É consenso entre enólogos que o glicerol contribui para o corpo e sabor adocicado dos vinhos, por analogia, propôs-se investigar a presença e o papel do glicerol em aguardentes de cana. O método adaptado para a quantificação de glicerol, que envolveu a derivatização das amostras com cloreto de benzoíla, uma posterior etapa de extração em fase sólida (SPE) para clean-up das amostras e análise via HPLC-DAD, apresentou boa sensibilidade (limites de detecção e quantificação iguais a 0,25 e 0,74 mg L-1, respectivamente), exatidão de 97,5 % e precisão de 93,5 %. A reação de derivatização entre glicerol e o cloreto de benzoíla, estudada por cromatografia líquida hifenada a espectrometria de massas, foi quantitativa com esterificação das três hidroxilas da molécula. Antes de se avaliar a influência do glicerol no sabor doce da cachaça, as concentrações de açúcares totais foram medidas empregando-se o método DNS (limites de detecção e quantificação iguais a 37 e 125 mg L-1, respectivamente). Verificou-se que não houve uma relação entre os teores de glicerol e açúcares totais com a nota doce, determinada a partir de análise sensorial das amostras, para o conjunto de amostras não adoçado. Com base em um teste triangular não houve diferença sensorial significativa entre uma cachaça sem glicerol e outra com glicerol numa concentração de até 35 g L-1. A mediana do teor de glicerol detectado em 51 amostras de cachaça foi de 4,3 mg L-1. A mediana dos teores de açúcares totais para 59 amostras de cachaça não adoçada foi abaixo do limite de quantificação. A mediana dos teores de açúcares totais para 8 amostras de cachaça adoçada foi de 17 g L-1, expressos em glicose. / There is a consensus among enologists that glycerol contributes to the body and sweet taste of wine, by analogy; it was proposed to investigate the presence and role of glycerol in sugar cane spirits. The adapted method for glycerol quantification, which involved the samples derivatization with benzoyl chloride, a further solid phase extraction (SPE) step for samples clean-up and analysis by HPLC-DAD showed good sensitivity (limits of detection and quantification of 0.25 and 0.74 mg L-1, respectively), 97.5 % of accuracy and 93.5 % of precision. The derivatization reaction between glycerol and benzoyl chloride, studied through liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry, was quantitative with esterification of the three hydroxyls of the molecule. Before evaluating the influence of glycerol in cachaça\'s sweet taste, total sugar concentrations were measured by DNS method (limits of detection and quantification were 37 and 125 mg L-1, respectively). It was verified that there was no correlation between the contents of glycerol and total sugars with the sweet score, determined by the samples sensory analysis, to the samples which no sugar was added. Based on a triangular test, there was no significant sensory difference between a cachaça without glycerol and another with glycerol concentration up to 35 g L-1. The median glycerol concentration detected in 51 samples of cachaça was 4.3 mg L-1. The median level of total sugars for 59 samples of cachaça without sugar addition was below the limit of quantification. The median level of total sugar for 8 samples of cachaça with sugar addition was 17 g L-1, expressed as glucose.

É consenso entre enólogos que o glicerol contribui para o corpo e sabor adocicado dos vinhos, por analogia, propôs-se investigar a presença e o papel do glicerol em aguardentes de cana. O método adaptado para a quantificação de glicerol, que envolveu a derivatização das amostras com cloreto de benzoíla, uma posterior etapa de extração em fase sólida (SPE) para clean-up das amostras e análise via HPLC-DAD, apresentou boa sensibilidade (limites de detecção e quantificação iguais a 0,25 e 0,74 mg L-1, respectivamente), exatidão de 97,5 % e precisão de 93,5 %. A reação de derivatização entre glicerol e o cloreto de benzoíla, estudada por cromatografia líquida hifenada a espectrometria de massas, foi quantitativa com esterificação das três hidroxilas da molécula. Antes de se avaliar a influência do glicerol no sabor doce da cachaça, as concentrações de açúcares totais foram medidas empregando-se o método DNS (limites de detecção e quantificação iguais a 37 e 125 mg L-1, respectivamente). Verificou-se que não houve uma relação entre os teores de glicerol e açúcares totais com a nota doce, determinada a partir de análise sensorial das amostras, para o conjunto de amostras não adoçado. Com base em um teste triangular não houve diferença sensorial significativa entre uma cachaça sem glicerol e outra com glicerol numa concentração de até 35 g L-1. A mediana do teor de glicerol detectado em 51 amostras de cachaça foi de 4,3 mg L-1. A mediana dos teores de açúcares totais para 59 amostras de cachaça não adoçada foi abaixo do limite de quantificação. A mediana dos teores de açúcares totais para 8 amostras de cachaça adoçada foi de 17 g L-1, expressos em glicose. / There is a consensus among enologists that glycerol contributes to the body and sweet taste of wine, by analogy; it was proposed to investigate the presence and role of glycerol in sugar cane spirits. The