No description available.

Local Area Networks (LAN) are destined to play a rapidly increasing part in the transmission and distribution of a wide range of information, and this thesis describes the study of the problems concerning the transmission of coloured images over a particu1ar network, the Cambridge Ring. A colour image station has been developed for the use on the Cambridge Ring. It provides two main services: a high resolution freeze frame transmission and a medium resolution slow-scan image transmission.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 169-181).

Title page, table of contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University of Adelaide Library. / Current best-effort packet-switched Internet is not a perfect environment for real-time applications such as transmitting voice-over the network (Voice Over Internet Protocol or VOIP). Due to the unlimited concurrent access to the Internet by users, the packet loss problem cannot be avoided. Therefore, the VOIP based applications encompass problems such as "voice quality degradation caused by lost packets". The effects of lost packets are fundamental issues in real-time voice transmission over the current unreliable Internet. The dropped packets have a negative impact on voice quality and concealing their effects at the receiver does not deal with all of the drop consequences. It has been observed that in a very lossy network, the receiver cannot cope with all the effects of lost packets and thereby the voice will have poor quality. At this point the Active Networks, a relatively new concept in networking, which allows users to execute a program on the packets in active nodes, can help VOIP regenerate the lost packets, and improve the quality of the received voice. Therefore, VOIP needs special voice-packing methods. Based on the measured packet loss rates, many new methods are introduced that can pack voice packets in such a way that the lost packets can be regenerated both within the network and at the receiver. The proposed voice-packing methods could help regenerate lost packets in the active nodes within the network to improve the perceptual quality of the received sound. The packing methods include schemes for packing samples from low and medium compressed sample-based codecs (PCM, ADPCM) and also include schemes for packing samples from high compressed frame-based codecs (G.729). Using these packing schemes, the received voice has good quality even under very high loss rates. Simulating a very lossy network using NS-2 and testing the regenerated voice quality by an audience showed that significant voice quality improvement is achievable by employing these packing schemes. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1147315 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2004

The focus of this study is scattering matrices in the framework of quantum graphs,more precisely the matrices which describe equi-transmission. They are unitary andHermitian and are independent of the energies of the associated system. In the firstarticle it is shown that in the case where reflection does not occur, such matrices existonly in even dimensions. A complete description of the matrices in dimensions 2, 4,and 6 is given. In dimension 6, 60 five-parameter families are obtained. The 60 matricesyield a combinatorial bipartite graph K62. In the second article it is shown that whenreflection is allowed, the standard matching conditions matrix is equi-transmitting forany dimension n. All equi-transmitting matrices up to order 6 are described. For oddn (3 and 5), the standard matching conditions matrix is the only equi-transmitting matrix.For even n (2, 4 and 6) there exists other equi-transmitting matrices apart fromthose equivalent to the standard matching conditions. All such additional matriceshave zero trace.

