiciness ratings than all other quality grades, except for Top Choice. As DOD increased, consumer ratings and the percentage of steaks rated acceptable for each palatability trait decreased (P < 0.05; rare > medium > well-done). There was a quality grade × DOD interaction (P < 0.05) for trained sensory panel juiciness scores. When cooked to medium, Prime and Top Choice steaks were rated higher (P < 0.05) for juiciness than Low Choice and Select steaks. Similar to consumer ratings, trained panel ratings of tenderness decreased (P < 0.05) as DOD increased (rare > medium > well-done). Lastly, there were no quality grade by DOD interactions (P > 0.05) for Warner-Bratzler shear force. These results indicate that regardless of the DOD steaks were cooked to, quality grade had minimal impact on the palatability of beef top sirloin steaks. Therefore, unless cooked to a medium DOD, it is unnecessary for consumers, retailers, and foodservice to pay premium prices for higher quality top sirloin steaks, as the same eating experience will be given.

Marketing has been developed and revalued the last years. The consumer today is moreeducated and is therefore able to have higher demands. These requirements together with theincreased competition is forcing brands to find creative ways to reach their target market.Fashion has throughout history contributed to, and been influenced by, changes in society.Through all times, people have used fashion and clothing as a way to demonstrate their socialidentity and to be accepted. Companies in the fashion industry can be successful if theydevelop brands that attract consumers. To achieve this, companies must find newcommunication tools to reach out to the consumer, among these tools, we find the fashioneditorials.Our aim is to investigate whether product placement occurs in Swedish fashion editorials.Through our thesis we want to explore how consumers perceive the editorials and alsowhether if they are used as a marketing channel.The method is qualitative and the study is based on semi structured interviews and a focusgroup interview. To get several opinions of the problem area, the issue is discussed from twodifferent perspectives. According to the hermeneutical approach, with interpretation in focus,the empirical material has been analyzed alternately with theory. The theories have thereforebeen reviewed during the process.Our conclusion is that all respondents experience that product placement occurs in fashioneditorials. It is also clear that there are differences between the interview perspectives. Theoccurance of product placement in fashion editorials is percieved in different ways. The maindifference is that the fashion industry operatives can see the press offices as messengers forthe brand&apos;s image. The consumer, on the other hand, is completely unaware of their existence.Furthermore, readers believe that the content is selected by someone who is an interpreter inthe fashion area and therefore it is accepted. Readers can see the fashion editorials as a sourceof inspiration when shopping. The fashion brands that frequently appears in fashion editorialsbecome top-of-mind of the consumer/reader. Our results suggest that consumers actually areshopping garments from the brands that appear in editorials. Fashion editorials can thus bedescribed as an important part of a fashion company&apos;s marketing. Finally, we discuss thefuture of fashion magazines as internet and blogs are changing the conditions to attract theconsumer. / Program: Textilekonomutbildningen

Le LHC a fourni des collisions proton-proton avec une énergie dans le référentiel de centre de masse égale à 7 TeV en 2011, 8 TeV en 2012, correspondant respectivement à une luminosité intégrée de 5 fb^{-1} et 23 fb^{-1}. Les données collectées par le détecteur ATLAS ont permis de valider la compréhension du détecteur, d'évaluer ses performances dans des conditions expérimentales de plus en plus complexes, de réaliser de nombreuses mesures de paramètres de physiques ainsi que la découverte du boson de \bsc{Higgs}. Dans un contexte de recherche de nouvelle physique, l'étude du quark top est primordiale, ce dernier étant impliqué dans de nombreux processus au delà du modèle standard. Sa masse se doit alors d'être connue avec précision, étant un paramètre important du modèle standard et des théories de nouvelle physique. Après une description du modèle standard et de la place du quark top en son sein, la première partie de cette thèse s'attache à présenter le détecteur ATLAS et plus précisément son calorimètre électromagnétique pour lequel une étude de correction de ses constantes d'étalonnage est présentée. La deuxième partie décrit les événements de physique du quark top détecté à ATLAS et leur sélection. Les outils techniques et logiciels d'analyse sont présentés. La dernière partie se consacre à la présentation de la méthode de mesure, de la théorie à la réalisation de la mesure de la masse du quark top dans le canal dileptonique électron-muon. Cette dernière donne une masse du quark top de 173{,}65 \pm 0{,}70 \pm 2{,}36 GeV ; compatible avec les autres mesures réalisées à travers le monde. / The LHC produced proton-proton collisions data with 7 TeV of center of mass energy in 2011 and 8 TeV in 2012 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of (respectively) 5 fb^{-1} and 23 fb^{-1}. Data collected by ATLAS have led to a better understanding of the detector, to the evaluation of its performance, to many measurements of physical quantities and the discovery of the \bsc{Higgs} boson. In a context of search for new physics, top quark studies are necessary as it is present in many new physics processes. The top quark mass is an important parameter of both beyond the standard model theories and the standard model itself, thus it must be measured with enough precision to be discriminatory. After a summary of the standard model and the role of the top quark, the first part of this thesis presents the ATLAS detector and focus on its electromagnetic calorimeter for which a study of the calibration constant patching process is detailed. The second part describes top quark physics events measured in ATLAS and their selection. Technical and software tools are presented. The last part presents the measurement method, from the theory to the actual measurement of the top quark mass in the dilepton electron-muon channel. This measurement yields a top quark mass of 173{,}65 \pm 0{,}70 \pm 2{,}36 GeV , showing no discrepancy with current worldwide measurements.

