Signal control systems have experienced tremendous development both in hardware and in control strategies in the past 50 years since the advent of the first electronic traffic signal control device. The state-of-art real-time signal control strategies rely heavily on infrastructure-based sensors, including in-pavement or video based loop detectors for data collection. With the emergence of connected vehicle technology, mobility applications utilizing vehicle to infrastructure (V2I) communications enable the intersection to acquire a much more complete picture of the nearby vehicle states. Based on this new source of data, traffic controllers should be able to make "smarter" decisions. This dissertation investigates the traffic signal control strategies in a connected vehicle environment considering mobility as well as safety. A system architecture for connected vehicle based signal control applications under both a simulation environment and in the real world has been developed. The proposed architecture can be applied to applications such as adaptive signal control, signal priority including transit signal priority (TSP), freight signal priority (FSP), emergency vehicle preemption, and integration of adaptive signal control and signal priority. Within the framework, the trajectory awareness of connected vehicles component processes and stores the connected vehicle data from Basic Safety Message (BSM). A lane level intersection map that represents the geometric structure was developed. Combined with the map and vehicle information from BSMs, the connected vehicles can be located on the map. Some important questions specific to connected vehicle are addressed in this component. A geo-fencing area makes sure the roadside equipment (RSE) receives the BSM from only vehicles on the roadway and within the Dedicated Short-range Communications (DSRC) range. A mechanism to maintain anonymity of vehicle trajectories to ensure privacy is also developed. Vehicle data from the trajectory awareness of connected vehicles component can be used as the input to a real-time phase allocation algorithm that considers the mobility aspect of the intersection operations. The phase allocation algorithm applies a two-level optimization scheme based on the dual ring controller in which phase sequence and duration are optimized simultaneously. Two objective functions are considered: minimization of total vehicle delay and minimization of queue length. Due to the low penetration rate of the connected vehicles, an algorithm that estimates the states of unequipped vehicles based on connected vehicle data is developed to construct a complete arrival table for the phase allocation algorithm. A real-world intersection is modeled in VISSIM to validate the algorithms. Dangerous driving behaviors may occur if a vehicle is trapped in the dilemma zone which represents one safety aspect of signalized intersection operation. An analytical model for estimating the number of vehicles in dilemma zone (NVDZ) is developed on the basis of signal timing, arterial geometry, traffic demand, and driving characteristics. The analytical model of NVDZ calculation is integrated into the signal optimization to perform dilemma zone protection. Delay and NVDZ are formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem addressing efficiency and safety together. Examples show that delay and NVDZ are competing objectives and cannot be optimized simultaneously. An economic model is applied to find the minimum combined cost of the two objectives using a monetized objective function. In the connected vehicle environment, the NVDZ can be calculated from connected vehicle data and dilemma zone protection is integrated into the phase allocation algorithm. Due to the complex nature of traffic control systems, it is desirable to utilize traffic simulation in order to test and evaluate the effectiveness and safety of new models before implementing them in the field. Therefore, developing such a simulation platform is very important. This dissertation proposes a simulation environment that can be applied to different connected vehicle related signal control applications in VISSIM. Both hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) and software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulation are used. The simulation environment tries to mimic the real world complexity and follows the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) J2735 standard DSRC messaging so that models and algorithms tested in the simulation can be directly applied in the field with minimal modification. Comprehensive testing and evaluation of the proposed models are conducted in two simulation networks and one field intersection. Traffic signal priority is an operational strategy to apply special signal timings to reduce the delay of certain types of vehicles. The common way of serving signal priority is based on the "first come first serve" rule which may not be optimal in terms of total priority delay. A priority system that can serve multiple requests with different priority levels should perform better than the current method. Traditionally, coordination is treated in a different framework from signal priority. However, the objectives of coordination and signal priority are similar. In this dissertation, adaptive signal control, signal priority and coordination are integrated into a unified framework. The signal priority algorithm generates a feasible set of optimal signal schedules that minimize the priority delay. The phase allocation algorithm considers the set as additional constraints and tries to minimize the total regular vehicle delay within the set. Different test scenarios including coordination request, priority vehicle request and combination of coordination and priority requests are developed and tested.