No gineceu, ocorre o desenvolvimento de esporos e de gametófitos femininos no ovário, e as várias especializações do gineceu promovem sua interação com o gametófito masculino até a fecundação. Pouco se conhece sobre essas interações na porção ovariana do gineceu. Em Bromeliaceae, o detalhamento histológico do estigma e do estilete é inexistente. Para Billbergia, não existem dados embriológicos. Billbergia nutans (Bromeliaceae, Poales) é uma espécie importante como fonte de alimento para os polinizadores durante o inverno e apresenta ameaça de extinção em nível estadual. Este estudo visa ampliar o conhecimento sobre as modificações histológicas do gineceu em angiospermas, em preparação à polinização e fecundação; contribuir para o conhecimento da embriologia de Bromeliaceae; e verificar a presença de limitações ou vantagens reprodutivas durante o desenvolvimento embriológico de B. nutans. As análises foram executadas em Microscopia de Luz, em campo claro e epifluorescência, e em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Foram realizados testes histoquímicos e a marcação com anticorpos monoclonais para a detecção de compostos químicos. São registrados dados inéditos sobre a embriologia do gênero, a estrutura histológica do gineceu na família, a reconstrução tridimensional do gametófito feminino em monocotiledôneas e a imunolocalização de determinadas pectinas no ovário de angiospermas. A arquitetura do estigma espiral-conduplicado resulta de vários eventos ao longo do desenvolvimento. Os tricomas estigmáticos, o tecido transmissor e o obturador produzem secreção polissacarídica. Os tricomas estigmáticos armazenam sua secreção em bolsões pécticos no interior da parede periclinal externa. As paredes celulares labirínticas caracterizam as células do tecido transmissor e obturador de B. nutans como células de transferência, de composição pecto-celulósica. Há uma dinâmica de amido associada à secreção no gineceu, regulada pelo desenvolvimento. Os grãos de amido são considerados como fonte de moléculas para a produção da secreção, e os inúmeros campos primários de pontoação devem facilitar esse transporte. O obturador de Bromeliaceae é semelhante ao de espécies de Liliaceae e Asparagaceae. Os rudimentos seminais de Bromeliaceae são anátropos, bitegumentados e crassinucelados, com gametófito do tipo Polygonum. Muitos caracteres são sugeridos como úteis para a taxonomia da família. A morfologia do apêndice calazal pode ser um caráter inapropriado para aplicação taxonômica, devido à variabilidade encontrada em B. nutans. Quanto à evolução do rudimento seminal em Bromeliaceae, a subfamília que divergiu mais cedo mostra estados reduzidos de vários caracteres. Alguns caracteres parecem ser homoplásicos na família, podendo ser relevantes se aplicados em níveis taxonômicos inferiores. Em Poales, os tegumentos compostos por duas camadas celulares e o reduzido número de rudimentos seminais são, provavelmente, estados de caráter plesiomórficos. Não foram observadas limitações reprodutivas significativas durante o desenvolvimento do rudimento seminal de B. nutans. A modulação espacial encontrada entre arabinanos, galactanos e proteínas arabinogalactanos (AGPs) no ovário demarca a trajetória porogâmica do tubo polínico em direção ao gametófito feminino. A produção dessas moléculas é regulada pelo desenvolvimento. Possíveis funções das pectinas e AGPs nesses tecidos são discutidas, como a flexibilidade e expansibilidade da parede celular, sinalização e adesão celular, nutrição e atração do tubo polínico. A detecção química dessa trajetória tem sido observada em outras angiospermas, principalmente com relação às AGPs. Contudo, cada espécie possui um conjunto específico de moléculas, aparentemente não relacionado à posição filogenética. Este estudo mostra que o tubo polínico, possivelmente, aproxima-se do rudimento seminal por sinais direcionais sucessivos do gineceu. / In the gynoecium, the development of spores and female gametophytes occurs within the ovary, and the various specializations of the gynoecium promote its interaction with the male gametophyte until fertilization. Little is known about these interactions in the ovarian portion of the gynoecium. In Bromeliaceae, the histological detailing of the stigma and style is unknown. There are no embryological data for Billbergia. Billbergia nutans (Bromeliaceae, Poales) is an important species as a source of food for pollinators during winter and is under threat of extinction at the state level. This study aims to expand the knowledge about the histological changes of the gynoecium in preparation for pollination and fertilization in angiosperms; to contribute to knowledge of the embryology of Bromeliaceae; and to verify the presence of reproductive limitations or advantages in the embryological development of B. nutans. The analyses were performed with Light Microscopy, under bright field and epifluorescence, and in Scanning Electron Microscopy. Histochemical tests and labelling with monoclonal antibodies were performed for the detection of chemical components. Unpublished data are recorded on the embryology of the genus, the histological structure of the