Barrières de transport (TB) sont un élément clé dans le contrôle de transport turbulent et atteindre la haute performance des ‘plasmas brûlants’. Les études théoriques abordent l’autorégulation de la turbulence comme une explication possible pour la formation de TB, mais une compréhension complète de ces dynamiques complexes est toujours manquante. Dans ce contexte, nous abordons l’auto-organisation dans le transport turbulent dans les plasmas de fusion dans le but de présenter une nouvelle compréhension de la dynamique des TB. Les outils numériques que nous utilisons des simulations de portée de la turbulence gyrocinétique plus complexe à simple turbulence des fluides 2D et prédateur-proie comme modèles.Deux principales caractéristiques de l'auto-organisation, les avalanches et les flux zonal (ZF), semblent contrôler transport à grande échelle. Dans la région de SOL (Scrape Off layer), événements avalancheux intermittents ne permettent pas séparation d'échelle dans le temps ou l'espace entre champs moyens et les modalités de fluctuation. Dans le bord (edge), la génération des doubles couches de cisaillement dans les profils de vitesse réduit le transport turbulent. Un modèle turbulent 2D pour la génération de ‘piedestal’, qui est non spécifique des plasmas de tokamak, a été mis au point, le piedestal étant localisée à l'interface entre les régions a différent amortissement d'écoulement zonal: edge et SOL. Les événements de relaxation quasi-périodiques sont étudiés réduisent le modèle à trois couplage des modes pour identifier l'interaction entre les streamers et les ZF et le rôle du Reynolds stress dans la génération et la saturation du TBs / Transport barriers (TB) are a key element in controlling turbulent transport and achieving high performance burning plasmas. Theoretical studies are addressing the turbulence self-regulation as a possible explanation for transport barrier formation but a complete understanding of such complex dynamics is still missing. In this context, we address self-organized turbulent transport in fusion plasmas with the aim of presenting a novel understanding of transport barriers dynamics. The numerical tools we use span simulations from the most complex gyrokinetic turbulence to simpler 2D fluid turbulence and predator-prey like models.Two features of self-organizations, avalanches and zonal flows (ZFs), appear to control large scale transport. In the SOL (Scrape Off Layer) , intermittent avalanche events do not allow for time or space scale separation between mean fields and fluctuation terms. In the edge, the generation of long living double shear layers in the profiles of the velocity reduces radial turbulent transport. Such radially distributed barriers govern profile corrugations. A 2D turbulent model for pedestal generation, which is not specific of Tokamak plasmas, has been developed, the pedestal being localized at the interface between regions with different zonal flow damping: the edge region, where zonal flows are weakly damped by collisions, and the SOL region characterized by zonal flow damping due to boundary conditions. Quasi-periodic relaxation events are studied reducing the model to three modes coupling to identify the interplay between streamers and ZFs and the role of Reynolds stress in the generation and saturation of TBs.

Les réacteurs à fusion thermonucléaire sont une des solutions à moyen - long terme pour transiter vers un monde dominé par des énergies décarbonées. Les réactions de fusion requièrent des températures si extrêmes que le plasma d'isotopes d'hydrogène doit être confiné magnétiquement dans une forme torique. Le maintien d'un tel niveau élevé de confinement des particules et de l'énergie reste un problème clé. Les réacteurs devraient opérer dans un régime de confinement avancé, le mode H, dans lequel le transport turbulent est réduit par la présence d'une barrière de transport dans le plasma de bord. Ce régime est observé dans toutes les machines actuelles mais demeure en partie incompris. Dans cette thèse, plusieurs mécanismes impliqués dans la transition vers le mode H sont étudiés. Pour cela, plusieurs outils de simulation numériques sont utilisés avec une complexité croissante. Des mécanismes de base, supposés jouer un rôle dans le développement des barrières de transport et impacter la turbulence, sont détaillés et analysés avec des modèles simples. En allant vers des modèles plus complexes, la pertinence de cette physique pour le mode H est discutée au regard des observations expérimentales. La géométrie magnétique et notamment le cisaillement magnétique sont en particulier désignés comme étant des acteurs clés. / Thermonuclear fusion reactors are one of the mid to long term solutions to transit towards a world dominated by carbon-free energy. Extreme temperatures are required for fusion reactions and the plasma of hydrogen isotopes must be magnetically confined in a torus shape. Sustaining such high level of particle and energy confinements is a key issue. Reactors are expected to operate in a high confinement regime - the H-mode - in which turbulent transport is reduced by the presence of a transport barrier in the edge plasma. This regime is observed in all current devices but remains largely miss-understood. In this thesis, we investigate several mechanisms involved in the transition towards H-mode. For that purpose, we use a range of numerical simulation tools of increasing complexity. Using simple models, we first highlight and analyze basic mechanisms likely to play a role in the on-set of transport barriers and in their impact on turbulence. Moving progressively to more complex models, we discuss the relevance of these physics in explaining experimental observations. The magnetic geometry and especially the magnetic shear are pointed out as key players.

