Orientador: Sérgio Kurokawa / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de modelagem de torres de transmissão convencionais e gigantes diretamente no domínio do tempo cujas admitâncias dessas torres são representadas por elementos discretos de circuito. A partir dessa representação, pode-se cálcular as tensões provocadas por descargas atmosféricas incidentes no topo de cada torre de transmissão. Nessa proposta, as tensões produzidas nas estruturas de cada torre de transmissão são obtidas diretamente no domínio do tempo com a utilização de programas convencionais de análise eletromagnética, evitando-se assim transformações inversas Laplace ou Fourier. Essa modelagem consiste inicialmente em calcular a admitância de qualquer torre de transmissão, no domínio da frequência, empregando o Método dos Momentos (MoM), levando em consideração os aspectos geométricos das torres, as resistividades do solo e o sistema de aterramento. Uma vez obtidas as admitâncias das torres de transmissão convencionais e gigantes, essas curvas são representadas por funções racionais obtidas pela técnica do Vector Fitting e em seguida, um circuito elétrico discreto equivalente é sintetizado para gerar a respectiva admitância calculada numericamente. Uma vez sintetizado, esses circuitos serão analisados em softwares de simulação de transitórios eletromagnéticos e as tensões induzidas em cada torre são estimadas. Nessa proposta, são consideradas a inclusão das treliças das torres, do sistema de aterramentos em distintas resistividades do sol... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work presents a proposal for modeling conventional and giant transmission towers directly in the time domain whose admittances of these structures are represented by lumped circuit elements. From this representation, one can calculate voltages caused by lightning striking at the top of each transmission tower. In this proposal, voltages produced in each transmission tower are obtained directly in the time domain using electromagnetic analysis programs, which does not require inverse Laplace or Fourier transformations. This modeling initially consists of calculating the admittance of any transmission tower in the frequency domain using the Moment Method (MoM), taking into account the tower geometry, soil resistivities and tower-footing grounding impedance. Once the admittances of the conventional and giant transmission towers are obtained, these curves are represented by rational functions obtained by the Vector Fitting technique and then an equivalent lumped electric circuit is proposed for each curve calculated numerically. These circuits will be analyzed in electromagnetic transient software and the voltages due lightning strikes in each tower are estimated. In this proposal, the inclusion of the tower trusses, homogenous soils and grounding electrodes are considered, and the responses are more precisely obtained. A comparison between the voltages obtained by the proposed modeling and the conventional models is also presented. In these comparisons, it can be seen that ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The main objective of this work is to analyze the behavior of guyed towers of different heights, subject to the following solicitations: wind loads, dead weight, and prestress of the stays. The study was done in order to better understand the influence of some static and dynamic parameters in these structures. Guyed towers are structures that are utilized in several applications, such as, for instance, transmission towers. Besides determining the best quantity, disposition, and inclination angle of the stays for these systems, it was verified the influence of different methods used to calculate wind loads in the following results: Von Mises stresses, forces on the stays, and the resulting displacement. The methods used were the ones mentioned in the Brazilian Standards NBR6123/1988, and in order to calculate the wind loads acting on the tower, algorithms in MATLAB® were implemented. The tower masts were designed using the admissible stress method. For the three-dimensional models in finite elements and their analysis, were elaborated APDLs (ANSYS Parametric Design Language) the structural systems, in such away to optimize the time spent on the modeling and to reduce possible source of uncertainty. The results analysis consists in evaluating the sensitivity of the design variables in terms of: Von Mises stresses, forces on the stays, and resulting displacements. Also, modal analyses were done to verify the influence of the support conditions on the base of the mast on the natural frequencies of the structure. The obtained results showed that the inclination angle of the stays with respect to the mast can be reduced, propitiating an area reduction occupied by the tower. It was also observed, that the resulting displacements of these structures are more sensitive to the studied parameters than the stresses and the forces on the stays. The studies done and the obtained results show a better understanding of the structural and the dynamic behaviors of this type of structure. