Article / Military personnel deployed to the Amazon Basin are at high risk for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). We responded to an outbreak among Peruvian Army personnel returning from short-term training in the Amazon, conducting active case detection, lesion sample collection, and risk factor assessment. The attack rate was 25% (76/303); the incubation period was 2–36 weeks (median = 8). Most cases had one lesion (66%), primarily ulcerative (49%), and in the legs (57%). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identified Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (59/61 = 97%) and L. (V.) guyanensis (2/61 = 3%). Being male (risk ratio [RR] = 4.01; P = 0.034), not wearing long-sleeve clothes (RR = 1.71; P = 0.005), and sleeping in open rooms (RR = 1.80; P = 0.009) were associated with CL. Sodium stibogluconate therapy had a 41% cure rate, less than previously reported in Peru (70%; P < 0.001). After emphasizing pre-deployment education and other basic prevention measures, trainees in the following year had lower incidence (1/278 = 0.4%; P < 0.001). Basic prevention can reduce CL risk in deployed militaries.

Alors que de nombreuses études scientifiques pointent l’intérêt de mettre en place des dispositifs de formation exploitant le visionnage de vidéos, il existe peu de preuves empiriques quant aux retombées de ce type d’aménagement sur l’activité professionnelle des enseignants novices. Cette étude a donc pour objet premier d’analyser les activités de formation exploitant le visionnage de vidéos et leurs effets sur l’activité professionnelle d’enseignants novices. Cette étude s’inscrit dans un programme de recherche sur la formation professionnelle dont les soubassements épistémologiques sont issus d’une anthropologie culturaliste principalement inspirée de la philosophie analytique de Wittgenstein (2004). Elle a été menée dans le cadre d’un dispositif innovant de formation par alternance articulant des séquences d’enseignement en établissement scolaire et de formation exploitant le visionnage de vidéos menées à l’université. Les principaux résultats de cette étude et leur discussion mettent en exergue que le visionnage de vidéos constitue un moyen privilégié d’alimenter certaines capacités normatives permettant aux enseignants novices d’analyser leur enseignement ou celui d’autrui, de le planifier, et de le réaliser de façon plus adéquate en classe. Dans certaines circonstances, l’expérience vécue lors du visionnage de vidéos leur permet en effet de « s’approcher » de l’expérience d’enseignement sans toutefois s’y substituer. Parallèlement, cette étude montre que le recours au visionnage de vidéos complexifie parfois l’activité de chacun des formateurs impliqués dans le dispositif et plus largement la mise en place d’un véritable collectif de formation. / Many studies have demonstrated the interest of video-based training, but few have provided empirical evidence of its impact on the professional activity of novice teachers. The principal aim of this study was thus to investigate the activities in a video-based training program and assess their effects on the teaching activity of novice teachers. This study is part of a much broader research program on vocational training. The field of cultural anthropology, much inspired by Wittgenstein’s analytical philosophy (2004), provides the epistemological foundations for this work. The study was conducted within an innovative framework with alternating sequences of classroom teaching in the schools and video-based analysis at the university. The main results and the discussion provide evidence that video viewing aids in the development of certain normative capacities, thereby better equipping novice teachers to analyse their own or others’ teaching activity, as well as to plan and carry it out more effectively in the classroom. In certain circumstances, the experience lived during these video viewing sessions allows them to “approach” the experience of teaching without, however, actually substituting for it. The study also shows that using video sometimes increases the complexity of trainers’ activity and, more broadly, the construction of a veritable training collective.

