中国现代文学流派“七月派”强调文学创作中的“主观战斗精神”和“精神奴役创伤”，因其在文学领域异质凸显，与代表主流文化的文艺思想不尽契合，导致了 1955年中华人民共和国的第一大“文字狱”。自20世纪80年代以来，胡风事件及胡风文艺思想重新进入学术研宄视野，成为史学界和文艺界的研宄热点，但迄今为止国内外关于七月派研宄的现状并不令人满意，正如周燕芬所指出的，“现在的研宄成果中，实在留下不少史料的空白或者因史料的不信、疑虑、矛盾而带来的所谓‘分寸’，所谓‘留有余地’，说到底，依然是研宄的一种不清楚和未完成状态”（周燕芬，2013:6)。而就七月派翻译家研宄而言，也存在诸多研宄缺口。本论文论题有三：1、七月派作为“新文学的骄傲”， 其领袖人物胡风的文艺理论特质何在？影响了怎样一个文学流派及翻译家群体？2、七月派翻译家以“启蒙现实主义”为译介出发点，形成了怎样的译介主张？3、从翻译政治学、描写翻译学理论、生存心态等视角探讨以胡风、满涛、 绿原、呂荧等为代表的七月派翻译家具有哪些群体特征？本论文得出以下结论: 七月派翻译群体是我国翻译史上不可忽视的群体，他们基于启蒙现实主义思想的译介主张是以为时代和战斗而翻译，为文学经典生成而翻译，为民族文学发展而翻译为主要特征的。而胡风“为时代、为战斗而翻译”的“武器”翻译论， 满涛“传达精义”的翻译观，绿原“整体效果”、翻译“异同”性、名著重译 “接力赛”等译论，呂荧“谐意谐音”的诗歌翻译理念等等，既是对七月派翻译主张的体现和深化，又是各自翻译实践的重要指导思想。本研宄原创性在于: 在追根溯源七月派的源流、定义及其影响的基础上，从活生生的研宄对象及历史语境出发，对胡风文艺理论影响七月派翻译主张形成的过程以及七月派翻译家的文化生态作出相对可靠的历史复原，让读者对该时期的翻译历史全貌具有更清晰的了解，这在近现代翻译史研宄上不啻为一个重要发现。

Foreignness is one primary concern of Translation Studies. Chinese calligraphy, with its unique aesthetic pursuits and cultural underpinnings, presents an unusual case of foreign otherness in relation to the English language. Thus, theories derived from the translation of Chinese calligraphic culture into English can contribute to our existing knowledge of the nature of translation. Despite sporadic endeavors, translation issues related to Chinese calligraphy remain largely under-researched. This thesis constructs a theoretical framework that offers new perspectives on translating foreignness by exploring how the culture of Chinese calligraphy, concretized in the discourses of classical treatises, has been translated into English since the early 20th century. The study of English discourses on Chinese calligraphy, which include linguistic translation, cultural translation, cultural domestication, and statements of facts, reveals a special translational mode that features an interactive and flexible re-contextualization of Chinese calligraphic culture. This study finds that while the traditional practice of translation does not guarantee cross-cultural comprehensibility, the English texts have accommodated the culture of Chinese calligraphy by reconstructing its basics and resorting to visual means of representation. This thesis divides textual manifestations of Chinese calligraphic culture into three parts –– terms, descriptions and metaphors. For terms, I hold that the study of their translations from etymological perspectives implies the possibility of an endless debate on what constitutes a good translation. My study demonstrates that the repeated use of some widely accepted translations is harmless to cultural genuineness and cross-cultural understanding. For descriptive expressions, translation effects diverge from bringing out literal meanings to revealing cultural meanings. Besides, cultural dilution of varying degrees is found in translation. Calligraphic metaphors, which exemplify traditional Chinese worldviews and correlative thinking patterns, are largely unfamiliar to English-speaking readers. My study reveals a re-contextualizing endeavor that revitalizes these metaphors in the Anglo-American context. On the basis of the case study of the English texts on Chinese calligraphy, this thesis proposes a new theoretical framework for re-conceptualizing foreignness. The three components of this framework are bicultural competency, intercultural competency, and cross-cultural attitudes, all gravitating towards the goal of understanding foreignness. In addition, I introduce three levels of foreign knowledge that cover one’s perception of foreignness at different stages of understanding and with different depths. I also propose to expand the meaning of intercultural integration that is a key manifestation of intercultural competency. One salient part of this framework is that I place anthropological and traditional Chinese zhihui approaches under the structure of cross- cultural attitudes. Such a theoretical advancement empowers the explanative mechanism of the framework. Finally, I argue that the representation of foreignness as it is can be accomplished by strategic re-contextualization, and thus meanings lost in one place can be regained somewhere else.

