Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_mf_dr_arafcf.pdf: 489556 bytes, checksum: 3a823a4709ec5fb7e7742d4749cdba7f (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A resposta imunológica engloba amplo contexto envolvendo várias células, sendo o macrófago uma das mais importantes na resposta imune-celular. Os macrófagos peritoneais quando ativados liberam mais de cem compostos ao meio extracelular, entre eles os compostos reativos de oxigênio e de nitrogênio, além das citocinas: fator de necrose tumoral-a (TNF-a), interferon-g (IFN-g) e interleucinas (IL-1, 4, 6 e 12). Existem vários estímulos à membrana macrofágica que podem desencadear a liberação de NO, contribuindo para uma ação antimicrobiana, inflamatória, vasodilatadora, neurotransmissora, ou até mesmo de citotoxicidade ou inibição/ativação linfocitária e da agregação de plaquetas. Atualmente há uma forte tendência em se estudar produtos naturais quanto à capacidade de atuação no sistema imunológico. Os medicamentos homeopáticos, conhecidos há mais de 210 anos, visam à ativação das próprias defesas do organismo para eliminar a doença. Estudos baseados em cultivos obtidos de macrófagos podem ser úteis para um melhor entendimento da resposta imunológica. Considerando a importância farmacológica de Arnica montana L. (Asteraceae), planta originária das regiões montanhosas do norte da Europa, este estudo avaliou a liberação de H2O2, NO, TNF-a, IFN-g e IL-1, 4, 6 e 12 no sistema imunológico através de macrófagos peritoneais expostos a preparações fitoterápicas e homeopáticas desta planta. Os resultados mostraram que a Arnica montana L. foi capaz de promover a liberação de NO, TNF-a, IFN-g e IL-6. As preparações homeopáticas também apresentaram um efeito inibitório na produção de NO e TNF-a induzida pelo LPS. A análise dos resultados deste trabalho sugere que a Arnica montana L. pode modular a ativação dos macrófagos. / The immunological response includes wide context involving several cells, being the macrophage one of the most important in the cellular immune response. The peritoneal macrophages when activated they liberate more than a hundred compound to the environment extracellular, among them compound reactive of the oxygen and nitrogen and the tumoral necrosis factor -a (TNF-a), gamma-interferon and interleukynes. The nitric oxide (NO) it is synthesized by several cellular types through isoforms of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The enzyme inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) it produces NO starting from activators mechanisms macrophages. Several incentives to the membrane macrophagical that can unchain the liberation of NO, contributing to actions antibacterial, inflammatory, vasodilatation, neurotransmission, or even of citotoxicity or inhibition/activation of lymphocytes. Now there is a strong tendency in studying natural products with relationship to the capacity of performance in the immune system. Macrophages are involved in many different processes but their main function is to provide a defense line against microbial invasion and tumor cells. Once homeopathic medications are aimed at activation of the body's own defense mechanisms to fight an existing disease, assays based in macrophages culture may be useful to enlighten some questions. Considering the pharmacological importance of Arnica montana L. this study evaluated the action of NO in the immune system through peritoneal macrophages exposed to the preparations of this plant. The results showed that some of the tested preparations were capable to promote the liberation of NO, TNF-a, INF- e IL-6 in cultures of peritoneal macrophages murine. A relationship among the synthesis of NO and TNF- was observed. Analyzing the results, it is suggested that preparations of Arnica montana L. can modulate macrophage activation.

M.Tech.