adapted method for glycerol quantification, which involved the samples derivatization with benzoyl chloride, a further solid phase extraction (SPE) step for samples clean-up and analysis by HPLC-DAD showed good sensitivity (limits of detection and quantification of 0.25 and 0.74 mg L-1, respectively), 97.5 % of accuracy and 93.5 % of precision. The derivatization reaction between glycerol and benzoyl chloride, studied through liquid chromatography hyphenated to mass spectrometry, was quantitative with esterification of the three hydroxyls of the molecule. Before evaluating the influence of glycerol in cachaça\'s sweet taste, total sugar concentrations were measured by DNS method (limits of detection and quantification were 37 and 125 mg L-1, respectively). It was verified that there was no correlation between the contents of glycerol and total sugars with the sweet score, determined by the samples sensory analysis, to the samples which no sugar was added. Based on a triangular test, there was no significant sensory difference between a cachaça without glycerol and another with glycerol concentration up to 35 g L-1. The median glycerol concentration detected in 51 samples of cachaça was 4.3 mg L-1. The median level of total sugars for 59 samples of cachaça without sugar addition was below the limit of quantification. The median level of total sugar for 8 samples of cachaça with sugar addition was 17 g L-1, expressed as glucose.

L’Organisation mondiale de la Santé recommande aux individus de limiter leur consommation d’aliments sucrés dans le but de prévenir le développement des maladies chroniques. En santé publique, peu de recherches ont tenté d’identifier les facteurs individuels et contextuels qui peuvent influencer conjointement la consommation de ces aliments. Or, de telles connaissances seraient utiles pour guider les interventions nutritionnelles visant à en réduire la consommation. L’objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les facteurs reliés au comportement et les contextes associés à la consommation quotidienne d’aliments sucrés chez des adultes vivant dans un milieu urbain occidental. Cette étude a été menée auprès d'une communauté moyen-orientale établie dans la Ville de Montréal. Les aliments sucrés ont été définis comme étant les glucides raffinés dont la teneur en sucres totaux dépasse 20 % de l’énergie totale. Lors de l’étape exploratoire (N = 42), un rappel de 24 heures a permis d’identifier les sources d’aliments sucrés et de déterminer l’apport quotidien en sucres totaux de cette communauté. Une étude qualitative descriptive a été privilégiée et un cadre écologique a guidé la réalisation d’entrevues semi-dirigées sur les contextes de consommation (N = 42). Une analyse de contenu employant des procédures de codage initial et focus a mené à l’élaboration d’un instrument de mesure quantitatif sur les contextes de consommation. Cet instrument a été soumis à un pré-test (N = 20), puis administré à l’échantillon principal (N = 192). Une analyse factorielle exploratoire a permis de préciser les contextes de consommation. Les facteurs individuels mesurés incluent les données sociodémographiques, les symptômes dépressifs, la maîtrise de soi, l’assoupissement de jour, les perceptions ainsi que l’hémoglobine glycosylée. La consommation quotidienne de sucres totaux a été mesurée par un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire (N = 192). Une analyse de régression multivariée employant le modèle linéaire généralisé (distribution de type gamma et lien logarithmique) a été effectuée pour mesurer les relations entre les contextes de consommation, les facteurs individuels et la consommation de sucres totaux, en contrôlant l’âge et le sexe. L’apport quotidien en sucres totaux de l'échantillon est de 20,3 %, ce qui s’apparente aux apports des Canadiens et des Québécois. La consommation quotidienne moyenne est de 76 g/j. Les analyses qualitative et factorielle ont permis d’identifier un ensemble de 42 contextes de consommation regroupés en sept domaines (Actes et situations de grignotage, Stimuli visuels, Besoins énergétiques, Besoins émotionnels, Indulgence, Contraintes, Socialisation). La consommation quotidienne de sucres totaux est supérieure chez les hommes (B = 0,204, ES = 0,094, p = 0,03). Les facteurs positivement associés à la consommation sont le grignotage (B = 0,225, ES = 0,091, p = 0,01), la prise de dessert (B = 0,105, ES = 0,036, p = 0,001) ainsi que les symptômes dépressifs (B = 0,017, ES = 0,094, p = 0,03). L’âge (B = -0,01, ES = 0,004, p = 0,02), l’indulgence (B = -0,103, ES = 0,052, p = 0,05) et l’auto-modération (B = -0,121, ES = 0,042, p = 0,001) montrent, pour leur part, une association négative. Cette étude a privilégié une méthodologie mixte et a permis de développer une mesure innovatrice pour étudier les facteurs contextuels associés à la consommation d’aliments sucrés. Ceux-ci ont été analysés conjointement avec les facteurs individuels. Afin d'encourager les individus à réduire leur consommation de sucres totaux lorsque nécessaire, les initiatives en santé publique devraient en effet cibler les contextes de consommation de même que les facteurs individuels. / The World Health