Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on Feb. 2, 2010). Includes bibliographical references.

Berlin, Freie Universität, Thesis (doctoral), 2002.

Pulmonary fibrosis is a potentially deadly pathology characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM), increased tissue stiffness, and loss of tissue structure and function. Recent evidence has suggested epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), the transdifferentiation of an epithelial cell into a mesenchymal fibroblast, is one mechanism that results in the accumulation of myofibroblasts and excessive deposition of ECM. EMT is a highly orchestrated process involving the integration of biochemical signals from specific integrin mediated interactions with ECM proteins and soluble growth factors including TGFβ. TGFβ, a potent inducer of EMT, can be activated by cell contraction mediated mechanical release of the growth factor from a macromolecular latent complex. Therefore, TGFβ activity and subsequent EMT may be influenced by both the biochemical composition and biophysical state of the surrounding ECM. Based on these knowns it was first investigated how changes in the biochemical composition of the matrix and changes in tissue rigidity together modulate EMT due to changes in epithelial cell contraction and TGFβ activation. Here we show that integrin specific interactions with fibronectin (Fn) variants displaying both the RGD and PHSRN binding sites facilitate cell binding through α3β1 and α5β1 integrins, and that these interactions maintain an epithelial phenotype despite engagement of increased tissue rigidities. Conversely, Fn fragments that facilitate cell binding through αv integrins drive TGFβ activation and subsequent EMT even while engaging soft underlying substrates. Adding to the complexity of studying mechanisms that contribute to pulmonary fibrosis, is exposure of the lung to injuries from environmental particulates. Therefore, we investigated how EMT is altered in response to particulate matter (PM). Here we show that PM exposure further drives TGFβ activation, EMT, and increases intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, cells binding the ECM through α5β1 and α3β1 integrins only partially recover an epithelial phenotype, suggesting ROS may be a secondary driver of TGFβ and EMT. Taken together these results suggest dynamic changes to the ECM microenvironment are major contributors to the control of EMT responses and provide insights into the design of biomaterial-based microenvironments for control of epithelial cell phenotype.

Immunotherapy has been proposed as an alternative to conventional cancer therapies due to its reduced toxicity and ability to induce long-lasting anti-tumor immune responses. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination is one immune-based anti-cancer strategy that has received attention due to the ability of DC to process and present antigen to T lymphocytes to initiate immune responses. However, the clinical efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy against established cancers in humans has been extremely low and despite recent advances, objective response rates in DC vaccine trials are rarely above 10%. This lack of efficacy is due in part to immunosuppressive factors, such as transforming growth factor &beta (TGF-&beta), present in the tumor microenvironment that promote tumor immune escape. Therefore, TGF-&beta represents a major barrier to effective cancer immunotherapy and strategies to neutralize this cytokine may lead to more efficacious DC vaccines.In this study, we employed two small molecule transforming growth factor &beta receptor type I (T&betaRI/ALK5) kinase inhibitors (HTS466284 and SM16) in combination with DC vaccines to treat established TGF-&beta-secreting 4T1 mammary tumors. The results demonstrate that while both inhibitors blocked the effects of TGF-&beta in vitro, HTS466284 by itself or in combination with DC vaccination was unable to consistently control the growth and metastasis of established 4T1 tumors. In contrast, SM16 inhibited the growth of established tumors when delivered orally and suppressed the formation of pulmonary metastases when delivered orally or via daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. The efficacy of SM16 was dependent on cellular immunity as this drug had no effect in immunodeficient SCID mice. Furthermore, orally delivered SM16 in combination with DC vaccination led to complete tumor regression in several mice that correlated with increased T cell infiltration of the primary tumor and enhanced in vitro IFN-gamma production and tumor-specific cytolytic activity by splenocytes. Finally, a suboptimal dose of SM16 that failed to control primary tumor growth on its own synergized with DC vaccination to inhibit the growth of established 4T1 tumors. These findings suggest that blockade of TGF-&beta signaling using a small molecule T&betaRI/ALK5 kinase antagonist may be an effective strategy to bolster the efficacy of DC-based cancer vaccines.

The dentate gyrus is a region that hosts most of the hippocampal cells in mammals. Nevertheless, its role in spatial memory remains poorly understood, especially in light of the recently-studied phenomenon of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its possible role in aging and chronic brain disease. We found that chronic over-expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), a cytokine involved in neurodegenerative disease, results in several modifications of brain structure, including volumetric changes and persistent astrogliosis. Furthermore, TGFbeta1 over-expression affects the generation of new neurons, leading to an increased number of neurons in the dentate gyrus and deficits in spatial memory acquisition and storage in aged mice. Nonetheless, reducing neurogenesis via pharmacological treatment impairs spatial memory in juvenile mice but not in adult or aged mice. This suggests that the addition of new cells to hippocampal circuitry, and not the increased plasticity of these cells, is the most relevant role of neurogenesis in spatial memory. We tested this idea by modifying proliferation in the dentate gyrus at several ages using multiple techniques and evaluating the incorporation of newborn neurons into hippocampal circuitry. We found that all granule neurons, recently generated or not, have the same probability of being incorporated. Therefore, the number of new neurons participating in memory circuits is proportional to their availability. Our conclusion is that adult-generated cells have the same functional relevance as those generated during development. Together, our data show that the dentate gyrus is important for memory processing and that adult neurogenesis may be relevant to its functionality by optimizing the number of neurons for memory processing. The equilibrium between neurogenesis and optimal dentate gyrus size is disrupted when TGFbeta1 is chronically increased, which occurs in neurodegenerative pathologies, leading to cognitive impairment in aged animals.

