This paper seeks to explore a number of issues in relation to tourism, particularly cultural tours, in Cape Town from the apartheid era to the new political dispensation in South Africa. Cultural tourism is not merely about commerial activities. It is an ideological framing of history of people, nature, and culture, a framing that has power to reshape culture and nature for its own needs. In the South African context, this can be seen from the early decades of the twentieth century, but for the purposes of this study it will focus from the 1950s onwards to the present political period. The dominant ideology and political conditions at a given time shape cultural tourism.

This paper seeks to explore a number of issues in relation to tourism, particularly cultural tours, in Cape Town from the apartheid era to the new political dispensation in South Africa. Cultural tourism is not merely about commerial activities. It is an ideological framing of history of people, nature, and culture, a framing that has power to reshape culture and nature for its own needs. In the South African context, this can be seen from the early decades of the twentieth century, but for the purposes of this study it will focus from the 1950s onwards to the present political period. The dominant ideology and political conditions at a given time shape cultural tourism.

A growing number of studies concerning cultural villages have in most instances tended to focus on the cultural village as almost legitimately self-explanatory and have not been particularly concerned with either how a particular history is produced in and through these villages, or with the ways that particular discourses and practices associated with heritage, tourism, community and development intersect in the production of these meanings. As such Mgwali Cultural Village seemed to promise something different in the form of cultural villages. The thesis argues that Mgwali Cultural Village is unique in the history of cultural villages in that it moves away from presenting a cultural village in Africa as tribal and primitive. It does this by opening up spaces for other aspects such as Christianity and resistance politics, story of Tiyo Soga rather than focusing and confining itself only to aspects cultural portraying Africans and traditional. It is imperative that cultural villages ought to be understood within a broader framework and context where its definition and presentation is not trapped into an anthropological paradigm thinking of exploring and discovering something new by tourists which they are not familiar with. However, the thesis also argues that much as Mgwali Cultural Village promised something new from the known through depiction of other aspects, those histories seem to be absent or marginal at the Cultural Village. The only aspects that are fore grounded are traditions and culture thus freezing Mgwali as a village and its people in time as if they have not evolved and its cultures are static and not dynamic. The thesis therefore explores all those contradictions, silences, or absence thereof of other stories and histories.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Centre for Recreation and Tourism at the University of Zululand, 2007. / It has been observed that the tourism industry is facing many challenges in KwaZulu-Natal. First and foremost, the ownership of tourism resources still does not reflect the demographics of the population of the province. Second, indigenous Zulu culture remains under-packaged for tourism purposes. The little that is packaged generally lacks cultural authenticity and the dignity associated with it. This research study has therefore, identified that Zulu culture is one of the most important reasons for patronage of foreign tourists. This was evident in comments coming from the filling-in of visitors' records at each of the tourist attractions. It became apparent that there is a general desire out there to learn more about Zulu culture and heritage. The fundamental objectives of this research inquiry are three-fold: (a) to identify the levels of engagement in systematic alignment between policy formulation and policy implementation in the tourism sector in KwaZulu-Natal; (b) to reveal the various recreation and tourism practices taking place and experienced at the three case-study sites of Impi YaseNcome Museum, the Spirit of eMakhosini Valley and the Inanda Heritage Route, all in KwaZulu-Natal; and (c) to determine the extent to which international benchmarking in tourism policy formulation has been adopted in the study area. To achieve these objectives the research adopted both a qualitative and quantitative approach, each of these approaches was expected to address the intangible and tangible aspects of the tourism attractions and resources in the study area. Analysing the materia! and non-materials facets of tourism is a challenge on its own, because the fields of recreation and tourism, are a fairly virgin field of study. The qualitative and quantitative approaches as applied in the empirical investigation of cultural and heritage tourism phenomena, are utilised and married in chapters five and six of this thesis. The findings of the study reveal that, although the tourism promotion strategies in KwaZulu-Natal centre around the concept of the Zulu Kingdom brand, there is general under-development of the very tourist attractions which would maximise the presence of Zulu culture on the ground. At Impi YaseNcome Museum, there is a static permanent exhibition. At the Spirit of eMakhosini, there is a misrepresentation of Zulu symbolism to be antiquated. The Inanda Heritage Route was found to be exceedingly underdeveloped. Considering that the study has found a deficiency in the systematic alignment between policy formulation and policy implementation in KwaZulu-Natal, it has nonetheless succeeded to put forward a theoretical model that seeks to align policy and practice in the context of achieving a broad based black economic development in the tourism sector. The model proposes the integration of policy, resources and the industry towards developing the community. The study has focused on the development and promotion of cultural tourism in KwaZulu-Natal, for the benefit of communities, through utilising cultural, heritage and historical resources. Moreover, the study has strongly recommended that the economic and development value of cultural tourism ought to be taken seriously by those involved with tourism policy development in the province, so as to be of benefit to one and all. In this regard the study raises many possibilities for further research. / University of Zululand