Organization recommends that individuals reduce their consumption of sweet foods and drinks to prevent chronic diseases. Research in public health has not generally sought to elucidate the environmental and individual factors that may jointly influence sweet food consumption. Such knowledge would be relevant, however, in supporting interventions on sweet food consumption. The aim of this thesis was to examine contextual and individual factors associated with daily consumption of sweet foods in adults living in a western urban setting. An established Middle Eastern community in Montreal was the setting for this study. Sweet food was defined as refined carbohydrates that contain more than 20% of total energy from total sugars. In a preliminary step (N = 42), 24-hour recalls enabled the identification of sweet food sources and the measurement of daily intake of total sugars from total energy intake. The context of sweet food consumption was studied through a qualitative descriptive study. An ecological conceptual framework was used to frame the context of sweet food consumption and thus to guide the collection of semi-structured interviews (N=42). Content analysis using open and focused coding techniques was used to inform the development of a quantitative measure to investigate the context of sweet food consumption. This measure was pilot-tested on 20 individuals and administered to the main sample (N = 192). Contextual domains were clarified using exploratory factor analysis. Individual factors measured included depressive symptoms, mastery, sociodemographic factors, perception, daytime sleepiness and HbA1C. A food frequency questionnaire was used to measure daily intake of sweet food (N = 192). Sweet food consumption followed a gamma distribution. Multivariate regression analysis using the generalised linear model (gamma distribution and log-link function) was used to estimate the associations between contextual and individual factors and consumption of sweet food, accounting for covariates (gender and age). Total sugar consumption was 20,3 % of total energy, similar to the average intake of the population of Quebec and Canada. Daily consumption of total sugars averaged 76 g/day. Qualitative analyses and factor analysis led to the identification and refinement of a 42-item contextual measure with items grouped into seven domains (emotional needs, snacking, energy demands, socialisation, visual stimuli, indulgence and constraints). Consumption of total sugars was higher amongst males (B = 0,204, SE = 0,094, p = 0,03). Domains positively associated with total sugar consumption included eating dessert (B = 0,105, SE = 0,036, p = 0,001), snacking (B = 0,225, SE = 0,091, p = 0,01) and depressive symptoms (B = 0,017, SE = 0,094, p = 0,03). Indulgence (B = -0,103, SE = 0,052, p = 0,05), self-moderation (B = -0,121, SE = 0,042, p = 0,001), and age (B = -0,01, SE = 0,004, p = 0,02) were negatively associated with sugar consumption. This mixed-methods study developed a novel measure to study the factors associated with sugar consumption. Individual and contextual factors were jointly associated with consumption of sweet foods. Contextual as well as individual factors should be jointly targeted by public health efforts to support individuals in limiting their consumption of sweet foods, as necessary.

L’Organisation mondiale de la Santé recommande aux individus de limiter leur consommation d’aliments sucrés dans le but de prévenir le développement des maladies chroniques. En santé publique, peu de recherches ont tenté d’identifier les facteurs individuels et contextuels qui peuvent influencer conjointement la consommation de ces aliments. Or, de telles connaissances seraient utiles pour guider les interventions nutritionnelles visant à en réduire la consommation. L’objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les facteurs reliés au comportement et les contextes associés à la consommation quotidienne d’aliments sucrés chez des adultes vivant dans un milieu urbain occidental. Cette étude a été menée auprès d'une communauté moyen-orientale établie dans la Ville de Montréal. Les aliments sucrés ont été définis comme étant les glucides raffinés dont la teneur en sucres totaux dépasse 20 % de l’énergie totale. Lors de l’étape exploratoire (N = 42), un rappel de 24 heures a permis d’identifier les sources d’aliments sucrés et de déterminer l’apport quotidien en sucres totaux de cette communauté. Une étude qualitative descriptive a été privilégiée et un cadre écologique a guidé la réalisation d’entrevues semi-dirigées sur les contextes de consommation (N = 42). Une analyse de contenu employant des procédures de codage initial et focus a mené à l’élaboration d’un instrument de mesure quantitatif sur les contextes de consommation. Cet instrument a été soumis à un pré-test (N = 20), puis administré à l’échantillon principal (N = 192). Une analyse factorielle exploratoire a permis de préciser les contextes de consommation. Les facteurs individuels mesurés incluent les données sociodémographiques, les symptômes dépressifs, la maîtrise de soi, l’assoupissement de jour, les perceptions ainsi que l’hémoglobine glycosylée. La consommation quotidienne