e transport sector is responsible for a quarter of global CO2 emissions and the emissions continue to grow rapidly. The overall objective of this study was to calculate the following greenhouse gas emissions (GHG); CO2, CH4 and N2O from the transport sector in South Africa in the base year 2009. However, in addition to the calculations of the emissions for this base year, emissions from road transport were recalculated since 2000. The available data allowed only Tier 1 method to calculate all the GHG emissions. Vehicles per type, province and distances they travelled were used to estimate the emissions, while fuel used at various airports in the country was used to determine aviation emissions. Emissions from other modes of the transport sector were calculated using the data from the national energy balances. It was estimated that 54,296 Giga grams (Gg) of CO2 equivalent (CO2-eq) emissions were emitted in 2009. Road, off- road, aviation and rail transports accounted for 80%, 13%, 6% and 1% of the emissions, respectively. Motorcars and trucks produced more than 70% of the road transport emissions. Road transport emissions increased at approximately 2.66% per year between 2000 and 2009. Gauteng province had the highest emissions. Minibus taxis were the most efficient transport mode on the basis of load carried.

No description available.

The highway related revenues for the Commonwealth of Virginia from three major tax sources; fuel tax, registration fee, and sales and use tax are estimated under three scenarios. Each scenario assumes different economic conditions for the future. The base case expects normal or moderate situations for future economy, where the optimistic case expects lower inflation rates and the pessimistic case assumes higher inflation rates. Two modeling approaches have been used in forecasting the fuel tax revenue. One is based on travel, and the other is based on gasoline demand. The sales and use tax revenue has also been forecasted using two different approaches. One method depends on the demand for vehicle, and the other on the historical amount of revenues generated. Registration fee revenue for five types of vehicles are forecasted using number of registered vehicles and the average registration fees. A comparison of the developed model with other existing state revenue forecasting models are also presented. / Master of Science

Esta pesquisa trata da percepção da inovação por parte dos usuários e clientes no mercado rodoviário brasileiro de transporte de pessoas, mais especificamente das tecnologias e inovações presentes nos chassis de ônibus rodoviário. Recentemente, este setor sofreu forte transformação voltando-se à simplificação de ceículos e componentes e a uma consequentemente redução das inovações e tecnologias utilizadas nos veículos. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi identificar os aspectos ligados à percepção da inovação em chassis de ônibus rodoviários sob as óticas de clientes e usuários finais do sistema de transporte. Esta pesquisa tembém identificou quais fatores presentes nos ônibus rodoviários foram apontados como significativos sob a ótica dos usuários e quais inovações e tecnologias são conhecidas da maioria dos passageiros. Este trabalho também identificou quais fatores levam as empresas de transporte rodoviário adquirir determinados modelos de chassis em detrimento a outros mais especificados, com maior número de tecnologias e inovações embarcadas. Para a realização desta pesquisa foi adotado o procedimento de documentação direta de uma situação de mercado, com a coleta de dados realizada junto a 159 usuários - passageiros - de transporte rodoviário de passageiros, mais especificamente aqueles que utilizam a cidade de Curitiba como rota para seus itinerários de viagem. Também foram entrevistados 28 clientes pertencentes a 20 empresas do sistema de transporte, definidos nesta pesquisa como empresas de transporte rodoviário de pessoas e as empresas que fabricam a carroçaria dos ônibus rodoviários. Como resultado, a pesquisa disgnosticou a falta de percepção de inovação e a consequente indiferença por parte dos usuários no momento de escolher uma empresa ou veículo de transporte para viajar. Com relação às empresas de transporte de passageiros foi identificada uma forte tendência à aquisição de veículos que ofereçam tão somente um custo atrativo. Por mais que os clientes de chassis de ônibus identifiquem e reconheçam os benefícios de algumas inovações e tecnologias disponíveis no setor, o fator custo é determinante para a quisição da frota na maioria das empresas. Essa estratégia adotada pode, inclusive, ter sido responsável pelo recente aumento no número de acidentes envolvendo ônibus rodoviários nas estradas brasileiras. / This research becomes to the innovation perception of users - passengers - and clients - people transportation companies and bodybuilder companies - within Brazilian transportation market, specifically technologies an innovations applied in the coaches. Recently this field has suffered a hard change becoming to low end vehicles and components. As consequence this market presents a reduction of innovations and technologies applied in the coaches. The main research achievement was to identify by lens of clients and passengers of Brazilian transportation sytem the aspects relative to innovation perception at coach chassis. This research has identified which faactors or features embodied in the vehicles were appointed as strongly significant according to passenger vision and also which sort of innovations are recognized by them. The research also identified the factors that lead the transport companies to acquire some simplified chassis instead of other ones with technologies and innovations embarked. The research accomplishment required adopts a methodology based ondirect market documentation. Its data acquisition was done with 159 passengers of Brazilian road transporte system; specifically those are using the Curitiba city bus station as part of trip journey. Also were interviewed 28 clients from 20 companies of transportation system, which are defined as companies of passengers transport, as well as, body builder factories. As expected results the research showed the complete lack of awareness and insensibility regarding to users when they are choosing a bus or company to travel. However, result identified by passenger transportation companies shows a strong trend to acquire products based on low end attractiveness or appeal. No matter how much the coach clients have been identified and even recognized some innovations and technologies benefits available in this market, the cost issue is determining factor to fleet acquisition in the majority of the companies. Thiss strategy adopted by passenger transport companies could contribute for the recent raise of accidents involving coaches at Brazilizn roads. / 5000-11-25