gynoecium in the family, the three-dimensional reconstruction of the female gametophyte in monocotyledons and the immunolocalization of certain pectins in the ovary of angiosperms. The architecture of the conduplicate-spiral stigma results from several events throughout the development. The stigmatic trichomes, the transmitting tissue and the obturator produce a polysaccharidic secretion. The stigmatic trichomes store the secretion in pectic pockets inside its outer periclinal wall. The labyrinthic cell walls are composed by cellulose and pectins and characterize the cells of the transmitting tissue and obturator of B. nutans as transfer cells. Starch dynamics associated with secretion are observed in the gynoecium, and are developmentally regulated. The starch grains are considered as a source of molecules for the production of secretion and many primary pit fields may facilitate such transport. The obturator of Bromeliaceae is similar to those of Liliaceae and Asparagaceae species. The ovules of Bromeliaceae are anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate, with a Polygonum-type gametophyte. Many characters are suggested as useful for the taxonomy of the family. The morphology of the chalazal appendage may not be an appropriate character for taxonomic use, due to the variability found in B. nutans. Regarding the evolution of the ovule in Bromeliaceae, the earliest-divergent subfamily shows a reduced state of several characters. Some characters appear homoplasious in the family and may be relevant when applied to lower taxonomic levels. Within Poales, the two-layered integuments and the small number of ovules are probably plesiomorphic character states. Reproductive limitations during ovule development of B. nutans were not found to be significant. The spatial modulation found between arabinan, galactan and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in the ovary delineates the porogamic pollen tube pathway into the female gametophyte. The production of these molecules is developmentally regulated. Possible roles for pectins and AGPs in these tissues are discussed, such as the flexibility and expansibility of the cell wall, cell signaling, cell adhesion, nutrition and attraction of the pollen tube. The chemical detection of this pathway has been observed in other angiosperms, especially with respect to AGPs. However, each species has a specific set of molecules, apparently unrelated to the phylogenetic position. This study shows that the pollen tube possibly approaches the ovule by successive directional cues from the gynoecium.

No gineceu, ocorre o desenvolvimento de esporos e de gametófitos femininos no ovário, e as várias especializações do gineceu promovem sua interação com o gametófito masculino até a fecundação. Pouco se conhece sobre essas interações na porção ovariana do gineceu. Em Bromeliaceae, o detalhamento histológico do estigma e do estilete é inexistente. Para Billbergia, não existem dados embriológicos. Billbergia nutans (Bromeliaceae, Poales) é uma espécie importante como fonte de alimento para os polinizadores durante o inverno e apresenta ameaça de extinção em nível estadual. Este estudo visa ampliar o conhecimento sobre as modificações histológicas do gineceu em angiospermas, em preparação à polinização e fecundação; contribuir para o conhecimento da embriologia de Bromeliaceae; e verificar a presença de limitações ou vantagens reprodutivas durante o desenvolvimento embriológico de B. nutans. As análises foram executadas em Microscopia de Luz, em campo claro e epifluorescência, e em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Foram realizados testes histoquímicos e a marcação com anticorpos monoclonais para a detecção de compostos químicos. São registrados dados inéditos sobre a embriologia do gênero, a estrutura histológica do gineceu na família, a reconstrução tridimensional do gametófito feminino em monocotiledôneas e a imunolocalização de determinadas pectinas no ovário de angiospermas. A arquitetura do estigma espiral-conduplicado resulta de vários eventos ao longo do desenvolvimento. Os tricomas estigmáticos, o tecido transmissor e o obturador produzem secreção polissacarídica. Os tricomas estigmáticos armazenam sua secreção em bolsões pécticos no interior da parede periclinal externa. As paredes celulares labirínticas caracterizam as células do tecido transmissor e obturador de B. nutans como células de transferência, de composição pecto-celulósica. Há uma dinâmica de amido associada à secreção no gineceu, regulada pelo desenvolvimento. Os grãos de amido são considerados como fonte de moléculas para a produção da secreção, e os inúmeros campos primários de pontoação devem facilitar esse transporte. O obturador de Bromeliaceae é semelhante ao de espécies de Liliaceae e Asparagaceae. Os rudimentos seminais de Bromeliaceae são anátropos, bitegumentados e crassinucelados, com gametófito do tipo Polygonum. Muitos caracteres são sugeridos como úteis para a taxonomia da família. A morfologia do apêndice calazal pode ser um caráter inapropriado para aplicação taxonômica, devido à variabilidade encontrada em B. nutans. Quanto à evolução do rudimento