Microsimulation is becoming more popular in transportation research. The purpose of this research is to explore the potential of microsimulation by integrating an existing activity-based travel demand model with an agent-based traffic simulation model. Differences in model precisions from the two models are resolved through a series of data conversions, and the models are able to form an iterative process similar to previous modelling frameworks. The resulting model is then used for emission modelling where the traditional average-speed model is improved by exploiting agent-based traffic simulation results. Results from emission modelling have demonstrated the advantages of the microsimulation approach over conventional methodologies that rely heavily on temporal or spatial aggregation.

Microsimulation is becoming more popular in transportation research. The purpose of this research is to explore the potential of microsimulation by integrating an existing activity-based travel demand model with an agent-based traffic simulation model. Differences in model precisions from the two models are resolved through a series of data conversions, and the models are able to form an iterative process similar to previous modelling frameworks. The resulting model is then used for emission modelling where the traditional average-speed model is improved by exploiting agent-based traffic simulation results. Results from emission modelling have demonstrated the advantages of the microsimulation approach over conventional methodologies that rely heavily on temporal or spatial aggregation.

Problemas de otimização de restrições distribuídas (DCOP - Distributed Constraint Optimization Problem) formam uma classe de problemas de grande interesse de estudo na ciência da computação em função da complexidadecomputacionaL O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de comparar os três algoritmos mais populares em DCOP (ADOPT, OptAPO e DPOP) em termos de eficiência computacional e de solução proposta. Para tal estudo, é utilizado como domínio um problema de controle semafórico. Esse tipo de problema de controle é de fundamental importânciapara que se tenha uma administração eficiente do fluxo de veículos em uma malha viária. Além disso, envolve muitas interdependências entre variáveis da rede, como ocupação das vias e tempos de sinal verde dos semáforos, para que sejam determinadas as melhores configurações de controle. Nesse sentido, as estratégias devem fornecer bons resultados em nível de aplicação, e também em nível de computação, no que diz respeito ao uso da infra-estrutura computacional disponível, o que casa perfeitamente com os objetivos das implementações de DCOP. Ao longo deste trabalho, os temas relacionados à coordenação em sistemas multiagentes, otimização de restrições e controle de semáforos são estudados. Os modelos DCOP são utilizados com a finalidade de comparar os algoritmos.No que diz respeito aos resultados, percebe-se uma melhora no controle, obtida com o uso dos algoritmos DCOP em relação ao uso de controle fixo sincronizado e não sincronizado. Isso é verificado em nível de utilização das vias da rede. Além disso, outro tipo de resultado é verificado na execução dos algoritmos, tratando de questões como o tempo de execução. Foi possível estabelecer um comparativo entre os algoritmos e frente ao aumento do problema em quantidade de semáforos. / Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOP) have a significant importance in ComputerScience, due to its computationalcomplexity. The objective of this work is to compare the three most popular algorithms for DCOP (ADOPT,OptAPO and DPOP) in terms of computational efficiency and quality of the proposed solution. In arder to do that, a trafficcontrol scenario is used. This kind of problem is very important when considering an efficientadministration of the trafficnetwork,which involvesa lot of interdependencies among variables such as the occupation of the links and the split of the lights. The control strategies should be able to provide good results in terms of the domain application and consider the computational infrastructure available,matching exactly the objectives of the DCOP implementations. The present work is related to multiagent systems, constraint optimization and traffic light controI. The DCOP models are used in order to perfarm the comparison among the algorithms. The results show that is possible to improve the efficiency of the control over the c1assicapproaches of fixed traffic light timing. This is verifiedconsidering the utilization leveIof the network and the occurrence of trafficjams. Besides that, some computational issues are considered to compare the algorithms, for instance, the execution time.

