Background: Low morale is classified as a latent condition for performance variability in safety-critical environments. Morale management may assist in the control of performance variability as part of a systems approach to safety. A context-specific model for measuring and managing morale with reference to followership in a safety-critical air traffic control (ATC) environment could not be found. Purpose/Aim: The purpose of this study was to develop a model that enables the measurement and management of air traffic controller (ATCO) team morale. Research Design: An exploratory sequential mixed method design was adopted. A census approach to sampling was used to conduct 21 focus group sessions as the qualitative phase, providing the definition and drivers of morale. The Measure of Morale and its Drivers (MoMaD) survey instrument was created from qualitative data, then administered to 256 ATCOs in the quantitative phase. Statistical methods included exploratory factor analysis, correlation and regression analysis to construct the final MoMaD model. Results: A context-specific definition of morale is provided and communication management, team cohesion, leadership interaction, staff incentive, staffing level, workplace health and safety and mutual trust were found to be the drivers of morale in a safety-critical ATC environment. A single-item measure of perceived morale reflected the state of context-specific ATCO team morale more accurately than an existing generalisable multi-item measure. Conclusion: This study contributes to the body of knowledge by integrating applicable aspects of morale, followership, performance variability and organisational culture and climate in safety-critical ATC environments into a new theoretical framework. The MoMaD instrument is presented as a context-specific model for measuring and managing ATCO team morale in an ATC environment. Recommendations: Future research opportunities include the possible influence of morale as a predictor of morale in safety-critical environments and the development of a context-specific multi-item measure of morale for integration into the MoMaD model. / Business Management / D. B. L.

Multimodality is a main requirement for future Urban Traffic Control (UTC). For cities and traffic engineers to implement multimodal UTC, a holistic, multimodal assessment of UTC measures is needed. This paper proposes a Multimodal Performance Index (MPI), which considers the delays and number of stops of different transport modes that are weighted to each other. To determine suitable mode-specific weights, a case study for the German city Ingolstadt is conducted using the microscopic simulation tool SUMO. In the case study, different UTC measures (bus priority, coordination for cyclists, coordination for private vehicle traffic) are implemented to a varying extent and evaluated according to different weight settings. The MPI calculation is done both network-wide and intersection-specific. The results indicate that a weighting according to the occupancy level of modes, as mainly proposed in the literature so far, is not sufficient. This applies particularly to cycling, which should be weighted according to its positive environmental impact instead of its occupancy. Besides, the modespecific weights have to correspond to the traffic-related impact of the mode-specific UTC measures. For Ingolstadt, the results are promising for a weighting according to the current modal split and a weighting with incentives for sustainable modes.

The purpose of this study is to assist TxDOT engineers in the field of traffic control planning. This is to be done via the creation of a Geographic Information System (GIS) based tool. By bringing together information about TxDOT’s on-system roadways’ geographical locations, traffic demands, and capacities, one aggregate database has been established. Using the tools of GIS, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Access, and VBA programming, a static clickable interface has been constructed. It enables users to access properties for any selected roadway link they desire. Expansion of the product to ArcIMS is ongoing to allow easy access for end users via the internet. / text

The first purpose of this study was to map the field of psychodiagnostic methods in the selection process for the position of Air traffic controller in selected countries in Central Europe. The second one was to see how differs the results of FEAST and psychological testing among different groups of candidates in relation to their success in training. This is a quantitative research. The method used in collecting data was the analysis of results of selected tests for individual candidates. The research was realized at 93 candidates who successfully completed the selection procedure for the position of the Air traffic controller at ŘLP Čr from 2005 - 2009. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical program. In the vast majority of performance or personality tests did any statistically significant difference was not found between the group of successful and unsuccessful candidates in training. A statistically significant difference was detected in the scale "Noticed matches" in the FEAST test battery, where unsuccessful candidates scored above. Another one was discovered in the test CAQ in factor Q1: Radicalism, where successful candidates achieved lower scores than the unsuccessful. We believe that candidates who manage the selection procedure are so good that it is not possible their further...