seminal em Bromeliaceae, a subfamília que divergiu mais cedo mostra estados reduzidos de vários caracteres. Alguns caracteres parecem ser homoplásicos na família, podendo ser relevantes se aplicados em níveis taxonômicos inferiores. Em Poales, os tegumentos compostos por duas camadas celulares e o reduzido número de rudimentos seminais são, provavelmente, estados de caráter plesiomórficos. Não foram observadas limitações reprodutivas significativas durante o desenvolvimento do rudimento seminal de B. nutans. A modulação espacial encontrada entre arabinanos, galactanos e proteínas arabinogalactanos (AGPs) no ovário demarca a trajetória porogâmica do tubo polínico em direção ao gametófito feminino. A produção dessas moléculas é regulada pelo desenvolvimento. Possíveis funções das pectinas e AGPs nesses tecidos são discutidas, como a flexibilidade e expansibilidade da parede celular, sinalização e adesão celular, nutrição e atração do tubo polínico. A detecção química dessa trajetória tem sido observada em outras angiospermas, principalmente com relação às AGPs. Contudo, cada espécie possui um conjunto específico de moléculas, aparentemente não relacionado à posição filogenética. Este estudo mostra que o tubo polínico, possivelmente, aproxima-se do rudimento seminal por sinais direcionais sucessivos do gineceu. / In the gynoecium, the development of spores and female gametophytes occurs within the ovary, and the various specializations of the gynoecium promote its interaction with the male gametophyte until fertilization. Little is known about these interactions in the ovarian portion of the gynoecium. In Bromeliaceae, the histological detailing of the stigma and style is unknown. There are no embryological data for Billbergia. Billbergia nutans (Bromeliaceae, Poales) is an important species as a source of food for pollinators during winter and is under threat of extinction at the state level. This study aims to expand the knowledge about the histological changes of the gynoecium in preparation for pollination and fertilization in angiosperms; to contribute to knowledge of the embryology of Bromeliaceae; and to verify the presence of reproductive limitations or advantages in the embryological development of B. nutans. The analyses were performed with Light Microscopy, under bright field and epifluorescence, and in Scanning Electron Microscopy. Histochemical tests and labelling with monoclonal antibodies were performed for the detection of chemical components. Unpublished data are recorded on the embryology of the genus, the histological structure of the gynoecium in the family, the three-dimensional reconstruction of the female gametophyte in monocotyledons and the immunolocalization of certain pectins in the ovary of angiosperms. The architecture of the conduplicate-spiral stigma results from several events throughout the development. The stigmatic trichomes, the transmitting tissue and the obturator produce a polysaccharidic secretion. The stigmatic trichomes store the secretion in pectic pockets inside its outer periclinal wall. The labyrinthic cell walls are composed by cellulose and pectins and characterize the cells of the transmitting tissue and obturator of B. nutans as transfer cells. Starch dynamics associated with secretion are observed in the gynoecium, and are developmentally regulated. The starch grains are considered as a source of molecules for the production of secretion and many primary pit fields may facilitate such transport. The obturator of Bromeliaceae is similar to those of Liliaceae and Asparagaceae species. The ovules of Bromeliaceae are anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate, with a Polygonum-type gametophyte. Many characters are suggested as useful for the taxonomy of the family. The morphology of the chalazal appendage may not be an appropriate character for taxonomic use, due to the variability found in B. nutans. Regarding the evolution of the ovule in Bromeliaceae, the earliest-divergent subfamily shows a reduced state of several characters. Some characters appear homoplasious in the family and may be relevant when applied to lower taxonomic levels. Within Poales, the two-layered integuments and the small number of ovules are probably plesiomorphic character states. Reproductive limitations during ovule development of B. nutans were not found to be significant. The spatial modulation found between arabinan, galactan and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in the ovary delineates the porogamic pollen tube pathway into the female gametophyte. The production of these molecules is developmentally regulated. Possible roles for pectins and AGPs in these tissues are discussed, such as the flexibility and expansibility of the cell wall, cell signaling, cell adhesion, nutrition and attraction of the pollen tube. The chemical detection of this pathway has been observed in other angiosperms, especially with respect to AGPs. However, each species has a specific set of molecules, apparently unrelated to the phylogenetic position. This study shows that the pollen tube possibly approaches the ovule by successive directional cues from the gynoecium.