This thesis presents the results of research into the potential of underground mining methods applicable to inclined thick seams (thickness greater than 3.5m, and seam dip of 15 - 35 degree) in the Quangninh coalfield, Vietnam. The primary objectives of this research are to investigate the most suitable underground methods applicable to inclined thick seams in the Quangninh coalfield and to improve understanding of the operational and geotechnical issues associated with the application of chosen methods in thick seams with steeply dipping conditions. From a risk and operational assessment, the Longwall Top Coal Caving (LTCC) method is considered most appropriate for inclined thick seams under the current mining conditions in Vietnam. The LTCC method offers great potential for the efficient extraction of thick seams by caving coal from the upper section during the mining of the lower section. This significantly reduces the development cost per tonne. Compared to High reach Single Pass Longwalling, the LTCC method offers a low extraction height, resulting in smaller and less expensive equipment and better face conditions. Results from this study identified that for extracting an inclined thick seam, the face retreating along the strike has better operational advantages and better cavability than the face retreating updip or downdip of the seam. The operational issues of the LTCC method when extracting inclined seams are: the stability of the support, transport in the mine, and the difficulties in roof control at the transition between face ends and the gateroads. In terms of geotechnical issues, better cavability of the top coal is anticipated for flat coal seams compared to inclined seams. In addition, the chain pillar for flat coal seams is subjected to a higher vertical stress distribution than that of inclined ones. An improved cavability assessment method for the categorisation of the cavability of the top coal with four categories, ranging from 1 (excellent cavability) to 4 (very poor cavability), was suggested to assist the feasibility and design stages of the LTCC application. The cavability assessment method was conducted by numerical analysis combined with back analysis from the database obtained from past LTCC practices.

<p>This thesis presents two measurements of the top quark using 230 pb-1 of data taken with the D0 detector at the Tevatron accelerator. The first measurement determines the top pair production cross section at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV in proton-antiproton collisions. In the standard model of particle physics the top quark decays almost exclusively into a W boson and a b quark. Candidate events are selected by requiring that at least one jet in the event is tagged with the secondary vertex algorithm. The measured top pair production cross section is:</p><p>8.6 +1.6-1.5 (stat. + syst.) +- 0.6 (lumi.) pb.</p><p>The second measurement uses the observed and predicted number of events with 0, 1 and 2 b-tagged jets to estimate the ratio R:</p><p>R = B(t->Wb) / B(t->Wq)</p><p>where q stands for any down-type quark. The measured value is</p><p>R = 1.03 +0.19-0.17 (stat. + syst.)</p><p>in good agreement with the standard model prediction of R=1. The result can be used to obtain a lower limit for R:</p><p>R > 0.61 (95% C.L.).</p>

No description available.

This thesis presents two measurements of the top quark using 230 pb-1 of data taken with the D0 detector at the Tevatron accelerator. The first measurement determines the top pair production cross section at sqrt(s)=1.96 TeV in proton-antiproton collisions. In the standard model of particle physics the top quark decays almost exclusively into a W boson and a b quark. Candidate events are selected by requiring that at least one jet in the event is tagged with the secondary vertex algorithm. The measured top pair production cross section is: 8.6 +1.6-1.5 (stat. + syst.) +- 0.6 (lumi.) pb. The second measurement uses the observed and predicted number of events with 0, 1 and 2 b-tagged jets to estimate the ratio R: R = B(t-&gt;Wb) / B(t-&gt;Wq) where q stands for any down-type quark. The measured value is R = 1.03 +0.19-0.17 (stat. + syst.) in good agreement with the standard model prediction of R=1. The result can be used to obtain a lower limit for R: R &gt; 0.61 (95% C.L.).

Using 1.0 fb^{-1} of data collected by the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) from Run II of the Fermilab Tevatron, we measure the top-antitop production cross-section in events with two leptons, significant missing transverse energy, and at least jets, at least one of which is identified as a b-jet. As the Run II dataset grows, more stringent tests of Standard Model predictions for the top quark sector are becoming possible. The dilepton channel, where both top quarks decay t-> W b ->l nu b, is of particular interest due to its high purity. Use of an isolated track as the second lepton significantly increases the dilepton acceptance, at the price of some increase in background, particularly from W + jets events where one of the jets is identified as a lepton. To control the increase in background we add to the event selection the requirement that at least one of the jets be identified as a b-jet, reducing the background contribution from all sources. Assuming a branching ratio of BR(W->l nu) = 10.8% and a top mass of m_top = 175 GeV/c^{2} the measured cross-section is sigma = (10.5 +/- 1.8 stat. +/- 0.8 syst. +/- 0.6 lumi.) pb.