Since the inception of the Internet there has been immense growth in the number of internet users worldwide, and the integration of social media in our daily lives has become commonplace for many. Yet, alongside the many benefits of this global connectivity come numerous risks. Research shows that individuals of all ages are exposed to, and engage in, risky activities online, despite numerous campaigns to highlight the perils of risky online behaviour. Although the rates of victimisation increase year-on-year, surprisingly little is known about the psychological mechanisms underlying online risk-taking. The work in this thesis aimed to address this gap in the psychological literature by conducting empirical research focussing on online risky behaviour and decision making across the lifespan. Four studies, conducted with individuals ranging in age from 13- to 79-years-old, investigated two online risk-taking behaviours, personal information disclosure and friending strangers, within the framework of Fuzzy Trace Theory. A further study investigated the posting of risky and inappropriate content online in British and Italian students, examining the role of self-monitoring and impulsivity. The work in this thesis reveals that Fuzzy Trace Theory is able to predict risk-taking and risk-averse behavioural intentions, and that the retrieval of gist-based, intuitive beliefs and values about online risk reduces risk-taking behaviour and intentions, whereas representing risk in a quantitative-based, verbatim manner leads to increased risk-taking intentions. The ability to reason using gist representations increases with age. Additionally, high self-monitoring was found to predict risky posting behaviour across different cultures. These findings offer a novel and important contribution to our theoretical and practical knowledge about risky online behaviour, and have the potential to inform the development of more effective online safety intervention programmes.

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Nombreuses sont les situations où notre mémoire nous fait défaut. A qui n’est-il jamais arrivé de se retrouver face à une personne sans se rappeler son prénom ? Pourtant vous savez que vous connaissez ce visage et que vous êtes même capables de resituer la dernière fois où vous l’avez déjà vu. A l’inverse, vous pouvez être sûr d’avoir déjà rencontré une personne alors que c’est la première fois que vous la voyez… Pour autant, dans ces deux situations, vous n’avez jamais oublié ce qu’était un visage. Tout en étant faillible dans certaines situations, l’efficacité de notre mémoire reste bien souvent inaperçue. Cette thèse propose de traiter la question de l’efficacité mnésique dans une modélisation particulière de la mémoire : les modèles à traces multiples. Nous traiterons de l’apport de cette notion à l’approche développée par Versace et collaborateurs (2002 ; 2009). Cette dernière suppose que les connaissances émergent d’un système unique de mémoire à partir de l’activation et de l’intégration de traces mnésiques épisodiques multimodales et distribuées.Suivant cette approche, il apparaît que l’efficacité dans les activités catégorielles s’explique par une relation de similarité entre un indice à traiter et un grand nombre de traces en mémoire, alors que l’efficacité dans les tâches discriminantes implique que l’indice à traiter active non seulement une quantité restreinte de traces mais surtout que celles-ci soient suffisamment intégrées. L’étude de l’efficacité nous a permis de mettre en évidence deux types d’intégration : une intégration qui participe directement à l’émergence des connaissances (à la conscience), et une intégration qui participe au maintien des propriétés de l’expérience perceptive et motrice au sein d’une trace. De plus, il semblerait que, quel que soit le traitement, l’efficacité dépend de ce que l’indice active à la fois des propriétés au sein et entre les traces.A l’issue de cette thèse, nous sommes arrivés à la conclusion que l’efficacité mnésique dépend du type de tâche, de la force du liage entre les éléments de la trace et d’une relation interactive entre l’indice à traiter et les traces en mémoire. / There are many situations where our memory fails us. Who is it ever happened to meet face to one and not remember his name? Yet you are sure that you know this face and you're even able to retrieve the last time you've seen it. Conversely, you can be sure you have already met one person while it is the first time you see it... However, in both situations, you have never forgotten what a face is. While being fallible in some situations, the memory accuracy is often overlooked. This thesis proposes to address the issue of memory accuracy in a particular model of memory: multi-traces theory. We discuss the contribution of this question to the approach developed by Versace and collaborators (2002, 2009). This implies that knowledge emerging from a single memory from the activation and integration of distributed multimodal episodic memory traces.According to this approach, it appears that the accuracy in the categorical tasks is due to a similarity relationship between a cue and a large number of memory traces. While accuracy in discriminating tasks involves that a cue activate a limited number of traces, but also these ones need to be sufficiently integrated. Studying accuracy has allowed us to identify two kinds of integration: integration directly involved in the emergence of the knowledge (to the consciousness), and integration which ensures that former perceptivo-motor experience is encoded within a trace. Moreover, it seems that each kind of processing depends on the probability that a cue activates features within and between the traces.Finally, we can say that the accuracy depends on the type of memory task, the strength of binding between the trace components, and an interactive relationship between the cue and memory traces.