Un des objectifs des politiques éducatives européennes en matière de formation professionnelle des enseignants novices consiste à consolider les partenariats entre les universités et les établissements scolaires. Sur le plan scientifique, la majorité des études pointent l’importance de renforcer la collaboration entre les formateurs de ces deux institutions par des dispositifs fondés sur le modèle des « communautés de pratique » (Lave & Wenger, 1991). Or, ces études restent souvent peu précises sur la nature de leurs activités au sein de tels dispositifs. Cette recherche vise à analyser les activités de formation d’un collectif de formateurs et leurs conséquences sur la formation professionnelle d’un enseignant novice.Cette étude s’appuie sur une lecture de la formation professionnelle des enseignants novices (Bertone, 2011 ; Chaliès, 2012) qui emprunte certains postulats à une théorie générale de l’apprentissage (Nelson, 2008) et de l’action collective (Wittgenstein, 2004). Cette lecture est ordonnée par trois activités de formation : (i) enseigner des règles pour permettre aux enseignants novices de signifier leur vécu et agir différemment en classe ; (ii) aménager des situations et contrôler les premiers suivis des règles pour leur permettre d’en constater les résultats ; (iii) accompagner leur développement en les aidant à interpréter les règles apprises.Cette recherche a été menée en collaboration avec deux collectifs de formation en éducation physique et sportive. Composé chacun d’un enseignant novice et de plusieurs formateurs, ces collectifs ont été mis en place lors d’un dispositif de formation par les visites. Deux types de données ont été recueillies : des données d’enregistrement audio-vidéo (des leçons et des entretiens de conseil pédagogique menés en suivant) ; des données d’autoconfrontation. Les données ont été analysées afin d’identifier les règles apprises et/ou suivies par les acteurs pour signifier leurs activités au cours de chacun des temps du dispositif.Les résultats montrent principalement l’intérêt pour le collectif de formateurs : (i) de mener une activité d’enseignement (et éventuellement d’explication) ostensive pour permettre à l’enseignant novice de réaliser les premiers suivis des règles conformes à leurs attentes ; (ii) d’aménager les situations de classe pour faciliter son constat des résultats attendus des règles préalablement enseignées ; (iii) d’accompagner son développement en l’aidant à faire usage des règles apprises dans de nouvelles circonstances. / One of the aims of European education policies in terms of professional training of pre-service teachers consists inconsolidating partnerships between universities and schools. At the scientific level, most studies emphasize the importance of strengthening the collaboration between trainers in both institutions through training programs based on the model of the “communities of practice” (Lave & Wenger, 1991). However, those studies do not really specify the nature of the activities organized in such programs. This study aims at analyzing the training activities of a team of trainers and their consequences on the professional training of pre-service teachers. It leans on a way of reading professional training of pre-service teachers (Bertone, 2011 ; Chaliès, 2012) which borrows some premises from a more global theory about learning (Nelson, 2008) and collective action (Wittgenstein, 2004). This way of reading is structured around three training activities : (i) teaching rules to enable pre-service teachers to give meaning to their experience and behave differently in class ; (ii) adjusting situations and checking the first instances of rule-following to enable them to observe the expected results; (iii) working along with them by helping them to interpret the rules they have learnt.This study was conducted together with two training teams in Physical Education. Every team was made up of one pre-service teacher and several trainers. They were created during training visits. Two sorts of data were gathered : audio and video recordings (of the lessons and of post-lesson interviews that had followed) ; self-confrontation data. Those information were analyzed so as to identify the rules that had been learnt and / or followed by the actors in order to give meaning to their activities in every step of the program.Results mainly show the significance, for the team of trainers, in : (i) carrying out a ostensive teaching activity (together with, possibly, an explanation), to enable the pre-service teachers to check if the first instances of rule-following are respected as they had planned ; (ii) adjusting class situations to make it easier to observe the results expected from the rules he would have taught beforehand ; (iii) working along with them in their professional development by helping them to use these very rules to new circumstances.

