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Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

The hardened inner city community of trench town represents one of several impoverished communities that form the heart of the Jamaican capital city, Kingston. As wealth and influence have moved inland, off the coastal plains on which the city was originally settled on, to the slopes of the surrounding mountains, the once vibrant downtown core has decayed. With this urban decay came the social ills that usually accompany failing communities such as crime, violence, shadow economies, health and sanitation issues. As has been the case with many urban centres worldwide, this problem was further exacerbated by an ever present influx of rural immigrants in search of a better life in the city. These associated urban problems not only affect the inhabitants of these communities, but they stifle the growth of the larger national economy. This thesis aims to explore and propose urban design interventions to the inner city community of Trench Town, that not only address the issues of providing viable shelter to the residents of the community, but also begin to set up a frame work of self reliance and economic sustainability and growth, so that the community members can begin to develop their lives for themselves. It also begins to look at ideas of communal living that have been experimented with at on a small scale over the years, but have never been fully integrated into the urban fabric. This thesis looks to examine one specific community within the urban fabric of the city, but all the while cognisant of the fact that this one community is but one in the overall urban fabric, yet recognising that as each informal inner-city community has developed out of a unique set of conditions and thus must be treated individually as such. Throughout the years, several interventions have been implemented to address the overall need to house the population of the expanding urban centres, with many variations of urban housing solutions being used, with varying degrees of success. This thesis will explore the implications of these solutions on the proposed site, and explore viable modifications and variations. Firstl an in depth exploration into the historical and cultural context of the case site will be explored to gain important background knowledge of known factors of spatial development and community needs, and this will form the foundation of any further development going ahead in the case study, which will provide the analytical breakdown of the site and influences. The thesis will then explore international case studies of various approaches to similar situations to identify challenges that have been experienced elsewhere and that may inform the design site. From this research information, parameters and principles will be distilled to inform the overall design intervention. Finally, the proposed design intervention will be reflected upon, and evaluated to try to determine any shortcomings and indentify how the design might be replicated in other communties in Kingston facing similar social and economic conditions.

The Municipal administration of Glasgow, 1833-1912, examines the evolution of civic government in Scotland's major industrial city during a period of unprecedented urban development. The thesis is centred on the contribution of town councillors in determining a distinctly Scottish municipal identity, and the extent to which social, economic and political influences helped shape prevailing attitudes towards the public service. Biographical sources have been used to construct a collective profile of the 577 representatives who served on Glasgow Town Council during this time. However, attention is also focused on the municipal bureaucracy, especially the role of the Town Clerks. The 1833 Burgh Reform Act redefined the civic entity of Glasgow, and removed the traditional burgess basis of authcirity. Yet it was not until 1846 that the Council was able to overcome numerous legal obstacles and extend its sphere of operations. Thereafter, municipal policy was directed towards a programme of city improvenent, beginning with the spectacularly successful Loch Katrine water supply in 1855. The quality of urban life was a major civic preoccupation, and the importance of issues such as temperance reflected the concern of many councillors to present a more positive image for Glasgow. The notion of "civic pride" took firm root during the 1850s, and the following decades represented a period of steady consolidation. During this time the Council expended considerable energy in attempting to extend the municipal boundaries, particularly as many outlying areas already benefited from Glasgow's public utilities. After several false starts, success was achieved in 1891, and the municipality underwent extensive administrative restructuring. Yet by the 1900s, the rise of Labour and the spectre of "municipal socialism" had called Glasgow's civic priorities into question. Despite the controversy, there was no significant reversal of the Council's long-held expansionist strategy, and territorial additions in 1912 enlarged the city substantially.

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The implementation of new Capital City projects faces various uncertainties. Some of these uncertainties are understood and acted upon, but some are not. Existing social relationships in which Capital City projects are planned and implemented are less regarded as a factor underlying uncertainties of achieving plans' objectives and assumptions. These turned out to be a principal factor constituting the uncertainty of realising Abuja and the FCT plans. We believe, however, that institutional context both as a damaging and enabling factor is too important to be discounted in capital city plans. It is traced from the Nigerian urbanisation experience to traditional societies, previous policies and the administrative structure of the Federal Capital Development Authority. The review of other capital city programmes has only confirmed the need to understand the institutional framework in capital city plans. The research identified that uncertainties tend to increase with monopoly of dec ision-making by individuals in authority, lack of knowledge, failure to involve groups or bodies who should be involved, poor management, scale of projects, the time dimension and political instability. The research has itemised uncertainties which could be deduced from major planning projects, and an anlysis of which helps in policy formulation. Principal conclusions included that pluralism compounded the problems of the implementation of Capital Plans and the capital cities have to adapt and modify the institutional framework. A diversified resource base is essential in capital city development. Institutions and organisations could be employed positively to reduce uncertainties of funding and housing. Common to capital city programmes is that uncertainties have not been faced seriously by planners and decision makers as they have been in the study of psychology or in business deals. A simultaneous consideration of methods of assessing uncertainties in planning is essential in a new urban development.