M.Tech. / Haemostasis is an internal mechanism to stop bleeding from a damaged blood vessel. Conceptually this process occurs in a number of essential steps following tissue injury. Although the herbal preparation of Arnica montana has been well documented for its tendency to prolong bleeding, according to the Law of Similars, homeopathically prepared Arnica montana 6C is well indicated for traumatic injuries and post surgical bruising. Arnica montana 6C can be used when there is mechanical trauma that causes wounds, haemorrhages, haematomas, sore-bruised bone and muscular pains, inflammations, fractures, muscular strains and sprains. The remedy is often prescribed before and immediately after surgery to reduce post-operative pain and to speed up recuperation. Three in vitro studies conducted at the Technikon Witwatersrand (now the University of Johannesburg) on various potencies of homeopathically prepared Arnica montana showed lowered overall coagubility of blood, but no significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Bengsch (2000), Hohl (2005), Vermeulen (2000) and van Tonder (2005) recommended that studies on the effect of homeopathically prepared Arnica montana on blood coagulability be repeated in vivo. This study formed part of a three part in vivo study to determine the effect of Arnica montana homeopathic preparations on blood coagulation by measuring the Bleeding Time (BT), activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aP'TT) and Prothrombin Time (PT). This study investigated the effect of Arnica montana 6C on these measurements. Eighty participants were allocated a participant number and randomised by the research supervisor into four groups of twenty participants. Twenty participants were in the placebo group that was shared by all three studies. Twenty participants were allocated to the experimental group for this study. The study was conducted over a period of two weeks at the University of Johannesburg (UJ) Doomfontein Campus Homeopathy Health Centre. Consenting participants were screened by means of a questionnaire (Appendix D) regarding relevant medical history and other background information. A case history was taken and a physical examination was performed. Any prospective participants that were diagnosed with and/or suffer from hypertension, hypotension, heart disease, a iii bleeding disorder, anaemia, iron or any vitamin deficiency, liver disease, malaria or are currently on aspirin or anticoagulants (Appendix D) were excluded from the study. The bleeding time was measured by a trained medical technologist using a standardised bleeding time technique. Blood samples drawn by a phlebotomist went for coagulation tests comprising of aPTT and PT at the NHLS Main Haematology laboratory of the Johannesburg Hospital. Twenty participants were given a 25mL bottle of Arnica montana 6C in 20% ethanol. Twenty participants received an identical bottle containing only 20% ethanol. All participants were requested to take ten drops twice a day for two weeks. All three coagulation test measurements were performed again at the end of the second week. The BT, PT and aPTT results were analysed by using ordinary descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation. Changes over time in blood coagulation were ascertained utilising ANOVA (analysis of variance). The results showed that there is no statistically significant difference between the experimental and control group in BT, aPTT and PT. There was also no statistically significant difference between the first BT, PT and aPTT before medication and the second BT, PT and aPTT after two weeks of medication. The results of the study support the hypothesis that Arnica montana 6C would have no effect on the bleeding or coagulation times in vivo. These results support the view that prescribing the remedy before surgery is not likely to increase the post surgical risk of haemorrhage

M.Tech. (Homoeopathy) / Haemostasis is defined as the arrest of bleeding by formation of a haemostatic plug or clot. The herb Arnica montana interferes with this process thus resulting in increased bleeding. Homoeopathic physicians use Arnica montana in a potentised form for the treatment of post-operative swelling, pain and ecchymosis but little is known on what effect this potentised form of Arnica montana has on blood coagulation and bleeding time. This study forms part of a three part in vivo study to determine the effects of various homoeopathic potencies of Arnica montana on blood coagulation. This was done by measuring the Bleeding Time (BT), activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and the International Normalised Ratio (INR) of Prothrombin Time (PT). The aim of this particular study is to investigate the in vivo effect of Arnica montana 30C on blood coagulation and Bleeding Time. This study is a double blind, placebo controlled study that took place over a period of two weeks. A total sample group for the three part study consisted of eighty healthy participants between the ages of eighteen to thirty five. Consenting participants that met the criteria were randomised into four groups of twenty each. One group for each part of the three part study were the experimental group and one group was allocated to the placebo group that was shared by all three studies. BT was taken as well as blood samples which underwent coagulation tests (aPTT and INR). Twenty participants received Arnica montana 30C in 20% ethanol and twenty participants received an identical bottle containing 20% ethanol. After two weeks another blood sample was taken where all three coagulation test measurements were repeated. The results of the BT, INR and aPTT were analysed using Statkon Statistical Package for Social Sciences. This showed no statistical difference between the experimental or control group with regard to BT, INR and aPTT. The results indicate that Arnica montana 30C appears to have no effect on Bleeding Time..