Problemas de otimização de restrições distribuídas (DCOP - Distributed Constraint Optimization Problem) formam uma classe de problemas de grande interesse de estudo na ciência da computação em função da complexidadecomputacionaL O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de comparar os três algoritmos mais populares em DCOP (ADOPT, OptAPO e DPOP) em termos de eficiência computacional e de solução proposta. Para tal estudo, é utilizado como domínio um problema de controle semafórico. Esse tipo de problema de controle é de fundamental importânciapara que se tenha uma administração eficiente do fluxo de veículos em uma malha viária. Além disso, envolve muitas interdependências entre variáveis da rede, como ocupação das vias e tempos de sinal verde dos semáforos, para que sejam determinadas as melhores configurações de controle. Nesse sentido, as estratégias devem fornecer bons resultados em nível de aplicação, e também em nível de computação, no que diz respeito ao uso da infra-estrutura computacional disponível, o que casa perfeitamente com os objetivos das implementações de DCOP. Ao longo deste trabalho, os temas relacionados à coordenação em sistemas multiagentes, otimização de restrições e controle de semáforos são estudados. Os modelos DCOP são utilizados com a finalidade de comparar os algoritmos.No que diz respeito aos resultados, percebe-se uma melhora no controle, obtida com o uso dos algoritmos DCOP em relação ao uso de controle fixo sincronizado e não sincronizado. Isso é verificado em nível de utilização das vias da rede. Além disso, outro tipo de resultado é verificado na execução dos algoritmos, tratando de questões como o tempo de execução. Foi possível estabelecer um comparativo entre os algoritmos e frente ao aumento do problema em quantidade de semáforos. / Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOP) have a significant importance in ComputerScience, due to its computationalcomplexity. The objective of this work is to compare the three most popular algorithms for DCOP (ADOPT,OptAPO and DPOP) in terms of computational efficiency and quality of the proposed solution. In arder to do that, a trafficcontrol scenario is used. This kind of problem is very important when considering an efficientadministration of the trafficnetwork,which involvesa lot of interdependencies among variables such as the occupation of the links and the split of the lights. The control strategies should be able to provide good results in terms of the domain application and consider the computational infrastructure available,matching exactly the objectives of the DCOP implementations. The present work is related to multiagent systems, constraint optimization and traffic light controI. The DCOP models are used in order to perfarm the comparison among the algorithms. The results show that is possible to improve the efficiency of the control over the c1assicapproaches of fixed traffic light timing. This is verifiedconsidering the utilization leveIof the network and the occurrence of trafficjams. Besides that, some computational issues are considered to compare the algorithms, for instance, the execution time.

Eine realistische Simulation von Verkehrsabläufen kann einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Verkehrsplanung leisten. In dieser Arbeit wird dafür in den bestehenden mikroskopischen Simulator MovSim ein Kreisverkehr implementiert. Anschließende Analysen, die unter Verwendung des Intelligent-Driver-Modells und des Spurwechselmodells MOBIL durchgeführt wurden, legen nahe, dass die relativen Ergebnisse, die sich durch Veränderung des Verkehrsflusses und der Modellparameter ergeben, realitätsnah sind. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Einfluss des Verkehrsstromes in der Kreisfahrbahn im Handbuch für die Bemessung von Straßenverkehrsanlagen deutlich stärker ist als in der Simulation.

One of the main difficulties in the development of urban traffic microsimulation models is the collection of traffic data for calibration and validation. However, the city of Fortaleza has an important mesosimulation tool that, in addition to controlling urban traffic in real time, estimates traffic variables: the well-known SCOOT system. This system, implemented in cities around the world, controls and estimates traffic in the densest urban area of Fortaleza, based on the continuous detection of vehicle occupation on its more than 900 detectors spread throughout the city. However, because these data are simulated, they require validation before being used. The main aim of this work was to develop and implement a methodology to validate the mesoscopic simulation model of SCOOT, so its data can be used in the development of traffic microsimulation models, having as a case-study the system operating in Fortaleza. Based on experiments, the effects of two factors in the estimation error were investigated: the calibration of the parameter SATO, and the average travel time between the loop detector and the stop-bar. The results show that these two factors affect the quality of the prediction of volume, delay and number of vehicle-stops. These results contribute with a validation methodology that allows a better use of the data provided by SCOOT. / Um das maiores dificuldades na construÃÃo de redes viÃrias urbanas microssimuladas reside na coleta dos dados de trÃfego para as fases de calibraÃÃo e validaÃÃo. PorÃm, a cidade de Fortaleza dispÃe de uma importante ferramenta de mesossimulaÃÃo que, alÃm de controlar o trÃfego urbano em tempo real, estima indicadores de trÃfego: sistema SCOOT â Split Cycle Offset Optmisation Technique. Este sistema, implantado em vÃrias cidades do mundo, controla e modela o trÃfego na regiÃo mais adensada da Ãrea urbana de Fortaleza, baseando-se na coleta contÃnua de ocupaÃÃo veicular sobre os seus mais de 900 laÃos detectores espalhados pela cidade. No entanto, por se tratar de valores simulados, carecem de verificaÃÃo antes de serem utilizados. O objetivo geral deste trabalho à desenvolver e implementar uma metodologia para validaÃÃo do modelo de simulaÃÃo mesoscÃpica do SCOOT, tendo em vista o uso de seus dados no desenvolvimento de modelos de microssimulaÃÃo do trÃfego, tendo como estudo de caso o sistema em operaÃÃo em Fortaleza. Por meio de experimentos, foram investigados os efeitos de dois fatores no erro de estimaÃÃo: a calibraÃÃo do parÃmetro SATO e o tempo de percurso mÃdio entre o laÃo detector e a faixa de retenÃÃo. Os resultados mostram que estes dois fatores afetam a qualidade da modelagem das variÃveis volume, atraso veicular e nÃmero de paradas. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuem no sentido de oferecer uma metodologia de validaÃÃo que permita um melhor uso dos dados fornecidos pelo SCOOT.

