No / This study investigated and characterised transdermal permeation of bioactive agents from a topically applied Arnica montana tincture. Permeation experiments conducted over 48 h used polydimethylsiloxane (silastic) and human epidermal membranes mounted in Franz-type diffusion cells with a methanol-water (50:50 v/v) receptor fluid. A commercially available tincture of A. montana L. derived from dried Spanish flower heads was a donor solution. Further donor solutions prepared from this stock tincture concentrated the tincture constituents 1, 2 and 10 fold and its sesquiterpene lactones 10 fold. Permeants were assayed using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Five components permeated through silastic membranes providing peaks with relative retention factors to an internal standard (santonin) of 0.28, 1.18, 1.45, 1.98 and 2.76, respectively. No permeant was detected within 12 h of applying the Arnica tincture onto human epidermal membranes. However, after 12 h, the first two of these components were detected. These were shown by Zimmermann reagent reaction to be sesquiterpene lactones and liquid chromatography/diode array detection/mass spectrometry indicated that these two permeants were 11,13-dihydrohelenalin (DH) analogues (methacrylate and tiglate esters). The same two components were also detected within 3 h of topical application of the 10-fold concentrated tincture and the concentrated sesquiterpene lactone extract.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-01-22T14:30:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 hudsoncaetanopolonini.pdf: 5158429 bytes, checksum: e80426644833041649bdb5efa0029dcc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-01-25T18:54:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 hudsoncaetanopolonini.pdf: 5158429 bytes, checksum: e80426644833041649bdb5efa0029dcc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-25T18:54:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hudsoncaetanopolonini.pdf: 5158429 bytes, checksum: e80426644833041649bdb5efa0029dcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-16 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / No capítulo primeiro, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de permeação do veículo transdérmico magistral Pentravan para sistemas de distribuição transdérmica contendo Progesterona (P), Estradiol (E2) e Estriol (E3), isoladamente ou em associação de E2 + E3 (Biest). Um modelo experimental de pele humana feminina excisada foi utilizado para prever a permeação e a retenção das substâncias ativas em todas as camadas da pele. Além disso, o processo de fabricação para as formulações foi avaliado quanto à uniformidade de conteúdo das emulsões. Os métodos analíticos eco-friendly desenvolvidos para quantificação de hormônios sexuais femininos em emulsões transdérmicas foram adequados aos objetivos, o que foi comprovado através da validação dos mesmos. A avaliação do processo de manipulação das emulsões revelou que as embalagens à vácuo atualmente utilizadas por farmácias magistrais foram adequadas ao uso, e a utilização de moinho de rolos desempenhou papel fundamental na uniformidade de conteúdo de Eemuls e Biest. As taxas de liberação in vitro dos fármacos a partir de suas formulações foram adequadamente altas, e todas as formulações seguiram cinética de pseudo-primeira ordem, típica de produtos semissólidos. O estudo de permeação ex vivo demonstrou que todos as formulações foram capazes de promover a absorção transdérmica dos hormônios em quantidades comparáveis às praticadas atualmente por produtos industrializados. No capítulo segundo, duas partículas de titanato de bário (BT), da ordem micrométrica e manométrica, foram avaliadas quanto ao seu impacto em ambientes aquáticos. Uma caracterização dos materiais foi realizada. A seguir, utilizou-se duas algas (Chlorella vulgaris e Euglena gracilis) e uma cianobactéria (Anabaena flos-aquae) como organismos-modelo para avaliação da toxicidade. Tanto BT MP (micropartícula) quanto BT NP (nanopartícula) se mostraram carregadas negativamente, facilmente agregáveis, com uma taxa de liberação de íons Ba2+ para os meios de cultura que não ultrapassa 1,5%. BT mostrou um efeito tóxico estatisticamente significativo (p<0,05) no crescimento e na viabilidade celular de C. vulgaris desde 1 ppm, o que parece ser mediado por um estresse oxidativo induzido pelas próprias partículas ou pelos íons Ba2+ liberados no meio de cultura. BT tem um efeito tóxico muito baixo no crescimento de A. flos-aquae, porém ambas partículas afetam a viabilidade celular desde a menor concentração testada, o que ocorre por efeito indireto das mesmas no estresse oxidativo das células. BT apresentou um efeito tóxico estatisticamente significativo (p<0,05) no crescimento e na viabilidade celular de E. gracilis desde 1 ppm, efeito relacionado à endocitose das partículas numa quantidade tal que levou a uma ruptura de suas membranas. BT induziu estresse em todos os organismos-teste, o que foi evidenciado pelo aumento na atividade da superóxido dismutase, pela diminuição da eficiência fotossintética e pela dimuição dos níveis intracelulares de ATP. O comportamento de BT em meios de cultura sintéticos e naturais são diferentes, sendo os efeitos