本項研究旨在勾畫從1934年至1961年間美國詩歌的中文編譯。本項研究計劃的研究對象是這段時期在中國和香港出版的四個美國詩歌中譯選本：施蟄存編譯的「現代美國文學專號•現代美國詩抄」(1934)；袁水拍編譯的《現代美國詩選》(1949)以及《新的歌一一現代美國詩選》(1953)；馬朗編譯的 「英美現代詩特輯•美國部份」(1956)；宋淇編譯的《美國詩選》(1961)。 施、袁、馬、宋等四位詩人既編且譯，由於身處不同的地緣和文化政治語境，對中文新詩的體認各不相同，意識形態各異，同時四個案例在文本、語境、贊助人、詩學、意識形態等層面各有不同卻有所關聯，因此本文運用安德雷•勒菲弗爾(André Lefevere)的改寫理論，並適當加以補充，分析四個改寫文本各自在編纂和翻譯上的改寫體現的詩學和意識形態，並且描述四個改寫文本投射出不同的美國詩歌的形象，又同時折射出改寫者各自理想的現代中文詩歌的形 象。現存相關的英美文學中譯史研究，由於過於側重資料整理及對政治語境的描述，而對相關譯者和譯本的沒有進行足夠的研讀與探究，也沒有分析美國詩歌中譯的選本，鮮有细讀譯本，更無顧及1949年後在香港發生的翻譯現象。本項研究填補這方面的研究空白，考察四個改寫文本產生的語境和過程，分析四位改寫者的詩學和意識形態，通過比較分析他們的編纂策略和翻譯實踐，勾畫四個改寫文本互相之間的關聯，提供跨越1949、涵蓋中港兩地的美國詩歌中文編譯。

Problems of translating satire from english to telugu and vice versa

<p> Intertextuality refers to the textual space where texts intersect and new (hyper)texts emerge. It is the shaping of a text&rsquo;s meaning by other (inter)texts present in it. As a literary device taking forms like allusion, quotation, pastiche, translation, etc., it depends on the presupposition of the presence of intertexts (or hypotexts) in (hyper)texts and on the reader&rsquo;s recognition of such presence. For the recognition of intertexts, authors usually rely on shared cultural knowledge with the reader. The presence of intertexts in a text can either open it to interpretations or direct the reader towards a one in particular. If such recognition can possibly be missed intraculturally, the possibility is doubled when the reading is intercultural, as in translation. To minimize the loss of the intertextual context of the source text (ST), translators adopt certain translation strategies (such as analogous intertexts, paratextual devices, and exegetical translation) that ensure such context is relayed into the target text (TT) and recognized by the target reader. While the semantic equivalence can neutralize the linguistic difference, relaying the intertextual relations in the ST remains the daunting problem encountered by the translator.</p><p> I argue in this dissertation that intertexts, particularly Quranic references, in the Arabic novel are a source of semantic density and pose a considerable challenge to the translator. Since semantic equivalence alone does not guarantee that the ST intertextual relations are maintained in the TT, a synthesis of other translation strategies is required to relay the ST intertextual relation into the TT. Drawing on Kristeva&rsquo;s (1986) &lsquo;vertical intertextuality,&rsquo; Fairclough&rsquo;s &lsquo;manifest intertextuality&rsquo; (Momani et al., 2010), Derrida&rsquo;s &lsquo;iterability&rsquo; and &lsquo;citationality&rsquo; (Alfaro, 1996), Bakhtin&rsquo;s &lsquo;reaccentuation&rsquo; or &lsquo;double-voicing&rsquo; (Kristeva, 1986), I opted for paratextual devices to ensure that the TT reader will capture those relations. Bracketed explanations were used extremely economically to avoid producing an enlarged translation.</p><p>