O tema equilíbrio químico está presente em grande parte das disciplinas dos currículos de Química, pois a compreensão deste tema contribui para a interpretação de diversos aspectos das transformações químicas, como em processos naturais e industriais. Dessa forma, a abordagem desse conteúdo é considerada essencial para a formação do professor de Química. A literatura relata as dificuldades de ensino-aprendizagem do equilíbrio químico, devido à abstração necessária para compreender principalmente o nível teórico-conceitual. O aluno muitas vezes não consegue transitar nos três níveis do conhecimento químico (fenomenológico, representacional e teórico-conceitual). Neste contexto, foram feitas as seguintes questões de pesquisa: Como os licenciandos mobilizam os três níveis do conhecimento químico nas metodologias de ensino propostas? Como contribuir na superação das dificuldades na aprendizagem dos conceitos de equilíbrio químico em soluções aquosas?Para responder a essas questões foram propostas neste trabalho quatro atividades: a) Algumas características das soluções aquosas; b) A Química do Celobar®; c) Sistema tampão e d) Acidente em Mariana (MG) e seus impactos ambientais. Essas atividades em sequência de ensino foram aplicadas e analisadas no contexto de uma disciplina introdutória de Química Analítica. Participaram da pesquisa estudantes de duas turmas do terceiro semestre do curso de Licenciatura em Química. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa, e foi baseada principalmente nos aportes teóricos de Vigotski e Bachelard. Por meio da análise dos diálogos e respostas escritas dos grupos, além das dificuldades inerentes ao conceito de equilíbrio químico, observamos também que obstáculos epistemológicos surgiram como entraves para a compreensão do tema. Assim, por meio do trabalho cooperativo de construção do conhecimento e da mediação pedagógica foi possível a reelaboração do conceito científico adequado para superar o obstáculo. A linguagem expressa nos diálogos, bem como as respostas escritas, foram as ferramentas de investigação para compreendermos a mobilização nos três níveis, e o avanço na construção dos conceitos científicos. Ao final da disciplina na ultima atividade os alunos resgataram os conceitos científicos desenvolvendo com sucesso a marcha analítica. A metodologia utilizada como uma sequencia de atividades sobre os conceitos de equilíbrio químico poderá contribuir para a melhoria do ensino-aprendizagem deste conteúdo na formação de professores de Química / The topic chemical equilibrium is present in most disciplines of the Chemistry curriculum, because the understanding of this topic contributes to the interpretation of several aspects of the chemical transformations, as in natural and industrial processes. Thus, this content is considered essential for the training of chemistry teachers. The literature reports the teaching-learning difficulties of chemical equilibrium, due to the abstraction necessary to understand mainly the theoretical-conceptual level. The student can not to articulate the three levels of chemical knowledge (phenomenological, representational and theoretical-conceptual. In this context, the following research questions arose: How do undergraduate chemistry students articulate the three levels of chemical knowledge in the proposed teaching strategies? How to contribute to overcoming difficulties in learning the concepts of chemical equilibrium in aqueous solutions? In order to answer these questions, were proposed in this work four activities: a) Some characteristics of aqueous solutions; b) Chemistry of Celobar®; c) Buffer System and d) Accident in Mariana (MG) and its environmental impacts. These activities in sequence of teaching were applied and analyzed in the introductory discipline of Analytical Chemistry, participated in the research students of two classes of the third semester of the chemistry graduation. This research is qualitative and was based on the theoretical contributions of Vygotsky and Bachelard. Through the analysis of the dialogues and written responses of the groups, besides the difficulties inherent to the concept of chemical equilibrium, we also observed that epistemological obstacles appeared as hurdle to understanding of the topic. Thus, through the cooperative work of knowledge construction and pedagogical mediation, it was possible to rework the appropriate scientific concept to overcome the obstacle. The language expressed in the dialogues, as well as the written responses, were the research tools for understanding mobilization at all three levels, and advancing the construction of scientific concepts. At the end of the discipline in last activity the students rescued the scientific concepts by successfully developing the analytical separation. The methodology used as a sequence of activities about concepts of chemical equilibrium may contribute to the improvement of teaching-learning this content in the training of chemistry teachers