Cette thèse porte sur l'interaction entre turbulence et écoulement au bord du plasma de tokamak, et leur influence sur le confinement. La turbulence est la principale contribution au transport dans les machines de fusion magnétique, et un facteur limitant leur performance. Elle peut être stabilisée par les écoulements dans le plasma, via la décorrélation des cellules de convection par le cisaillement, et des couplages non-linéaires. La réduction localisée du transport turbulent par un écoulement cisaillé (barrière de transport) est souvent observée dans les expériences, et des régimes à confinement amélioré tels que le mode à Haut confinement sont obtenus sur de nombreuses machines. Les expériences tendent à montrer que l'écoulement moyen responsable de la barrière est gouverné par l'équilibre des forces, mais qu'il existe une dynamique complexe entre la turbulence, les écoulements zonaux et l'écoulement moyen pendant la phase de transition. Dans cette thèse, nous enrichissons un modèle fluide de turbulence du plasma de bord afin d'inclure la relaxation collisionelle de l'écoulement vers l'équilibre des forces. Nous montrons que la contribution des effets néoclassiques permet la formation spontanée d'une barrière de transport dans les simulations en forçage par un flux. Certains éléments dynamiques similaires à la transition L-H et au mode H sont recouvrés, tels que des relaxations de la barrière, ainsi que des oscillations du champ électrique lors de la formation de la barrière. Notre analyse montre que les écoulements zonaux causent une réduction temporaire de la turbulence via le couplage non-linéaire, ce qui permet l’établissement de la barrière. / The topic of this thesis is the interaction between turbulence and flows at the tokamak edge, and their influence on the confinement. Turbulence is the main contribution to the outward transport in magnetic fusion devices, and a strong limiting factor for their performance. It can be stabilised by flows, through shear-mediated decorrelation of convective cells, and through non-linear coupling. Strong shear flows causing a localised reduction of transport (transport barrier) are often observed in experiments, and several regimes of improved confinement such as the High-confinement mode are accessed routinely. There is a growing body of evidence from experiments showing that the mean flow responsible for the barrier is governed by force balance, while non-linear interplay between turbulence, turbulence-driven zonal-flows, and the mean flow occurs during the transition phase. In this thesis, we extend a fluid model for plasma edge turbulence to include collisional relaxation of flows towards force. We show that accounting for a contribution of neoclassical allows for the spontaneous formation of a transport barrier to occur in flux-driven simulation. Dynamical features reminiscent of the L-H transition and H-mode are recovered, such as relaxation-oscillations of the barrier and dithering of the radial electric field during the barrier formation. An analysis is carried out to identify the roles of zonal-flows and force balance during the transition, and it is found that in our simulations that zonal flows provide temporary quenching of the turbulence via non-linear coupling, allowing for the mean flow to grow and form the barrier.

In many problems in dynamical systems one is interested in the identification of sets which have qualitatively different fates. The finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) method is a general and equation-free method that identifies codimension-one sets which have a locally high rate of stretching around which maximal exponential expansion of line elements occurs. These codimension-one sets thus act as transport barriers. This geometric framework of transport barriers is used to study various problems in phase space transport, specifically problems of separation in flows that can vary in scale from the micro to the geophysical. The first problem which we study is of the nontrivial motion of inertial particles in a two-dimensional fluid flow. We use the method of FTLE to identify transport barriers that produce segregation of inertial particles by size. The second problem we study is the long range advective transport of plant pathogen spores in the atmosphere. We compute the FTLE field for isobaric atmospheric flow and identify atmospheric transport barriers (ATBs). We find that rapid temporal changes in the spore concentrations at a sampling point occur due to the passage of these ATBs across the sampling point. We also investigate the theory behind the computation of the FTLE and devise a new method to compute the FTLE which does not rely on the tangent linearization. We do this using the 925 matrix of a probability density function. This method of computing the geometric quantities of stretching and FTLE also heuristically bridge the gap between the geometric and probabilistic methods of studying phase space transport. We show this with two examples. / Ph. D.

Classical partial transport barriers govern both classical and quantum dynamics of generic Hamiltonian systems. Chaotic eigenstates of quantum systems are known to localize on either side of a partial barrier if the flux connecting the two sides is not resolved by means of Heisenberg's uncertainty. Surprisingly, in open systems, in which orbits can escape, chaotic resonance states exhibit such a localization even if the flux across the partial barrier is quantum mechanically resolved. We explain this using the concept of conditionally invariant measures by introducing a new quantum mechanically relevant class of such fractal measures. We numerically find quantum-to-classical correspondence for localization transitions depending on the openness of the system and on the decay rate of resonance states. Moreover, we show that the number of long-lived chaotic resonance states that localize on one particular side of the partial barrier is described by an individual fractal Weyl law. For a generic phase space, this implies a hierarchy of fractal Weyl laws, one for each region of the hierarchical decomposition of phase space.

Classical partial transport barriers govern both classical and quantum dynamics of generic Hamiltonian systems. Chaotic eigenstates of quantum systems are known to localize on either side of a partial barrier if the flux connecting the two sides is not resolved by means of Heisenberg's uncertainty. Surprisingly, in open systems, in which orbits can escape, chaotic resonance states exhibit such a localization even if the flux across the partial barrier is quantum mechanically resolved. We explain this using the concept of conditionally invariant measures by introducing a new quantum mechanically relevant class of such fractal measures. We numerically find quantum-to-classical correspondence for localization transitions depending on the openness of the system and on the decay rate of resonance states. Moreover, we show that the number of long-lived chaotic resonance states that localize on one particular side of the partial barrier is described by an individual fractal Weyl law. For a generic phase space, this implies a hierarchy of fractal Weyl laws, one for each region of the hierarchical decomposition of phase space.