de sucres totaux a été mesurée par un questionnaire de fréquence alimentaire (N = 192). Une analyse de régression multivariée employant le modèle linéaire généralisé (distribution de type gamma et lien logarithmique) a été effectuée pour mesurer les relations entre les contextes de consommation, les facteurs individuels et la consommation de sucres totaux, en contrôlant l’âge et le sexe. L’apport quotidien en sucres totaux de l'échantillon est de 20,3 %, ce qui s’apparente aux apports des Canadiens et des Québécois. La consommation quotidienne moyenne est de 76 g/j. Les analyses qualitative et factorielle ont permis d’identifier un ensemble de 42 contextes de consommation regroupés en sept domaines (Actes et situations de grignotage, Stimuli visuels, Besoins énergétiques, Besoins émotionnels, Indulgence, Contraintes, Socialisation). La consommation quotidienne de sucres totaux est supérieure chez les hommes (B = 0,204, ES = 0,094, p = 0,03). Les facteurs positivement associés à la consommation sont le grignotage (B = 0,225, ES = 0,091, p = 0,01), la prise de dessert (B = 0,105, ES = 0,036, p = 0,001) ainsi que les symptômes dépressifs (B = 0,017, ES = 0,094, p = 0,03). L’âge (B = -0,01, ES = 0,004, p = 0,02), l’indulgence (B = -0,103, ES = 0,052, p = 0,05) et l’auto-modération (B = -0,121, ES = 0,042, p = 0,001) montrent, pour leur part, une association négative. Cette étude a privilégié une méthodologie mixte et a permis de développer une mesure innovatrice pour étudier les facteurs contextuels associés à la consommation d’aliments sucrés. Ceux-ci ont été analysés conjointement avec les facteurs individuels. Afin d'encourager les individus à réduire leur consommation de sucres totaux lorsque nécessaire, les initiatives en santé publique devraient en effet cibler les contextes de consommation de même que les facteurs individuels. / The World Health Organization recommends that individuals reduce their consumption of sweet foods and drinks to prevent chronic diseases. Research in public health has not generally sought to elucidate the environmental and individual factors that may jointly influence sweet food consumption. Such knowledge would be relevant, however, in supporting interventions on sweet food consumption. The aim of this thesis was to examine contextual and individual factors associated with daily consumption of sweet foods in adults living in a western urban setting. An established Middle Eastern community in Montreal was the setting for this study. Sweet food was defined as refined carbohydrates that contain more than 20% of total energy from total sugars. In a preliminary step (N = 42), 24-hour recalls enabled the identification of sweet food sources and the measurement of daily intake of total sugars from total energy intake. The context of sweet food consumption was studied through a qualitative descriptive study. An ecological conceptual framework was used to frame the context of sweet food consumption and thus to guide the collection of semi-structured interviews (N=42). Content analysis using open and focused coding techniques was used to inform the development of a quantitative measure to investigate the context of sweet food consumption. This measure was pilot-tested on 20 individuals and administered to the main sample (N = 192). Contextual domains were clarified using exploratory factor analysis. Individual factors measured included depressive symptoms, mastery, sociodemographic factors, perception, daytime sleepiness and HbA1C. A food frequency questionnaire was used to measure daily intake of sweet food (N = 192). Sweet food consumption followed a gamma distribution. Multivariate regression analysis using the generalised linear model (gamma distribution and log-link function) was used to estimate the associations between contextual and individual factors and consumption of sweet food, accounting for covariates (gender and age). Total sugar consumption was 20,3 % of total energy, similar to the average intake of the population of Quebec and Canada. Daily consumption of total sugars averaged 76 g/day. Qualitative analyses and factor analysis led to the identification and refinement of a 42-item contextual measure with items grouped into seven domains (emotional needs, snacking, energy demands, socialisation, visual stimuli, indulgence and constraints). Consumption of total sugars was higher amongst males (B = 0,204, SE = 0,094, p = 0,03). Domains positively associated with total sugar consumption included eating dessert (B = 0,105, SE = 0,036, p = 0,001), snacking (B = 0,225, SE = 0,091, p = 0,01) and depressive symptoms (B = 0,017, SE = 0,094, p = 0,03). Indulgence (B = -0,103, SE = 0,052, p = 0,05), self-moderation (B = -0,121, SE = 0,042, p = 0,001), and age (B = -0,01, SE = 0,004, p = 0,02) were negatively associated with sugar consumption. This mixed-methods study developed a novel measure to study the factors associated with sugar consumption. Individual and contextual factors were jointly associated with consumption of sweet foods. Contextual as well as individual factors should be jointly targeted by public health efforts to support individuals in limiting their consumption of sweet foods, as necessary.