Historicamente, os sistemas de tráfego aéreo incorporaram níveis de automação nas atividades de controle do espaço aéreo com o intuito de atender à crescente demanda por serviços aéreos e de melhorar os níveis de segurança nos procedimentos de voo. Com o crescimento expressivo previsto para os próximos anos, devido ao aumento nos números de voos e de usuários, as opções tradicionais de expansão da malha aérea e / ou construção de novos aeroportos se tornaram onerosas economicamente, tornando necessária a adoção de alternativas, tais como as técnicas / procedimentos para pousos em pistas paralelas, como forma de aproveitar parte da atual infraestrutura aeroportuária existente, sem a necessidade de enormes aportes financeiros. Para avaliar a viabilidade de projetos de pousos simultâneos em pistas paralelas, um dos fatores importantes a serem analisados é o da avaliação do risco de colisão entre aeronaves associado durante esses procedimentos. Nesse cenário, este trabalho de pesquisa propõe uma extensão no modelo de avaliação de segurança de Ogata para procedimentos de pouso em pistas paralelas, considerando que o modelo original tem o objetivo de medir o nível de risco associado somente para operações de pouso convencionais em pistas paralelas. A extensão deste modelo ocorre no sentido de também permitir a simulação em outros cenários distintos de pouso, o que torna possível tanto a realização de comparativos entre técnicas / procedimentos utilizadas em operações de pouso em pistas paralelas, quanto a avaliação do nível de risco associado. Este modelo estendido de segurança utiliza o método de Monte Carlo, da mesma forma que o original, em que um número elevado de simulações de cenários possíveis de pousos em pistas paralelas é avaliado. Com os resultados obtidos, é analisado o impacto da variação da distância entre as pistas na segurança de pousos em pistas paralelas. / Historically, air traffic control systems have incorporated some levels of automation to manage procedures of airspace control in order to meet the growing demand for air transportation services and to improve levels of safety in flight procedures. With significant growth expected in the coming years due to an increase in numbers of flights and passengers, the traditional options of expanding the air traffic network and / or construction of new airports have become economically burdensome, requiring the adoption of alternatives such as techniques / procedures for landings on parallel runways as a way of taking advantage of part of the current airport infrastructure, without requiring enormous financial contributions. To assess the feasibility of projects of landing in parallel runways, one of the important factors to be analyzed is the evaluation of the risk of collision between aircraft, associated to these procedures. In this scenario, this research proposes to extend the Ogata safety assessment model in procedures for landing on parallel runways, whereas the original model aims to measure the level of risk associated only with conventional landing operations in parallel runways. The extension of this model occurs in order to allow the simulation of different landing scenarios, which makes possible both the conduct of comparative techniques / procedures used in landing operations on parallel runways, such as the risk level assessment. This model uses the Monte Carlo simulation, the same as the original model, in which a large number of simulations of possible scenarios for landings on parallel runways are evaluated. With these results, it studies the impact of the change of distance between lanes on the safety of aircraft landing on parallel runways.

Congestionamentos no trânsito urbano são uma preocupação principal em grandes cidades pelo mundo, devido a seus impactos negativos multifacetados na saúde humana, no meio ambiente e na economia. A urbanização crescente, e seu consequente aumento no volume do trânsito, causam ainda mais congestionamentos por causa do ritmo lento - e, em alguns casos, inexistente - das melhoras na infraestrutura urbana. Uma solução com bom custo-benefício para reduzir o tempo médio de viagem dos veículos e prevenir os congestionamentos é o controle do trânsito urbano. No entanto, a maior parte das abordagens de controle do trânsito urbano adota um ciclo de controle fixo, o qual limita o desempenho de controle devido à consequente inabilidade de agir quando necessário. Ao contrário dessas abordagens, esse trabalho propõe uma rede neural bioinspirada que monitora o estado do sistema de forma contínua e é capaz de agir em qualquer momento. A rede neural bioinspirada proposta adota plasticidade intrínseca e inibição lateral para gerar uma competição natural entre os neurônios, a qual determina quais semáforos devem ser ativados em cada momento. Além disso, interneurônios inibitórios são adotados para coordenar intersecções vizinhas e melhorar os fluxos de veículos. Devido à grande quantidade de possíveis combinações dos parâmetros, um método para determinar o comportamento do modelo de acordo com as características intrínsecas da rede neural bioinspirada também é proposto. A convergência e a estabilidade do modelo proposto são avaliadas por seus pontos-fixos e autovalores, respectivamente. Ademais, o tempo de processamento e a complexidade computacional da rede neural bioinspirada também são avaliados. Por fim, o desempenho do modelo para diferentes demandas de veículos e situações do trânsito é avaliado com um simulador de mobilidade urbana e comparado a um método de controle adaptativo. / Traffic congestions are a major concern for big cities around the world due to its multifaceted negative impacts on human health, the environment and the economy. Growing urbanization, and the consequent increase in traffic volume, causes even more traffic congestions due to the slow-paced - and, in some cases, non-existing - improvements in the urban traffic infrastructure. A cost-effective solution to reduce vehicle travel times and prevent traffic congestions is traffic signal control. However, most approaches to traffic signal control adopt a fixed control cycle, which limits control performance due to the consequent inability to act when necessary. Contrary to these approaches, this work proposes a biologically-inspired neural network that monitors the system state continuously and can act upon it at any moment. The biologically-inspired neural network proposed adopts intrinsic plasticity and lateral inhibition to generate natural competition among neurons, determining which semaphores should be active at each moment. Furthermore, inhibitory interneurons are also adopted to coordinate neighboring intersections and to improve vehicle flows. Due to the large number of parameter combinations, a method to determine the model behavior according to the intrinsic characteristics of the biologically-inspired neural network is also proposed. Model convergence and stability are evaluated by its fixed-points and eigenvalues, respectively. Moreover, the computation time and computational complexity of the biologically-inspired neural network are also evaluated. Finally, the model performance for different vehicle demands and traffic situations is evaluated with a simulator of urban mobility and compared to an adaptive control method.