No gineceu, ocorre o desenvolvimento de esporos e de gametófitos femininos no ovário, e as várias especializações do gineceu promovem sua interação com o gametófito masculino até a fecundação. Pouco se conhece sobre essas interações na porção ovariana do gineceu. Em Bromeliaceae, o detalhamento histológico do estigma e do estilete é inexistente. Para Billbergia, não existem dados embriológicos. Billbergia nutans (Bromeliaceae, Poales) é uma espécie importante como fonte de alimento para os polinizadores durante o inverno e apresenta ameaça de extinção em nível estadual. Este estudo visa ampliar o conhecimento sobre as modificações histológicas do gineceu em angiospermas, em preparação à polinização e fecundação; contribuir para o conhecimento da embriologia de Bromeliaceae; e verificar a presença de limitações ou vantagens reprodutivas durante o desenvolvimento embriológico de B. nutans. As análises foram executadas em Microscopia de Luz, em campo claro e epifluorescência, e em Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Foram realizados testes histoquímicos e a marcação com anticorpos monoclonais para a detecção de compostos químicos. São registrados dados inéditos sobre a embriologia do gênero, a estrutura histológica do gineceu na família, a reconstrução tridimensional do gametófito feminino em monocotiledôneas e a imunolocalização de determinadas pectinas no ovário de angiospermas. A arquitetura do estigma espiral-conduplicado resulta de vários eventos ao longo do desenvolvimento. Os tricomas estigmáticos, o tecido transmissor e o obturador produzem secreção polissacarídica. Os tricomas estigmáticos armazenam sua secreção em bolsões pécticos no interior da parede periclinal externa. As paredes celulares labirínticas caracterizam as células do tecido transmissor e obturador de B. nutans como células de transferência, de composição pecto-celulósica. Há uma dinâmica de amido associada à secreção no gineceu, regulada pelo desenvolvimento. Os grãos de amido são considerados como fonte de moléculas para a produção da secreção, e os inúmeros campos primários de pontoação devem facilitar esse transporte. O obturador de Bromeliaceae é semelhante ao de espécies de Liliaceae e Asparagaceae. Os rudimentos seminais de Bromeliaceae são anátropos, bitegumentados e crassinucelados, com gametófito do tipo Polygonum. Muitos caracteres são sugeridos como úteis para a taxonomia da família. A morfologia do apêndice calazal pode ser um caráter inapropriado para aplicação taxonômica, devido à variabilidade encontrada em B. nutans. Quanto à evolução do rudimento seminal em Bromeliaceae, a subfamília que divergiu mais cedo mostra estados reduzidos de vários caracteres. Alguns caracteres parecem ser homoplásicos na família, podendo ser relevantes se aplicados em níveis taxonômicos inferiores. Em Poales, os tegumentos compostos por duas camadas celulares e o reduzido número de rudimentos seminais são, provavelmente, estados de caráter plesiomórficos. Não foram observadas limitações reprodutivas significativas durante o desenvolvimento do rudimento seminal de B. nutans. A modulação espacial encontrada entre arabinanos, galactanos e proteínas arabinogalactanos (AGPs) no ovário demarca a trajetória porogâmica do tubo polínico em direção ao gametófito feminino. A produção dessas moléculas é regulada pelo desenvolvimento. Possíveis funções das pectinas e AGPs nesses tecidos são discutidas, como a flexibilidade e expansibilidade da parede celular, sinalização e adesão celular, nutrição e atração do tubo polínico. A detecção química dessa trajetória tem sido observada em outras angiospermas, principalmente com relação às AGPs. Contudo, cada espécie possui um conjunto específico de moléculas, aparentemente não relacionado à posição filogenética. Este estudo mostra que o tubo polínico, possivelmente, aproxima-se do rudimento seminal por sinais direcionais