Investigations into the neural correlates of memory have found the hippocampus to be a crucial structure for long-term declarative memories, but the exact nature of this contribution remains under debate. This paper covers three theories concerned with how the hippocampus is involved in long-term memory, namely the Standard Consolidation Model, the Multiple-Trace Theory, and the Distributed Reinstatement Theory. According to the Standard Consolidation Model, long-term declarative memories (both episodic and semantic) are dependent on the hippocampus for a limited time during which the memories undergo a process of consolidation, after which they become dependent on the neocortex. In contrast, the Multiple-Trace Theory argues that detailed and context-specific episodic (but not semantic) memories remain dependent on the hippocampus indefinitely. While both the aforementioned theories posit that memories are initially dependent on the hippocampus, the Distributed Reinstatement Theory does not. Advocates of this theory propose that several memory systems compete for the encoding of a memory, and that the hippocampus usually is the dominant system. However, it is also suggested that the other (unspecified) memory systems can overcome the hippocampal dominance through extensive and distributed learning sessions. In this paper, findings from both human and rodent studies focusing on the hippocampus are reviewed and used to evaluate the claims made by each theory on a systems level.

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This dissertation is based on the Kida-Smith (1995) model of "The encoding and retrievability of numerical data." It is concerned with the variable conditions under which a positive affective response (i.e., a decision or opinion that results in a positive valence) on previously viewed accounting information may and may not influence current decision-making. An affective response to accounting numbers may adversely influence decisions made based on those numbers. Prior research has found that individuals recall information that is consistent with prior decisions more readily than they recall inconsistent information. Research has also shown that current judgements are biased toward prior decisions or judgements. These biases may cause current decisions to be suboptimal or dysfunctional. Two 2x2 experiments were conducted to examine four hypotheses. These hypotheses concerned (1) the influence of an affective response on an investment decision when the differences between two sets of accounting numbers are small and when the differences are large, (2) the influence of an affective response on the recall of numerical data, (3) the influence of time on the recall of numerical data given an affective response, and (4) the influence of an affective response on an investment decision when the level of cognitive processing at the time the affective response is produced is low and when the level of processing is high. The first experiment used graduate students in an accounting course to investigate the influence of differences between numerical amounts on decision making. It also investigated the influence of time between the encoding and retrieval on recall of numerical amounts. The second experiment used accounting practitioners to investigate the influence of differences between numerical amounts on decision making, and to examine the influence of different levels of cognitive processing at the time of encoding on decision making. Results indicate that an affective response does produce suboptimal decisions. In the case of accounting practitioners, however, the influence of the affective response is mitigated when the magnitude of the difference between the accounting numbers previously viewed and those undergoing current examination is large rather than small. The affective response did not significantly influence the recall of numerical amounts. There was no significant change in the influence of the affective response on recalled amounts with increased time between encoding and retrieval. Also, there were no significant changes in decision-making with increased processing at the time of encoding. / Ph. D.