The effectiveness of information visualization largely depends on the ease and accuracy with which users can access the information. Visual clutter in a display can detract from a user's ability to properly read the information. An ideal visualization needs to maximize the visibility of patterns and structure and minimize the clutter present. Thus far, there has been surprisingly little work done in finding quantitative ways to measure clutter in information visualizations. The goal of this project was to create clutter measurement and reduction techniques that minimize the presence of visual clutter and maximize a user's ability to accurately read the data. These methods were tested and evaluated on a number of visualizations depicting domestic air traffic data.

Congestionamentos no trânsito urbano são uma preocupação principal em grandes cidades pelo mundo, devido a seus impactos negativos multifacetados na saúde humana, no meio ambiente e na economia. A urbanização crescente, e seu consequente aumento no volume do trânsito, causam ainda mais congestionamentos por causa do ritmo lento - e, em alguns casos, inexistente - das melhoras na infraestrutura urbana. Uma solução com bom custo-benefício para reduzir o tempo médio de viagem dos veículos e prevenir os congestionamentos é o controle do trânsito urbano. No entanto, a maior parte das abordagens de controle do trânsito urbano adota um ciclo de controle fixo, o qual limita o desempenho de controle devido à consequente inabilidade de agir quando necessário. Ao contrário dessas abordagens, esse trabalho propõe uma rede neural bioinspirada que monitora o estado do sistema de forma contínua e é capaz de agir em qualquer momento. A rede neural bioinspirada proposta adota plasticidade intrínseca e inibição lateral para gerar uma competição natural entre os neurônios, a qual determina quais semáforos devem ser ativados em cada momento. Além disso, interneurônios inibitórios são adotados para coordenar intersecções vizinhas e melhorar os fluxos de veículos. Devido à grande quantidade de possíveis combinações dos parâmetros, um método para determinar o comportamento do modelo de acordo com as características intrínsecas da rede neural bioinspirada também é proposto. A convergência e a estabilidade do modelo proposto são avaliadas por seus pontos-fixos e autovalores, respectivamente. Ademais, o tempo de processamento e a complexidade computacional da rede neural bioinspirada também são avaliados. Por fim, o desempenho do modelo para diferentes demandas de veículos e situações do trânsito é avaliado com um simulador de mobilidade urbana e comparado a um método de controle adaptativo. / Traffic congestions are a major concern for big cities around the world due to its multifaceted negative impacts on human health, the environment and the economy. Growing urbanization, and the consequent increase in traffic volume, causes even more traffic congestions due to the slow-paced - and, in some cases, non-existing - improvements in the urban traffic infrastructure. A cost-effective solution to reduce vehicle travel times and prevent traffic congestions is traffic signal control. However, most approaches to traffic signal control adopt a fixed control cycle, which limits control performance due to the consequent inability to act when necessary. Contrary to these approaches, this work proposes a biologically-inspired neural network that monitors the system state continuously and can act upon it at any moment. The biologically-inspired neural network proposed adopts intrinsic plasticity and lateral inhibition to generate natural competition among neurons, determining which semaphores should be active at each moment. Furthermore, inhibitory interneurons are also adopted to coordinate neighboring intersections and to improve vehicle flows. Due to the large number of parameter combinations, a method to determine the model behavior according to the intrinsic characteristics of the biologically-inspired neural network is also proposed. Model convergence and stability are evaluated by its fixed-points and eigenvalues, respectively. Moreover, the computation time and computational complexity of the biologically-inspired neural network are also evaluated. Finally, the model performance for different vehicle demands and traffic situations is evaluated with a simulator of urban mobility and compared to an adaptive control method.