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:47:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_df_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 854052 bytes, checksum: 13482abb726734afc7f37eeff2bffee7 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Avaliou-se o efeito analgésico de Arnica em comparação à utilização de cetoprofeno, no pós operatório de 50 gatas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia (OSH). Para tanto, as gatas foram divididas em cinco grupos (n=10) e de forma aleatória os animais foram tratados com 1 ml de Arnica 30DH SC (GA30SC); Arnica 30 DH VO (VO) (GA30VO); Arnica 6 DH VO (GA6VO); 2mg/kg de cetoprofeno SC (GC) na primeira aplicação, e 1mg/Kg nas restantes ou 0,1mg/kg de morfina SC (GM). Após 30 minutos realizou-se a OSH e os animais foram avaliados quanto à sedação e dor pós-operatória, por meio de EAV, ECV e hiperalgesia, pelo limiar mecânico nociceptivo por meio dos monofilamentos de Von Frey. Quando o escore da ECV e EAVID atingiram 33% do valor máximo foi realizado o resgate analgésico administrando-se 0,3 mg/kg de morfina IM. Além das escalas anteriormente citadas também foi observado a ocorrência de emese, defecação, micção, peso e cicatrização. Com exceção dos animais tratados com morfina, não houve incidência de vômito. Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos na defecação, micção, peso e cicatrização. A hiperalgesia foi observada apenas nos momentos em que a EAVID e ECV ultrapassaram 33%, isto é nos momentos em que foi realizado o resgate analgésico. O cetoprofeno e a morfina foram mais eficazes que a Arnica, não houve diferença entre as dinamizações 6DH e 30DH VO, nem entre as vias SC e oral de administração da Arnica em gatas submetidas à OSH / The analgesic effect of Arnica was compared to ketoprofen in 50 cats undergoing ovariosalpingohysterectomy (OSH). Cats were randomly divided into five groups of same number (n=10). The animals were treated with 1 ml of Arnica montana 30DH subcutaneously (SC) (GA30SC); Arnica montana 30 DH orally (GA30VO); Arnica montana 6 DH orally (GA6VO); 2 mg/kg of ketoprofen SC (GC) or 0.1 mg/kg of morphine SC (GM). Surgery was performed 30 minutes after treatments and the animals were evaluated for sedation and postoperative pain through visual analogue scale (VAS), variable count scale (VCS) and hyperalgesia, measuring the mechanical nociceptive threshold by von Frey monofilaments. When VAS and VCS score reached 33% of the of the maximum, analgesic rescue was performed by administering 0.3 mg/kg of morphine intramuscularly. Occurrence of vomiting, stools, urine output, weight and healing was evaluated in addition to the aforementioned scales. Except for the animals treated with morphine, there was no vomiting. There was no significant difference between groups in the stools, urine output, weight and healing. The hyperalgesia was observed only when the VCS exceeded 33% of the total score, when animals received rescue analgesia, but there were no differences between groups. Ketoprofen and morphine were more effective than Arnica montana for postoperative analgesia in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. There was no difference between oral Arnica montana at 6DH and 30DH or subcutaneous and oral administration of Arnica montana in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy

M.Tech. / The homoeopathic medicine Arnica montana is often prescribed in cases of trauma, before and after surgery and in cases where there is bleeding. Many conventional medical practitioners, however, do not advise its use for the above complaints due to the herbally prepared Arnica montana mother tincture containing coumarin derivatives which are said to have an anti-coagulant effect and cause a potential risk of bleeding. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the in vivo effect of the complex remedy Arnica montana composing of potencies 6C, 30C and 200C on coagulation and bleeding. This study forms part of a three part in vivo study to determine the effect of homoeopathic Arnica montana in various potencies on blood coagulation. The effect of Arnica montana on blood coagulation was evaluated by measuring the Bleeding Time (BT), activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT). This is a double blind, placebo controlled trial with a total sample group of eighty healthy participants between the ages of eighteen to thirty five. As this study forms part of a three part study the total sample group was shared. Twenty participants were allocated to the placebo group and received 20% ethanol. Twenty participants were allocated to the experimental group and received the complex homoeopathic preparation of Arnica montana 6C, 30C and 200C in 20% ethanol. The Bleeding Time was measured by a trained medical technologist and blood samples underwent coagulation tests comprising of aPTT and PT. The study was conducted over a period of two weeks at the UJ Doornfontein Campus Homoeopathy Health Centre. After two weeks another venous sample was drawn by the phlebotomist and sent away for the same coagulation studies as described above. The technologist again measured the Bleeding Time. Results obtained from the Prothrombin Time, activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Bleeding Time tests pre- and post medication were compared and v analysed. Analysis of data was done using SPSS 15.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). Results showed that complex remedy Arnica montana 6C, 30C and 200C had no significant effect on blood coagulation and bleeding in vivo.