sucessivos do gineceu. / In the gynoecium, the development of spores and female gametophytes occurs within the ovary, and the various specializations of the gynoecium promote its interaction with the male gametophyte until fertilization. Little is known about these interactions in the ovarian portion of the gynoecium. In Bromeliaceae, the histological detailing of the stigma and style is unknown. There are no embryological data for Billbergia. Billbergia nutans (Bromeliaceae, Poales) is an important species as a source of food for pollinators during winter and is under threat of extinction at the state level. This study aims to expand the knowledge about the histological changes of the gynoecium in preparation for pollination and fertilization in angiosperms; to contribute to knowledge of the embryology of Bromeliaceae; and to verify the presence of reproductive limitations or advantages in the embryological development of B. nutans. The analyses were performed with Light Microscopy, under bright field and epifluorescence, and in Scanning Electron Microscopy. Histochemical tests and labelling with monoclonal antibodies were performed for the detection of chemical components. Unpublished data are recorded on the embryology of the genus, the histological structure of the gynoecium in the family, the three-dimensional reconstruction of the female gametophyte in monocotyledons and the immunolocalization of certain pectins in the ovary of angiosperms. The architecture of the conduplicate-spiral stigma results from several events throughout the development. The stigmatic trichomes, the transmitting tissue and the obturator produce a polysaccharidic secretion. The stigmatic trichomes store the secretion in pectic pockets inside its outer periclinal wall. The labyrinthic cell walls are composed by cellulose and pectins and characterize the cells of the transmitting tissue and obturator of B. nutans as transfer cells. Starch dynamics associated with secretion are observed in the gynoecium, and are developmentally regulated. The starch grains are considered as a source of molecules for the production of secretion and many primary pit fields may facilitate such transport. The obturator of Bromeliaceae is similar to those of Liliaceae and Asparagaceae species. The ovules of Bromeliaceae are anatropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate, with a Polygonum-type gametophyte. Many characters are suggested as useful for the taxonomy of the family. The morphology of the chalazal appendage may not be an appropriate character for taxonomic use, due to the variability found in B. nutans. Regarding the evolution of the ovule in Bromeliaceae, the earliest-divergent subfamily shows a reduced state of several characters. Some characters appear homoplasious in the family and may be relevant when applied to lower taxonomic levels. Within Poales, the two-layered integuments and the small number of ovules are probably plesiomorphic character states. Reproductive limitations during ovule development of B. nutans were not found to be significant. The spatial modulation found between arabinan, galactan and arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in the ovary delineates the porogamic pollen tube pathway into the female gametophyte. The production of these molecules is developmentally regulated. Possible roles for pectins and AGPs in these tissues are discussed, such as the flexibility and expansibility of the cell wall, cell signaling, cell adhesion, nutrition and attraction of the pollen tube. The chemical detection of this pathway has been observed in other angiosperms, especially with respect to AGPs. However, each species has a specific set of molecules, apparently unrelated to the phylogenetic position. This study shows that the pollen tube possibly approaches the ovule by successive directional cues from the gynoecium.