Historicamente, os sistemas de tráfego aéreo incorporaram níveis de automação nas atividades de controle do espaço aéreo com o intuito de atender à crescente demanda por serviços aéreos e de melhorar os níveis de segurança nos procedimentos de voo. Com o crescimento expressivo previsto para os próximos anos, devido ao aumento nos números de voos e de usuários, as opções tradicionais de expansão da malha aérea e / ou construção de novos aeroportos se tornaram onerosas economicamente, tornando necessária a adoção de alternativas, tais como as técnicas / procedimentos para pousos em pistas paralelas, como forma de aproveitar parte da atual infraestrutura aeroportuária existente, sem a necessidade de enormes aportes financeiros. Para avaliar a viabilidade de projetos de pousos simultâneos em pistas paralelas, um dos fatores importantes a serem analisados é o da avaliação do risco de colisão entre aeronaves associado durante esses procedimentos. Nesse cenário, este trabalho de pesquisa propõe uma extensão no modelo de avaliação de segurança de Ogata para procedimentos de pouso em pistas paralelas, considerando que o modelo original tem o objetivo de medir o nível de risco associado somente para operações de pouso convencionais em pistas paralelas. A extensão deste modelo ocorre no sentido de também permitir a simulação em outros cenários distintos de pouso, o que torna possível tanto a realização de comparativos entre técnicas / procedimentos utilizadas em operações de pouso em pistas paralelas, quanto a avaliação do nível de risco associado. Este modelo estendido de segurança utiliza o método de Monte Carlo, da mesma forma que o original, em que um número elevado de simulações de cenários possíveis de pousos em pistas paralelas é avaliado. Com os resultados obtidos, é analisado o impacto da variação da distância entre as pistas na segurança de pousos em pistas paralelas. / Historically, air traffic control systems have incorporated some levels of automation to manage procedures of airspace control in order to meet the growing demand for air transportation services and to improve levels of safety in flight procedures. With significant growth expected in the coming years due to an increase in numbers of flights and passengers, the traditional options of expanding the air traffic network and / or construction of new airports have become economically burdensome, requiring the adoption of alternatives such as techniques / procedures for landings on parallel runways as a way of taking advantage of part of the current airport infrastructure, without requiring enormous financial contributions. To assess the feasibility of projects of landing in parallel runways, one of the important factors to be analyzed is the evaluation of the risk of collision between aircraft, associated to these procedures. In this scenario, this research proposes to extend the Ogata safety assessment model in procedures for landing on parallel runways, whereas the original model aims to measure the level of risk associated only with conventional landing operations in parallel runways. The extension of this model occurs in order to allow the simulation of different landing scenarios, which makes possible both the conduct of comparative techniques / procedures used in landing operations on parallel runways, such as the risk level assessment. This model uses the Monte Carlo simulation, the same as the original model, in which a large number of simulations of possible scenarios for landings on parallel runways are evaluated. With these results, it studies the impact of the change of distance between lanes on the safety of aircraft landing on parallel runways.

Major safety concerns are present at rural high speed intersections. When long uninterrupted tangents are located near rural intersections, the drivers can become inattentive to upcoming decision points. Traffic control devices could aid in mitigating these occurrences by warning drivers of upcoming decision points. One such device is transverse rumble strips, which act to provide motorists with an audible and tactile warning that their vehicle is approaching a decision point of critical importance to safety. The objective of this research was to determine if the presence of transverse rumble strips were an effective warning device for drivers approaching rural stop-controlled intersections. To evaluate the effectiveness of transverse rumble strips, vehicle speeds were measured at three locations along the approach to an intersection both before and after the installation of rumble strips. Vehicle speeds were measured at nine rural stop-controlled intersection sites in Texas. Overall, the installation of rumble strips generally produced small, but statistically significant (p ? 0.05), reductions in traffic speeds. There were some negative driver behavioral impacts (i.e., speed increases) that occurred after the installation of rumble strips. There were a few instances where speed change reductions of greater than 1 mph occurred, however, the overall trend was that speed change reductions were equal to or less than 1 mph. Although the rumble strips did not produce meaningful reductions in traffic speeds, they should still be considered based upon previous accident reductions and minimal installation costs.