No / This study investigated and characterised transdermal permeation of bioactive agents from a topically applied Arnica montana tincture. Permeation experiments conducted over 48 h used polydimethylsiloxane (silastic) and human epidermal membranes mounted in Franz-type diffusion cells with a methanol-water (50:50 v/v) receptor fluid. A commercially available tincture of A. montana L. derived from dried Spanish flower heads was a donor solution. Further donor solutions prepared from this stock tincture concentrated the tincture constituents 1, 2 and 10 fold and its sesquiterpene lactones 10 fold. Permeants were assayed using a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Five components permeated through silastic membranes providing peaks with relative retention factors to an internal standard (santonin) of 0.28, 1.18, 1.45, 1.98 and 2.76, respectively. No permeant was detected within 12 h of applying the Arnica tincture onto human epidermal membranes. However, after 12 h, the first two of these components were detected. These were shown by Zimmermann reagent reaction to be sesquiterpene lactones and liquid chromatography/diode array detection/mass spectrometry indicated that these two permeants were 11,13-dihydrohelenalin (DH) analogues (methacrylate and tiglate esters). The same two components were also detected within 3 h of topical application of the 10-fold concentrated tincture and the concentrated sesquiterpene lactone extract.

Esta revisão de literatura teve como principal objetivo, coletar o maior número de dados sobre o medicamento homeopático Arnica montana referentes a pós-operatórios cirúrgicos, que avaliaram dor e edema. Como as pesquisas são acompanhadas de outras mensurações como hemorragia, trismo, atividade antibacteriana e redutor de ansiedade pós-operatórios, incluíram-se alguns comentários a respeito. Sob nosso ponto de vista, existe uma imensa quantidade de informações que está longe de resolver a dúvida que paira sobre a utilização deste medicamento. Até o presente momento, existem duas correntes: os crentes na Homeopatia e os indecisos. Elementos que parecem comprovador são a eficácia do medicamento entre aqueles que possuem experiência clínica, e efeitos reais em indivíduos “sensíveis". Esta revisão foi capaz de comprovar que um grande número de autores é favorável à utilização do medicamento homeopático Arnica montana atuando sobre a dor e edema pós-operatórios em cirurgia. Que a homeopatia funciona, não existem dúvidas; entretanto se faz necessário uma padronização das pesquisas entre aqueles que utilizam a homeopatia. / Homeopathy remains one of the most controversial subjects in therapeutics. A systematic review, evaluate the use of Arnica montana in postoperative maxillofacial surgery when attempting to relieve pain and swelling. We conclude that the effects of Arnica are beneficial but they are better when used in association with others homeopathic drugs or by surgeons who have general clinical experience or by those who believe in effects of these drugs (either patients and surgeons). Although there are no records about this kind of research, there is no doubt that homeopathy works, it is just that we do not know exactly how. This issue merits further investigation.

Esta revisão de literatura teve como principal objetivo, coletar o maior número de dados sobre o medicamento homeopático Arnica montana referentes a pós-operatórios cirúrgicos, que avaliaram dor e edema. Como as pesquisas são acompanhadas de outras mensurações como hemorragia, trismo, atividade antibacteriana e redutor de ansiedade pós-operatórios, incluíram-se alguns comentários a respeito. Sob nosso ponto de vista, existe uma imensa quantidade de informações que está longe de resolver a dúvida que paira sobre a utilização deste medicamento. Até o presente momento, existem duas correntes: os crentes na Homeopatia e os indecisos. Elementos que parecem comprovador são a eficácia do medicamento entre aqueles que possuem experiência clínica, e efeitos reais em indivíduos “sensíveis”. Esta revisão foi capaz de comprovar que um grande número de autores é favorável à utilização do medicamento homeopático Arnica montana atuando sobre a dor e edema pós-operatórios em cirurgia. Que a homeopatia funciona, não existem dúvidas; entretanto se faz necessário uma padronização das pesquisas entre aqueles que utilizam a homeopatia. / Homeopathy remains one of the most controversial subjects in therapeutics. A systematic review, evaluate the use of Arnica montana in postoperative maxillofacial surgery when attempting to relieve pain and swelling. We conclude that the effects of Arnica are beneficial but they are better when used in association with others homeopathic drugs or by surgeons who have general clinical experience or