CK2 is a serine/threonine kinase, with 2 catalytic subunits (α and α’) and 2 regulatory subunits (β). CK2 phosphorylates and activates substrates in several pathways implicated in cancer progression such as PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and JAK/STAT pathways; thus increased CK2 activity can promote cancer growth. Abnormally high levels of CK2 expression at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels have been found in many studies of several different cancer types. Inhibition of CK2 using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) designed to target various CK2 subunits and thus inhibit phosphorylation of CK2 substrates decreases signaling through the various pathways implicated in cancer progression. As such, treatment with CK2 ASOs leads to decreased cancer cell proliferation, cell-cycle arrest, as well as decreased cell viability. CK2 inhibition using specific inhibitors such as TBB, CIGB-300, CX-4945, quinalizarin, emodin has achieved similar efficacy in inhibiting CK2, displaying reduction of cell viability, decreased cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of PI3K/AKT, NF-kB, and JAK/STAT signaling pathways in several cancer cell models. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT and NF-kB pathways was demonstrated by presence of decreased phosphorylated active forms of CK2 substrates, as well as reduced amounts of other phosphorylated substrates downstream. Use of these CK2 inhibitors in vivo has also shown promising results, as mice inoculated with solid tumors from a wide range of cancer types have responded promisingly to treatment with CK2 inhibitors. Mice treated with CK2 inhibitors in these studies show improved survival, decreased cell proliferation, and reduced tumor volume in comparison to vehicle-treated control mice. In addition, these mice have lower quantities of phosphorylated CK2 substrates, including those in the PI3K/AKT, and NF-kB cascades. Further, CK2 inhibition has proven to be efficacious when used in combination with other chemotherapeutics, with combination treatment often showing greater efficacy when compared to either monotherapy (CK2 inhibition alone or chemotherapy alone) in both cell models and in xenograft mice. In cells models, these combination therapies have shown significantly greater reduction in cell viability and proliferation, and induced apoptosis to a greater extent that either CK2 inhibition or chemotherapy administered alone, with these trends observed in cell lines that are typically resistant to the chemotherapeutic being used (e.g. cisplatin, or paclitaxel). Similarly, xenograft mice treated with combination dosing regimens of CK2 inhibitor and a traditional chemotherapeutic have also shown greater anti-cancer effects when compared to mice treated with either therapy alone; combination treatment mice often have decreased tumor volume, less tumor growth, and a significant increase in survival, as well as apparent inhibition of CK2-dependent phosphorylation cascades. CK2 inhibitors CX-4945 and CIGB-300 have also been used in human patient clinical trials, with CIGB-300 showing tolerability and efficacy when used for treatment of invasive cervical cancer via intralesional injection.

The Dentin Matrix Protein (DMP1) is a critical regulator of bone and dentin mineralization and this protein is highly expressed in osteocytes and odontoblasts. Gs alpha (Gsα) protein, the main intracellular signal of a broad class of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), is highly expressed in bone cells, including osteocytes. We and others have demonstrated that mice lacking the Gsα expression, predominantly in osteocytes (DMP1-GsαKO mice), develop severe osteopenia driven by a marked reduction in osteoblast activity associated with a significant increase in SOST/sclerostin expression. In this study, we have examined the role of Gsα in the jaws and teeth of DMP1-GsαKO mice to investigate if the absence of Gsα expression in osteocytes and odontoblasts altered teeth and jaws morphology. Our previous studies showed that DMP1-GsαKO leads to a significant decrease in both trabecular and cortical bone content in the skeleton, as assessed by μCT and histomorphometric analysis. Here we characterize the dental and craniofacial phenotype of DMP1-GsαKO mice. Results showed that DMP1-GsαKO had decreased total mandibular bone mineral density (BMD), total mandibular mineral content (BMC), condylar BMD and total tooth mineralization as assessed by DEXA using a Lunar PIXImus II densitometer. Furthermore, μCT analysis revealed that condylar bone volume and tooth mineralization is reduced in DMP1-GsαKO mice compared to control littermate. μCT also showed that the overall skull size and specifically the zygomatic bone is larger in the control group. Next, we examined H&E histological sections of the jaws of DMP1-GsαKO and control mice, which confirmed the osteopenic phenotype. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining showed that the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts was increased in the DMP1-GsαKO mice compared to controls, suggesting increased bone resorption. In conclusion, our studies identified Gsa signaling in osteocytes and odontoblasts as important in maintaining normal bone and tooth homeostasis.