tóxicos mais pronunciados quando o crescimento é dado em água do Rio Sena. O tamanho de BT parece não influenciar os efeitos produzidos sobre o crescimento dos micro-organismos – embora a inibição do crescimento tenha sido pronunciada com o nanomaterial. / In Chapter 1, we aimed to evaluate the performance of the transdermal permeation of Pentravan vehicle for transdermal delivery of coumpounded systems containing progesterone (P), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3), alone or as a combination of E2 + E3 (Biest). An experimental model of female excised human skin was used to predict the permeation and the retention of the active substances in all skin layers. Moreover, the manufacturing process for formulations were evaluated for content uniformity of the emulsions. The eco-friendly methods developed for quantification of female sex hormones in transdermal emulsions were appropriate, which has been proven through validation studies. The evaluation of the coumpounding process for the emulsions showed that the vacuum packaging currently used by pharmacies are suitable for use, and the use of roll mill played a key role in the uniformity of content for Eemuls and Biest. The in vitro release rates of the drugs from their formulations were adequately high, and all formulations followed pseudo-first order kinetics, typical of semisolid product. The ex vivo permeation study showed that all the formulations were able to promote transdermal absorption of hormones comparable to those currently practiced by industrialized products. In chapter 2, two particles of barium titanate (BT), micro- and nanosized, were evaluated for their impact on aquatic environments. A detailed characterization of the materials was carried out. We used two algae (Chlorella vulgaris and Euglena gracilis) and a cyanobacterium (Anabaena flos-aquae) as model-organisms for assessing toxicity. Both BT MP (microparticle) and BT NP (nanoparticle) were negative, easily aggregated, with a release rate of Ba2+ ions to media that did not exceed 1.5%. BT has a statistically significant toxic effect on cell growth and viability of C. vulgaris, from 1 ppm, which appears to be mediated by oxidative stress induced by the particles themselves or by Ba2+ ions released into the culture medium. BT has a very low toxic effect on the growth of A. flos-aquae, but both particles affect cell viability since the lowest concentration tested, which occurs by indirect effect on the cells. BT has a statistically significant toxic effect on cell growth and viability of E. gracilis, from 1 ppm, related to the effect of endocytosed particles in such an amount that a rupture of their membranes was caused. BT was able to stress all test-organisms, which was evidenced by the increase in superoxide dismutase activity, decreased photosynthetic efficiency and the decreased intracellular ATP levels. The behavior of BT in means of synthetic and natural culture was different, and the most pronounced toxic effects occurred when growth was given in water from the River Seine. The size of BT did not influence the effects on the growth of microorganisms - although growth inhibition has been more pronounced with the nanomaterial.

This thesis first briefly mentions the characteristics of the skin and contains a review of current knowledge on the in vitro permeation testing of drugs through the skin. It describes the basic data about nerve agents and the possibilities of prophylaxis poisoning warfare agents focusing on preventive transdermal administration. The experimental work is focused on in vitro testing abilities oxime HI-6 and posibly other reactivators enzyme acetylcholinesterase penetrate through pig skin. Experiments were conducted in static diffusion cells Franz type. The amount of test substance leaked through the skin is determined in the sample of receptor fluid by HPLC. Keywords permeation in vitro; transdermal; pig skin; Franz cell; substance HI-6; antidota; nerve agents; acetylcholinesterase

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Candidate: Pavel Hladký Consultant: PharmDr. Barbora Švecová, Ph.D. Title of Thesis: Formulation and (trans)dermal application of imiquimod Imiquimod (IMQ) is an active pharmaceutical substance which belongs to the group of heterocyclic imidazoquinolines. The mechanism of its effect is an induction of cellular immune response after topical administration, that is used for a treatment of tumors or viral diseases of the skin. In the Czech Republic it is available like a cream called Aldara® , the content of IMQ is 5 %. Although Aldara® is an effective medicine, many problems are associated with its use, especially high price, undesirable effects, disposable use, environmental pollution, etc. The aim of this work was to prepare new liposomes for topical administration containing lower ammount of IMQ (0.5 %) and evaluation of penetration of IMQ into human skin in vitro. To improve the entrance of the drug into the skin transdermal penetration enhancers were used. Permeation experiments were performed in Franz diffusion cells on human skin under conditions as close as possible to the physiological environment of the organism. Subsequently, the individual layers of the skin (stratum corneum, the epidermis,...