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Le témoignage oculaire est un élément fondamental de la résolution des enquêtes criminelles. Pour la bonne conduite des enquêtes judiciaires, il apparait primordial d’obtenir des témoignages exhaustifs et exacts. C'est ainsi qu’une équipe de recherche a conçu une méthode basée sur les principes du fonctionnement de la mémoire ayant pour but l’optimisation du recueil des propos du témoin : l’entretien cognitif (Geiselman et al. 1984). Si cette méthode permet d’obtenir des descriptions détaillées sans diminution de la qualité du témoignage, elle est néanmoins marginalement utilisée par les professionnels de la justice. L’objectif de cette thèse est double : il s’agit de proposer une consigne d’entretien qui prend en compte les processus psychologiques en œuvre dans le rappel d’un évènement en mémoire épisodique, et qui soit acceptable du point de vue des pratiques professionnelles. Une première étape a consisté en l’analyse des pratiques professionnelles. L’évaluation d’une formation à l’entretien cognitif auprès d’enquêteurs de police a montré que la méthode est facilement assimilable par les enquêteurs, suggérant que sa non-application sur le terrain ne résiderait pas dans sa difficulté d’utilisation, mais relèverait plutôt de problèmes d’acceptabilité de la part des professionnels. Pour comprendre les objectifs professionnels de l’audition, nous avons ensuite procédé à une analyse des pratiques en termes d’audition. Cette analyse a révélé que les enquêteurs recherchaient de façon prépondérante des informations sur les actions d’une scène criminelle. Sur la base de ces constats, nous avons conçu une consigne dite de reconstitution, qui fait appel aux traces verbatim en mémoire, et vise à apporter des actions générales et spécifiques d’une scène. La consigne a été testée dans un protocole d’entretien et a démontré son efficacité aussi bien quantitative que qualitative, en apportant davantage d’informations correctes sur une scène comparée à d’autres consignes, sans augmentation concomitante du nombre d’erreurs. Il apparait que la consigne de reconstitution répond de façon pertinente au principal objectif d’une enquête de police. / Eyewitness testimony is a fundamental determinant to the resolution of criminal investigations. To conduct criminal investigations effectively, it appears essential to obtain complete and accurate testimony. For this purpose, a research team has developed a method based on the features of human memory, aiming to enhance the eliciting of eyewitness accounts: the cognitive interview (Geiselman et al., 1984). Although this method enables investigators to obtain detailed descriptions without reducing the quality of the testimony, it is still only marginally used by legal professionals. The objective of this thesis is twofold: it aims to provide interviewing instructions which take into account the psychological processes at work in the recalling of events in episodic memory, while simultaneously being acceptable from the standpoint of professional practice. The first step involved conducting an analysis of professional practices. An evaluation of training in cognitive interviewing by police investigators showed that the method is easily learnt and suggests that the lack of implementation in practice does not stem from the difficulties linked to its implementation, but rather arises as a result of a lack of acceptance among professionals. In order to further our understanding of the professional objectives of the hearing, we then conducted an analysis of practices in terms of hearing. This analysis revealed that investigators were essentially seeking out information about the actions which took place during the crime scene. Based on these findings, we designed a re-enactment-alike interviewing instruction, which activates the verbatim traces in memory and is intended to elicit the general and specific actions of a scene. This instruction was tested in an interviewing protocol and demonstrated its quantitative and qualitative effectiveness in providing a greater quantity of correct information compared with other instructions, whilst withstanding a concomitant increase in the number of errors. Re-enactment-alike instruction thus appears highly relevant for reaching the main objective of a police investigation.

In this work we study the existence and uniqueness of solutions of a boundary value problem for equations of non-homogeneous wave. We will use the Faedo - Galerkin method to ensure the existence of solutions and also prove the exponential decay of the solution. / Neste trabalho estudaremos a existência e unicidade de soluções de um problema de valor de fronteira para equações da onda não homogênea. Usaremos o método de Faedo-Galerkin para garantir a existência de soluções e também provaremos o decaimento exponencial da solução do problema.