by those who believe in effects of these drugs (either patients and surgeons). Although there are no records about this kind of research, there is no doubt that homeopathy works, it is just that we do not know exactly how. This issue merits further investigation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_ROSANGELA_27_07_2010.pdf: 365704 bytes, checksum: 8693ef1479aaa7da6e5196fc24998278 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-31 / The homeopathic medicament Arnica montana have been frequent used in the postoperative, result in reduce of the inflammatory process. This blind study aimed to evaluate the effects of Arnica montana 12CH and ketoprofen in acute pain postoperative of bitches submitted to ovariohisterectomy. Sixteen bitches were pre-medicated with acepromazine 0.2% (0.05mg/Kg IV) followed by anesthetic induction with propofol (5mg/kg IV) and maintained with isoflurane. The animals were randomly distributed in two groups: GC (n=8) treatment with ketoprofen (1mg/Kg PO, q 12h), 60 minutes before surgical incision; GA (n=8) treatment with Arnica montana 12CH (5 globules, q 8h) 60 minutes before surgical incision. Ketoprofen and Arnica montana treatments were administered for 24 hours after surgery. Heart and respiratory rates, systolic arterial pressure, rectal temperature, arterial blood gases, end tidal isoflurane concentration (ETiso), end tidal CO2 concentration (ETCO2), duration of surgery, time to endotracheal extubation, time to post-anesthetic recovery and cortisol serum concentration were assessed. Analgesia and edema degree were evaluated by score system Additional morphine (0.5 mg/kg IM) was given when the analgesia was insufficient. Statistical analyses were performed by Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. Degree of analgesia and edema did not differ between the groups. Rescue analgesia was administered to four dogs in the GA group (50%) and to five dogs (62.5%) in the GC group. It was concluded that similar analgesic, anti-inflammatory and neuroendocrine effects were provide by ketoprofen and Arnica montana treatment. However, rescue analgesia was required in the two groups, suggesting that both promote insufficient analgesia and they did not inhibit the stress response when administered isolated in bitches submitted to ovariohisterectomy. / O medicamento homeopático Arnica montana tem sido frequentemente utilizado no pós-operatório, resultando em redução do processo inflamatório. Este estudo cego teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da Arnica montana 12CH e do cetoprofeno na dor aguda pós-operatória de cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingohisterectomia (OSH). Dezesseis cadelas foram pré-medicadas com acepromazina 0,2% (0,05mg/kg IV), seguindo-se indução e manutenção anestésica com propofol (5mg/kg, IV) e isofluorano, respectivamente. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos: GC (n=8): tratamento com cetoprofeno (1mg/kg VO), 60 minutos antes da incisão cirúrgica, administrado a cada 12 horas; GA (n=8): tratamento com Arnica montana 12CH (5 glóbulos, VO), 60 minutos antes da incisão cirúrgica, administrado a cada 8 horas. Tanto o cetoprofeno, quanto a Arnica montana foram administrados no período de 24h. Foram avaliados frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (f), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), temperatura retal (TºC), variáveis hemogasométricas, concentração final expirada de isofluorano (ETiso), concentração final expirada de dióxido de carbono (ETCO2), tempo cirúrgico, tempo de extubação, tempo de recuperação pós-anestésica e concentração sérica de cortisol. O grau de analgesia foi avaliado mediante escala descritiva numérica e o grau de edema mediante escore (0-3), às 1, 3, 6, 12 e 24 horas após o término do procedimento cirúrgico. Em casos de analgesia insuficiente foi realizada suplementação com morfina (0,5mg/kg IM). A estatística foi realizada mediante teste de Wilcoxon e Mann-Withney, ao nível de 95% de significância. Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação ao grau de analgesia e edema. Analgesia de resgate foi necessária em quatro animais (50%) tratados com Arnica montana e cinco animais (62,5%) tratados com cetoprofeno. O cortisol não variou entre os grupos, porém foi superior em relação ao basal durante a cirurgia e na primeira hora após o término da mesma. Conclui-se que o cetoprofeno e a Arnica montana resultam em efeitos analgésico, antiinflamatório e neuroendócrino semelhantes, com necessidade de analgesia de resgate nos dois tratamentos, sugerindo que ambos são insuficientes para a modulação nociceptiva e incapazes de modular a resposta de estresse trans e pós-cirúrgica imediata quando empregados isoladamente, em cadelas submetidas à OSH.