Problemas de otimização de restrições distribuídas (DCOP - Distributed Constraint Optimization Problem) formam uma classe de problemas de grande interesse de estudo na ciência da computação em função da complexidadecomputacionaL O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de comparar os três algoritmos mais populares em DCOP (ADOPT, OptAPO e DPOP) em termos de eficiência computacional e de solução proposta. Para tal estudo, é utilizado como domínio um problema de controle semafórico. Esse tipo de problema de controle é de fundamental importânciapara que se tenha uma administração eficiente do fluxo de veículos em uma malha viária. Além disso, envolve muitas interdependências entre variáveis da rede, como ocupação das vias e tempos de sinal verde dos semáforos, para que sejam determinadas as melhores configurações de controle. Nesse sentido, as estratégias devem fornecer bons resultados em nível de aplicação, e também em nível de computação, no que diz respeito ao uso da infra-estrutura computacional disponível, o que casa perfeitamente com os objetivos das implementações de DCOP. Ao longo deste trabalho, os temas relacionados à coordenação em sistemas multiagentes, otimização de restrições e controle de semáforos são estudados. Os modelos DCOP são utilizados com a finalidade de comparar os algoritmos.No que diz respeito aos resultados, percebe-se uma melhora no controle, obtida com o uso dos algoritmos DCOP em relação ao uso de controle fixo sincronizado e não sincronizado. Isso é verificado em nível de utilização das vias da rede. Além disso, outro tipo de resultado é verificado na execução dos algoritmos, tratando de questões como o tempo de execução. Foi possível estabelecer um comparativo entre os algoritmos e frente ao aumento do problema em quantidade de semáforos. / Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOP) have a significant importance in ComputerScience, due to its computationalcomplexity. The objective of this work is to compare the three most popular algorithms for DCOP (ADOPT,OptAPO and DPOP) in terms of computational efficiency and quality of the proposed solution. In arder to do that, a trafficcontrol scenario is used. This kind of problem is very important when considering an efficientadministration of the trafficnetwork,which involvesa lot of interdependencies among variables such as the occupation of the links and the split of the lights. The control strategies should be able to provide good results in terms of the domain application and consider the computational infrastructure available,matching exactly the objectives of the DCOP implementations. The present work is related to multiagent systems, constraint optimization and traffic light controI. The DCOP models are used in order to perfarm the comparison among the algorithms. The results show that is possible to improve the efficiency of the control over the c1assicapproaches of fixed traffic light timing. This is verifiedconsidering the utilization leveIof the network and the occurrence of trafficjams. Besides that, some computational issues are considered to compare the algorithms, for instance, the execution time.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第23320号 / 情博第756号 / 新制||情||129(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉川 正俊, 教授 伊藤 孝行, 教授 畑山 満則 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

This thesis main focus is microscopic traffic sumulation. Part of this work is the design and implementation of microsimulation model based on cellular automaton. Implemented model supports calibration with genetic algorithm. The results of calibration and simulations are included.