The Paris-Edinburgh cell (PEC) is a widely used opposed-anvil device for neutron scattering. Since its development, it has been used to study a number of samples loaded as solids or liquids. However, studying gases at room temperature has not yet been possible. Up until now only a few gases could be loaded as liquids, in cryogenic conditions. Thus, it was impossible to study many gases and gas mixtures and also it was difficult to use gases as pressure-transmitting media (PTM). In order to overcome these limitations, a technique that would enable loading of gases into the PEC was required. The work described in this thesis was focused on the design and use of a gas-loading system for the PEC. The challenge of designing such a system comes from the fact that the gases need to be loaded into the gasket at sufficient density in order to achieve any significant pressure during further compression in the cell. This can be achieved by using a separate pressure vessel. Because the whole PEC is too large to be placed inside the vessel, a technique of loading gas into the anvils separated from the rest of the cell had to be devised. Designing the holder for the anvils, which would make this possible, presented a major challenge as it should allow the anvils to be transferred between the vessel and the PEC, with the gasket filled with high-pressure gas. Then it needs to allow further compression of the gasket inside the PEC. The developed system consists of a pressure vessel and a locking clamp for the anvils. The pressure vessel is a closed-end thick-walled cylinder with a top cover which has an opening for a piston. The vessel is placed on the table of a hydraulic press and the piston, sealed by a high-pressure reciprocating seal, is used to transmit the force from hydraulic ram onto the anvils which are held by the clamp and placed inside the vessel. One of the anvils is fixed to the clamp and the other one is supported by spring-loaded latches - the latches engage when the anvils are pushed towards each other. Thus, when the force is applied onto the anvils to compress the gasket, latches lock the anvils in their positions stopping them from retracting and maintaining the gasket compressed after the force is released. The clamp allows the gasket to be filled with the gas and then deformed to seal the compressed gas. The locking mechanism keeps the gasket compressed, which enables the clamp to be transferred from the vessel to the PEC. After the system was built and tested, it was installed at ISIS neutron source (Oxfordshire, UK), where it has been used in several experiments. The first experiment prepared with the gas-loading system was a neutron diffraction study of nitrogen at high pressure. Nitrogen was chosen as a sample material because its high-pressure structural phase diagram is well established. Nitrogen was loaded into the gasket using the gas loader and then it was compressed in increments to 6 GPa in the PEC. β and δ phases of solid nitrogen were clearly seen in the collected neutron diffraction data. The experiment proved the usability of the gas-loading system and verified its expected performance. The second experiment utilizing the gas-loading system was to study singlecrystal and powder samples of sodium chloride (NaCl) and squaric acid (H2C4O4). For these studies argon was used as a PTM, replacing the conventionally used methanol-ethanol mixture (ME). Up until this experiment the highest pressure reported in single-crystal neutron-scattering experiments was 12 GPa. This limit was set by the solidi cation pressure of ME. With argon as the PTM, the samples were compressed to 15 GPa without any damage to the crystals. Another advantage of replacing ME with argon is improved hydrostaticity. The highest pressure that ME remain hydrostatic to is 11 GPa. Compressing beyond this point causes sheer stress acting on the sample which affects the quality of the neutron scattering data manifested in the appearance of peak-broadening in the diffraction patterns. With use of argon, the powder samples have been compressed to 18 GPa while maintaining quasi-hydrostatic pressure conditions, resulting in clean and sharp diffraction patterns without any noticeable peak-broadening.

In modern military operations the requirements of transmitting large amounts of information have increased substantially during the last decade. This increases the demand for high-capacity radio networks. It is also very important that military decisions are made on recent and correct information and this implies that low and known delays are required. The existing military radio ommunications, within the Swedish army, do not meet the requirements for capacity and delay. We have investigated how the capacity and average delay can be improved in an Ad Hoc network with STDMA by using antenna arrays. The study is based on different antenna combinations consistingof single isotropic antenna element, beam steering and adaptive beamforming. We have also studied how the number of antenna elements, the terrain, and an increased connectivity due to the antenna arrays_affects the performance measurements. The study shows that the capacity is improved with up to 1200%, and the average delays are decreased when using antenna arrays instead of single isotropic antenna elements. Depending on the beamforming combination used the capacity gain and average delay reduction will differ. The way of using the antenna array also affects the capacity gain and average delay. The capacity gain is higher when the antenna array is used not only to suppress and decrease interferences, but also to increase the connectivity. The study also shows that the capacity gain is higher when using more antenna elements for a network with a high number of links, than with fewer. The benefit from antenna arrays is higher in a flat terrain than in a rough.