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o comportamento de torres estaiadas de diferentes alturas. Estas estão sujeitas as solicitações de vento, peso próprio e pré-tensão nos estais. Foi feito um estudo com a finalidade de conhecer a influência de determinados parâmetros na resposta estática e dinâmica dessas estruturas. Torres estaiadas são estruturas utilizadas em diversas aplicações, como por exemplo, em torres de transmissão. Além, de determinar a quantidade, disposição e ângulo de inclinação ótimos dos estais para esses sistemas, verificouse ainda, a influência dos modelos de cálculo das solicitações de vento, sugeridos pela NBR 6123/1988, nas tensões de Von Mises, esforços nos estais e deslocamentos resultantes nas estruturas. Os mastros das torres foram dimensionados utilizando o método das tensões admissíveis. As solicitações advindas da atuação do vento nas torres foram obtidas através de algoritmos implementados em MATLAB®, utilizando os vários modelos de cálculo apresentados na norma brasileira. Para modelagem tridimensional em elementos finitos e realização das análises, foram elaboradas rotinas em linguagem APDLs (ANSYS Parametric Design Language) para os sistemas estruturais, de maneira a parametrizar os modelos e otimizar o tempo gasto na modelagem. Foi realizada uma análise para avaliar a sensibilidade de determinadas variáveis de projeto tais como, quantidade, posicionamento e ângulo de inclinação dos estais, em termos de tensões de Von Mises, esforços nos estais e deslocamentos resultantes. Ademais, foram realizadas análises modais para verificar a influência das condições de contorno da base do mastro sobre as freqüências naturais da estrutura. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o ângulo de inclinação dos estais com relação ao mastro pode ser reduzido, propiciando uma redução da área ocupada pela torre. Observouse também, que os deslocamentos resultantes dessas estruturas são mais sensíveis aos parâmetros estudados do que as tensões e os esforços nos estais. Os estudos realizados e os resultados obtidos levam a uma melhor compreensão do comportamento estrutural e dinâmico desse tipo de estrutura. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The transmission line (TL) tower is an important component in electrical network system. These towers consist of members (angle sections) and connections (bolted connections) plus foundation, which act together to resist externally applied loads. The latticed towers are used to support conductors in transmission network for transmission and distribution of electricity. These towers are constructed in large numbers all over the world. The connections in electric TL classical latticed towers are peculiar compared to other types of bolted connections in buildings and bridges because (i) the angle members are connected directly or through gusset plates with bolts, (ii) the eccentric application of load due to the non-coincidence of centroid axes of angle members near the connection and (iii) members are designed as beam column element to sustain tensile or compressive forces. Bearing type bolts are used in TL towers in preference to friction type bolts, because they (i) connect thin walled angle members, (ii) are easy to use for erection at all heights, (iii) can be galvanized, (iv)erosion of galvanizing can be remedied and (v) do not require skilled personnel for installation. However, these connections are subjected to reversal of stresses due to wind load. Damage in the bolted connections generally occur due to loosening of bolts due to stress reversals (Feenstra et al. (2005) [23). The damage induced after extreme wind and earthquake may lead to collapse of the whole tower. The failure of a TL tower results in power shut down, which has huge impact on national economy. Hence, the structural safety and reliable performance of these towers are extremely important. The design of TL tower is based on minimum weight philosophy. The TL towers are highly repetitive and therefore, their designs need to be commercially competitive. The TL tower design has the following deficiencies such as misappropriate design assumptions, deficit detailing, defects in material, errors in fabrication, force fitting of members during erection, variation in grade of bolts, improper gusset plate detailing, notch cutting of member, vocalization of bolt holes, etc. Hence, to check the design and detailing aspects of members along with bolted connections and to study the behavior of tower under complex loading conditions, the prototype testing of tower is made mandatory requirement in many countries throughout the world. The structural behavior of TL tower is determined from its deflection response. Thus, the full scale testing of the towers is the only way that one can counteract the un conservatism due to structural analysis. The premature failure of TL towers occurs during prototype testing due to deficiencies in joint detailing, uncertainties in framing eccentricity, force fitting of members, unequal force distribution in bolts and gusset plate connections, etc. To have better structural response of TL tower to be tested, there is need to develop reliable model for bolted connections in TL towers. The bolted connection model plays an important role in determining the deflection response and predicting the premature member buckling failure of TL towers. The issues related to prototype testing of full scale TL towers such as fabrication errors, force fitting and notch cutting of members, application of loads, joint and crossarm detailing are discussed. The need to develop bolt slip model to simulate the