M.Com. (Economics) / Tourism is generally regarded as the world's largest and fastest growing industry. As such it is a major employer and earner of foreign exchange and in many countries constitutes a significant component of the national economy. Although tourism can play an important role in promoting economic growth and development, its potential is determined by factors such as the existence of unique tourist attractions, the presence of natural resources, general economic conditions and political stability. The primary goal of this study has been to determine to what extent co-operation agreements between Southern African countries can contribute to the promotion of tourism to the region. The main approach of the study was to carry out a literature survey of the activities, . programmes and objectives of the institutions and organisations responsible for the promotion of tourism inSouthern Africa. For the purposes of this study, the Southern African region is regarded as consisting of Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The study also considers the tourism potential of the area in terms of physical; economic and infrastructural criteria. The study has found that the Southern African region has outstanding tourism potential, based on its physical features. Each country in the region offers a variety of unique and divergent tourist attractions which can be regarded as complementary to each other. As a result the tourism potential of the region can contribute to continued economic development and growth. The study has however, found that a number of factors are limiting the optimal development of the tourism industry. These include: a lack of close co-operation between states, inadequate safety and security, insufficient economic growth and development and an infrastructure which does not support the optimal development of tourism in the region. The study recommends that all countries in the region should engage more closely with each other to develop marketing programmes aimed at exploiting the unique features of the region. To optimise the role of the tourism industry, it is recommended that both the public and private sectors, together with the community, should share the responsibility for its development. Tourism is essentially a community activity and all residents and organisations should be involved in its development promotion. In the light of the inadequate transport infrastructure which exists to promote tourism it is recommended that regional links be upgraded to allow member countries to connect with the comprehensive transport network in South Africa. This will contribute to regional co-operation and, since transport reaches across national boundaries, promote the optimal application of transport services within a much wider area. The study clearly indicates that, in the light of the newclimate of co-operation inthe Southern African region since the early 1990's, the role of South Africa within the context of co-operation agreements be clarified. The entire region can take advantage of South Africa's technical know-how and comprehensive transport infrastructure by maintaining closer relationships with South Africa. It is however, necessary to ensure that co-operation agreements incorporate the necessary safeguards to ensure that South Africa does not dominate its partners.

African countries in general have registered improved socio-economic and economic growth and development for the past 20 years since the 1990s. Of particular interest is southern Africa which has recorded a period of unprecedented political stability and economic growth in the wake of South Africa’s change to a democratic dispensation in 1994. Economic growth has brought with it an increase in the number of families counted in the middle class and therefore as prospective domestic and outbound tourists. This study examined the extent to which both the private and the public sectors in southern Africa, created with a focus on overseas or international tourists, have recognized this regional tourist market. The study used the core-periphery relationship as the conceptual framework to determine the difference ways in which core and periphery dynamics influenced the recognition of the regional tourist as a tourism market. The research found that the regional market has been recognized to different extents by the public and the private sector in the four case study countries. The core country, South Africa, has shown the most comprehensive recognition by dedicating resources to research into and planning around how to capture or retain market share. The peripheral countries have dedicated few if any resources to understanding the regional market; their systems and investors continue to focus primarily on the international market, and because the international and regional markets have different needs, find it difficult to switch their focus to this emerging market. The study also found that having a core country as an immediate neighbor pulls all those with the willingness and ability to travel towards itself, to the detriment of domestic tourism development in the short-term. The study suggests that to access the existing regional market, the three case study countries of the periphery would be well served to adapt to their circumstances the data-driven approach of South Africa.