The adoption of single-cell transcriptomic research methods has brought forth a new stage in cancer research. The increased cellular resolution granted by these methods over that of bulk transcriptomic methods has allowed researchers to implement new strategies to study cancer biology and oncological therapeutic approaches. From examining tumor microenvironments to verifying robust immune responses in response to cancer vaccination, single-cell transcriptomic methods and their relevant analysis pipelines have proven that they can reliably generate accurate transcriptional data while providing the framework for additional forms of analysis that bulk transcriptomic approaches cannot offer. Improvements and advancements in this field, like the introduction of single-cell spatial transcriptomics, will ensure that single-cell transcriptomics will continue to be heavily implicated in future advancements in cancer research and therapy.

In the past decade interpreting studies has gradually adopted a sociological perspective, taking into account social and cultural factors that affect interpreters actual behaviour in different settings. However, there have been few studies of interpreters practices as forms of social interaction, especially of the ways in which they become professionals and operate as social agents. Drawing upon Pierre Bourdieus theory of practice, this thesis aims to offer a contribution to the history of interpreting by examining the professional training and practices of Chinese interpreters during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1931-1945). On the basis of Bourdieus concept of field, this thesis reconstructs three competing fields dominated by three political and military powers: the Chinese Kuomingtang (KMT) government, the Chinese Communist Party, and the Japanese forces. By investigating interpreters training, employment and practices within these three fields, the thesis examines how the interpreting profession was affected by shifts in foreign policy, and how interpreters professional habitus were formed through their training and interaction with other social agents and institutions. It then highlights the interpreters active position-taking in pursuit of individual interests by examining particular interpreters career development through case studies of two interpreters, Xia Wenyun and Yan Jiarui, who served the Japanese forces and the Chinese KMT government, respectively. The study shows that the practices of the interpreters were broader than the scope of language transfer. In order to survive violent conflicts, interpreters often intertwined their interpreting with other political and professional activities. For them, interpreting was not a mere linguistic practice, but a strategy for self-protection, a route to power, or just a chance for a better life. Frequently crossing social, political and military borders, interpreters sometimes played a crucial cushioning role by protecting local residents from loss of life and property during the war.

This thesis sets out to investigate the role of cohesion in the organisation and processing of three text types in English and Arabic. In other words, it attempts to shed some light on the descriptive and explanatory power of cohesion in different text typologies. To this effect, three text types, namely, literary fictional narrative, newspaper editorial and science were analysed to ascertain the intra- and inter-sentential trends in textual cohesion characteristic of each text type in each language. In addition, two small scale experiments which aimed at exploring the facilitatory effect of one cohesive device (i.e. lexical repetition) on the comprehension of three English text types by Arab learners were carried out. The first experiment examined this effect in an English science text; the second covered three English text types, i.e. fictional narrative, culturally-oriented and science. Some interesting and significant results have emerged from the textual analysis and the pilot studies. Most importantly, each text type tends to utilize the cohesive trends that are compatible with its readership, reader knowledge, reading style and pedagogical purpose. Whereas fictional narratives largely cohere through pronominal co-reference, editorials and science texts derive much cohesion from lexical repetition. As for cross-language differences English opts for economy in the use of cohesive devices, while Arabic largely coheres through the redundant effect created by the high frequency of most of those devices. Thus, cohesion is proved to be a variable rather than a homogeneous phenomenon which is dictated by text type among other factors. The results of the experiments suggest that lexical repetition does facilitate the comprehension of English texts by Arab learners. Fictional narratives are found to be easier to process and understand than expository texts. Consequently, cohesion can assist in the processing of text as it can in its creation.