actual behaviour of bolted connection in TL towers is also discussed. The bolted connections in TL towers play an important role in determining its structural behavior. The angle members used in TL towers are subjected to bi-axial bending in addition to axial load. The slip will occur in the bolted connections, due to the provision 1.5 mm bolt hole clearance. In the conventional Finite Element Analysis (FEA), the bolted connections are modeled as pin joint assuming the axial load transfer. The deflection predicted from pin joint analysis in TL towers generally does not match with experimental results. The analytical and experimental deflection value varies in the range of 30 to 50%. Hence, there is need to develop model to account bolt slip for accurate deflection and dynamic characteristic prediction of TL towers. Experimental and analytical investigations have been carried out to develop and validate bolt slip model for bolted connections in TL towers. All six degrees of freedom (both translational and rotational) have been considered to simulate the exact behaviour of bolted connections in TL towers. The model is developed based on experimental results of Ungkurapinan’s bolt slip model for axial stiffness. The rotational stiffness is formulated based on the component level experiment conducted on lap joint made of steel angle with single and double bolt subjected to tensile loading. The axial and rotational stiffness for different stages of bolt tightening is also formulated based on component level experimental investigation on lap joint. The proposed model is validated by comparing with experimental results at sub-structural level on full scale king post truss subjected to tensile loading. Further the bolt slip model is validated for different bolt tightening and failure prediction of TL tower sub panel subjected to tensile loading. Finally the proposed model is also validated for full scale TL tower for deflection prediction. NE NASTRAN, a nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) software is used for analytical simulation and the load-deflection predictions, which are compared with the corresponding experimental results. The experimental and analytical results are in good agreement with each other. The steel pole structures are replacing the conventional lattice towers, because they have smaller plan dimension and occupy less space, when compared to lattice towers. The steel pole structures are dynamically sensitive structures and the determination of their natural frequency is extremely important. For the calculation of wind load through gust factor method, the preliminary estimation of natural frequency is required. Hence, the primary step involved in dynamic analysis is the evaluation of its natural frequency. Hence, a simplified model is proposed based on model order reduction technique for the evaluation of natural frequency of TL towers and steel pole structures. For the development of base line model to detect damage in TL towers, the natural frequency has to be updated. A semi empirical approach is proposed based on the deflection by using the proposed bolt slip model. The proposed approach of updating natural frequency is validated for different cases of member damage in TL tower sub panel, such as removal of tension, compression and hip bracing members. The transmission pole structures accumulate damage during their service life. Damage in these structures will cause a change in stiffness of the system and the physical properties of these structures, such as modal frequencies and mode shapes. Hence in the present study, the damage localization study based on modified modal strain energy approach is carried out for steel pole structures and the location of damage is identified correctly. To prevent premature failure of towers during its service life testing and failure analysis of TL towers is a mandatory requirement. In the present study, forensic failure investigation of a full scale TL tower due to deficient design of a redundant member is emphasized and the remedial measures are explained in detail. The stub failure of TL tower due to reduction in cross sectional area due to unfilled bolt hole is also discussed. To investigate the effect of unfilled bolt holes on the compression capacity of leg member, detailed FEA is carried out and compared with experimental results. The reason for failure of 9 m roof top communication tower due to redundant member deficiency is also discussed. The importance of guyed tower accessories in the guy rope design of 7 m roof top guyed pole structure is also investigated. Finally, failure investigation of compression bracing member, which has failed during testing of TL tower sub panel has been investigated. The failure load is predicted by using the proposed bolt slip model in the analysis. Thus the overall research contributions emerging from this thesis are, i) development of bolt slip model accounting for rotational stiffness, ii) development of direct method of damage detection for steel pole structures based on modified modal strain energy approach, iii) development of simplified model for prediction of natural frequency of TL tower and steel pole structures, iv) development of model updating technique through natural frequency based on semi-empirical approach and v) prediction of failure load for TL tower panel using the proposed bolt slip model.