The dentate gyrus is a region that hosts most of the hippocampal cells in mammals. Nevertheless, its role in spatial memory remains poorly understood, especially in light of the recently-studied phenomenon of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its possible role in aging and chronic brain disease. We found that chronic over-expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1), a cytokine involved in neurodegenerative disease, results in several modifications of brain structure, including volumetric changes and persistent astrogliosis. Furthermore, TGFbeta1 over-expression affects the generation of new neurons, leading to an increased number of neurons in the dentate gyrus and deficits in spatial memory acquisition and storage in aged mice. Nonetheless, reducing neurogenesis via pharmacological treatment impairs spatial memory in juvenile mice but not in adult or aged mice. This suggests that the addition of new cells to hippocampal circuitry, and not the increased plasticity of these cells, is the most relevant role of neurogenesis in spatial memory. We tested this idea by modifying proliferation in the dentate gyrus at several ages using multiple techniques and evaluating the incorporation of newborn neurons into hippocampal circuitry. We found that all granule neurons, recently generated or not, have the same probability of being incorporated. Therefore, the number of new neurons participating in memory circuits is proportional to their availability. Our conclusion is that adult-generated cells have the same functional relevance as those generated during development. Together, our data show that the dentate gyrus is important for memory processing and that adult neurogenesis may be relevant to its functionality by optimizing the number of neurons for memory processing. The equilibrium between neurogenesis and optimal dentate gyrus size is disrupted when TGFbeta1 is chronically increased, which occurs in neurodegenerative pathologies, leading to cognitive impairment in aged animals.

The Snail1 transcriptional repressor is a key factor responsible in triggering epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Although Snail1 is widely expressed in early development, it is limited in adult animals to a subset of mesenchymal cells where it has a largely unknown function. In this project we have demonstrated that Snail1 is required to maintain mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This effect is associated to the responsiveness to TGF-[beta]1 which showed a strong Snail1 dependence. Snail1-depletion in conditional knock-out adult animals caused a significant decrease in the number of bone marrow-derived MSCs. In culture, Snail1-deficient MSCs prematurely differentiated to osteoblasts or adipocytes and, in contrast to controls, were resistant to the TGF-[beta]1-induced differentiation block. TGF-[beta]1 was unable to up-regulate most of its targets in Snail1 KO MSCs, an effect that was related, but not limited, to defective PTEN repression and Akt activation. Correspondingly, an analysis of human sarcomas also showed enhanced expression of Snail1 in undifferentiated tumors, which was strongly associated with high expression of TGF-[beta] and poor outcome. These results not only demonstrate a new role for Snail1 in TGF-[beta] response and MSC maintenance but also suggest the involvement of MSCs in sarcoma generation. / El repressor transcripcional Snail1 ha estat descrit principalment com el responsable de la inducció de la transició epiteli mesènquima. Encara que Snail1 s’expressa durant les etapes més primerenques del desenvolupament embrionari, la seva expressió en adults es veu limitada en un conjunt de cèl•lules mesenquimals sense saber-se la seva funció. En aquest projecte hem demostrat que Snail1 es requereix per mantenir el fenotip més indiferenciat de les cèl•lules mare del mesènquima. Aquesta funció la fa en part, per la capacitat de resposta de la citoquina TGF-[beta] la qual mostra una força dependència amb Snail1. Quan s’elimina Snail1 en ratolins adults provoca una clara disminució en el nombre de cèl•lules mare de la medul•la òssia. Aquestes cèl•lules en cultiu presenten una clara diferenciació prematura a osteoblasts i adipòcits. Pel contrari, tractaments amb TGF-[beta]1 aturen la diferenciació. El TGF-[beta]1 es incapaç de incrementar moltes dianes en cèl•lules mare del mesènquima aïllades del ratolí deficient per snail1, aquest efecte en part es degut a la repressió de PTEN i l’activació de AKT. L’anàlisi de sarcomes humans ens ha mostrat una alta expressió de Snail1, el qual també es troba associada amb una alta expressió de TGF-[beta] i baixa supervivència. Aquests resultats no només demostren una nova funció per Snail1 en resposta a TGF-[beta] i el manteniment de les MSC, sinó que també suggereix que Snail1 podria participar en la generació del sarcoma.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : University, 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Univ., 2001. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.