This research report will attempt to show that, in an attempt to cater for tourist tastes for the exotic, a Cape Malay identity has been constructed for the residents of the Bo- Kaap community which is made to date back to the 17th Century. Two books from popular tourist literature and three travel guides have been analysed. Furthermore, this research report will demonstrate how the built environment of the city and its surrounding areas can provide us with a much more nuanced narrative than the one which is currently being presented to tourists.

Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-economic impact of tourism on communities around the tourist destinations and tourist attractions, with specific reference to the Pilanesberg National Park and the specific impact it has on the communities around it. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used and 252 respondents responded positively by filling in questionnaires. Interviews were conducted with the Pilanesberg National Park management. The research findings reveal that the communities around the Pilanesberg National Park, specifically Mogwase, Moruleng, Ledig and Mabele-a-pudi are benefiting from the National Park through employment. Findings also indicate that the National Park is contributing positively towards the local economy of the area and the development of the communities. At the same time, however, the research findings indicate that the national park is impacting negatively on the local communities by contributing to the increasing cost of services.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Adventure Tourism) -- Tshwane University of Technology, 2010. / Different adventure activities and experiences constantly evolve because individuals, motives, behaviours, and experiences differ and change over time. The prosperity of an adventure tourism company is based on promoting and selling specific activities and experiences that will meet the specific needs and wants of their identified target markets. The objective was to develop a profile of adventure tourists in Pretoria. In today’s highly competitive environment, it is important for adventure tourism companies to develop profiles based demographic, psychographic and behavioural descriptors in order to attain their objectives. Two hundred and fifty adventure tourists who used the products/services of adventure tourism companies within Pretoria participated in this paper. However, because of incomplete self-completing uestionnaires that could affect the outcome of this paper, the sample that actually realised was 234, providing a 93.6% response rate.

The long term aim of this research is to develop an interest in tourism Among Black People in South Africa Focussing on the Lowveld Region. The research examined whether; there are adequate Awareness and Marketing campaigns aimed at encouraging Black People to visit Lowveld Tourist attractions such as Kruger National Park and whether Black People have any interest in Nature-Based Tourist Attractions in the Lowveld. Though many South Africans consider the Lowveld Area an ideal holiday destination, the fact that few Black citizens visit the area was looked into as in a country where Black People are in the majority, there should be more Black tourists who visit to the Lowveld Region on an annual basis. The study discovered that the majority of the respondents are aware of the existence of the Tourism authorities in the Lowveld region (the Mpumalanga Tourism and Parks Agency), and they feel that this entity can play an active and visible role to get more Black South Africans interested to visit the Lowveld Tourist attractions on a regular basis. The study has further discovered that the majority of the respondents are interested in the Lowveld Region as their preferred holiday destination because it is home to tho world-renowned Kruger National Park. They also prefer to stay in a resort that provides additional attractions such as traditional dancing, sporting and recreational activities as part of their guest offering. This research recommends that the Tourism authorities need to promote more holiday group type bookings and to assist the public to access holiday booking facilities more easily. The study further recommends that Government needs to use tourism as a poverty reduction strategy, particularly the idea of community involvement ill tourism. Community-based tourism development has been determined to be of strategic importance for the continued growth and sustainability of the tourism industry in the Lowveld Region. / Thesis (M.B.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2009.