O tema equilíbrio químico está presente em grande parte das disciplinas dos currículos de Química, pois a compreensão deste tema contribui para a interpretação de diversos aspectos das transformações químicas, como em processos naturais e industriais. Dessa forma, a abordagem desse conteúdo é considerada essencial para a formação do professor de Química. A literatura relata as dificuldades de ensino-aprendizagem do equilíbrio químico, devido à abstração necessária para compreender principalmente o nível teórico-conceitual. O aluno muitas vezes não consegue transitar nos três níveis do conhecimento químico (fenomenológico, representacional e teórico-conceitual). Neste contexto, foram feitas as seguintes questões de pesquisa: Como os licenciandos mobilizam os três níveis do conhecimento químico nas metodologias de ensino propostas? Como contribuir na superação das dificuldades na aprendizagem dos conceitos de equilíbrio químico em soluções aquosas?Para responder a essas questões foram propostas neste trabalho quatro atividades: a) Algumas características das soluções aquosas; b) A Química do Celobar®; c) Sistema tampão e d) Acidente em Mariana (MG) e seus impactos ambientais. Essas atividades em sequência de ensino foram aplicadas e analisadas no contexto de uma disciplina introdutória de Química Analítica. Participaram da pesquisa estudantes de duas turmas do terceiro semestre do curso de Licenciatura em Química. Esta é uma pesquisa qualitativa, e foi baseada principalmente nos aportes teóricos de Vigotski e Bachelard. Por meio da análise dos diálogos e respostas escritas dos grupos, além das dificuldades inerentes ao conceito de equilíbrio químico, observamos também que obstáculos epistemológicos surgiram como entraves para a compreensão do tema. Assim, por meio do trabalho cooperativo de construção do conhecimento e da mediação pedagógica foi possível a reelaboração do conceito científico adequado para superar o obstáculo. A linguagem expressa nos diálogos, bem como as respostas escritas, foram as ferramentas de investigação para compreendermos a mobilização nos três níveis, e o avanço na construção dos conceitos científicos. Ao final da disciplina na ultima atividade os alunos resgataram os conceitos científicos desenvolvendo com sucesso a marcha analítica. A metodologia utilizada como uma sequencia de atividades sobre os conceitos de equilíbrio químico poderá contribuir para a melhoria do ensino-aprendizagem deste conteúdo na formação de professores de Química / The topic chemical equilibrium is present in most disciplines of the Chemistry curriculum, because the understanding of this topic contributes to the interpretation of several aspects of the chemical transformations, as in natural and industrial processes. Thus, this content is considered essential for the training of chemistry teachers. The literature reports the teaching-learning difficulties of chemical equilibrium, due to the abstraction necessary to understand mainly the theoretical-conceptual level. The student can not to articulate the three levels of chemical knowledge (phenomenological, representational and theoretical-conceptual. In this context, the following research questions arose: How do undergraduate chemistry students articulate the three levels of chemical knowledge in the proposed teaching strategies? How to contribute to overcoming difficulties in learning the concepts of chemical equilibrium in aqueous solutions? In order to answer these questions, were proposed in this work four activities: a) Some characteristics of aqueous solutions; b) Chemistry of Celobar®; c) Buffer System and d) Accident in Mariana (MG) and its environmental impacts. These activities in sequence of teaching were applied and analyzed in the introductory discipline of Analytical Chemistry, participated in the research students of two classes of the third semester of the chemistry graduation. This research is qualitative and was based on the theoretical contributions of Vygotsky and Bachelard. Through the analysis of the dialogues and written responses of the groups, besides the difficulties inherent to the concept of chemical equilibrium, we also observed that epistemological obstacles appeared as hurdle to understanding of the topic. Thus, through the cooperative work of knowledge construction and pedagogical mediation, it was possible to rework the appropriate scientific concept to overcome the obstacle. The language expressed in the dialogues, as well as the written responses, were the research tools for understanding mobilization at all three levels, and advancing the construction of scientific concepts. At the end of the discipline in last activity the students rescued the scientific concepts by successfully developing the analytical separation. The methodology used as a sequence of activities about concepts of chemical equilibrium may contribute to the improvement of teaching-learning this content in the training of chemistry teachers

The main motive of this work is that real estate agents and professionals engaged in real estate activities are negatively perceived by society. We assume that the professional misconduct of estate agencies, often mentioned in the media, is due to a lack of professional expertise. Therefore, we deal with the issue of education level of skilled workers at the real estate market in the Czech Republic. In a sample of 72 respondents, we try to find the level of professional expertise. This thesis notes and compares legislative standards and criteria for the performance of real estate activity in the CR and abroad. Further maps initiatives to improve the expertise and efforts to change legislation that would generally lead to a controlled expertise increase of the real estate segment at the market. It touches, examines and attempts to define the basic columns of expertise required for qualified performance of real estate activities