Esta pesquisa trata da percepção da inovação por parte dos usuários e clientes no mercado rodoviário brasileiro de transporte de pessoas, mais especificamente das tecnologias e inovações presentes nos chassis de ônibus rodoviário. Recentemente, este setor sofreu forte transformação voltando-se à simplificação de ceículos e componentes e a uma consequentemente redução das inovações e tecnologias utilizadas nos veículos. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi identificar os aspectos ligados à percepção da inovação em chassis de ônibus rodoviários sob as óticas de clientes e usuários finais do sistema de transporte. Esta pesquisa tembém identificou quais fatores presentes nos ônibus rodoviários foram apontados como significativos sob a ótica dos usuários e quais inovações e tecnologias são conhecidas da maioria dos passageiros. Este trabalho também identificou quais fatores levam as empresas de transporte rodoviário adquirir determinados modelos de chassis em detrimento a outros mais especificados, com maior número de tecnologias e inovações embarcadas. Para a realização desta pesquisa foi adotado o procedimento de documentação direta de uma situação de mercado, com a coleta de dados realizada junto a 159 usuários - passageiros - de transporte rodoviário de passageiros, mais especificamente aqueles que utilizam a cidade de Curitiba como rota para seus itinerários de viagem. Também foram entrevistados 28 clientes pertencentes a 20 empresas do sistema de transporte, definidos nesta pesquisa como empresas de transporte rodoviário de pessoas e as empresas que fabricam a carroçaria dos ônibus rodoviários. Como resultado, a pesquisa disgnosticou a falta de percepção de inovação e a consequente indiferença por parte dos usuários no momento de escolher uma empresa ou veículo de transporte para viajar. Com relação às empresas de transporte de passageiros foi identificada uma forte tendência à aquisição de veículos que ofereçam tão somente um custo atrativo. Por mais que os clientes de chassis de ônibus identifiquem e reconheçam os benefícios de algumas inovações e tecnologias disponíveis no setor, o fator custo é determinante para a quisição da frota na maioria das empresas. Essa estratégia adotada pode, inclusive, ter sido responsável pelo recente aumento no número de acidentes envolvendo ônibus rodoviários nas estradas brasileiras. / This research becomes to the innovation perception of users - passengers - and clients - people transportation companies and bodybuilder companies - within Brazilian transportation market, specifically technologies an innovations applied in the coaches. Recently this field has suffered a hard change becoming to low end vehicles and components. As consequence this market presents a reduction of innovations and technologies applied in the coaches. The main research achievement was to identify by lens of clients and passengers of Brazilian transportation sytem the aspects relative to innovation perception at coach chassis. This research has identified which faactors or features embodied in the vehicles were appointed as strongly significant according to passenger vision and also which sort of innovations are recognized by them. The research also identified the factors that lead the transport companies to acquire some simplified chassis instead of other ones with technologies and innovations embarked. The research accomplishment required adopts a methodology based ondirect market documentation. Its data acquisition was done with 159 passengers of Brazilian road transporte system; specifically those are using the Curitiba city bus station as part of trip journey. Also were interviewed 28 clients from 20 companies of transportation system, which are defined as companies of passengers transport, as well as, body builder factories. As expected results the research showed the complete lack of awareness and insensibility regarding to users when they are choosing a bus or company to travel. However, result identified by passenger transportation companies shows a strong trend to acquire products based on low end attractiveness or appeal. No matter how much the coach clients have been identified and even recognized some innovations and technologies benefits available in this market, the cost issue is determining factor to fleet acquisition in the majority of the companies. Thiss strategy adopted by passenger transport companies could contribute for the recent raise of accidents involving coaches at Brazilizn roads. / 5000-11-25

From Preface: The following research is centred around the Grahamstown non-white urban transportation problem. The bus service under consideration is owned and operated by the Grahamstown Municipality and is attached to the City Fire Department. It caters only for non-white commuters by operating fourteen buses, which carry approximately 1 200 000 people per year. As such, the difficulties encountered by this transport service should be generally, though not entirely, applicable only to relatively small non-white transport undertakings. The aims of this research are threefold: 1. to establish the environment within which transport undertakings operate, the structure of the undertaking in response to this environment and the problems which such undertakings encounter in their daily operations ; 2. by analysing in detail a specific transport service, an attempt has been made to delineate problem areas in both the cost and revenue structures, and to ascertain the degree of management awareness of the existence of these problems ; and 3. to determine the social impact of this transport operation and to evaluate all aspects of the service in relation to commuters, business and social needs and wants. Unfortunately, an attempt to extend this type of research to further Eastern Cape urban areas was unsuccessful due to the refusal by certain transport undertakings and government bodies to provide essential information.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2019-03-19T12:32:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinícius Augusto Duarte Sacilotto.pdf: 789352 bytes, checksum: 69dcd2ff24caeafcfcef36fff589b5ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-19T12:32:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinícius Augusto Duarte Sacilotto.pdf: 789352 bytes, checksum: 69dcd2ff24caeafcfcef36fff589b5ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2019-02-25 / The present paper approaches the discussion regarding the legal nature of the relations stablished by road transport contract, as well as its socio-juridical implications for its constituent parts. Even though Law 11.442/2007 has attributed a commercial nature to road transport contracts, many are the decisions from Brazilian courts recognizing employment status between teamsters and their contractors. The discussion on this matter has prompted the Association of Labor Judges – ANAMATRA and the Association of Labor Prosecutors – ANPT to promote the already extinguished Direct Unconstitutionality Action n. 3.961/DF, which aimed to discuss the constitutionality of article n. 5 of Law 11.442/2007, as well as Direct Constitutionality Action n. 48/DF, promoted by National Confederation of Transport, which aimed to see judicially declared the constitutionality of articles 2nd and 4th of Law 11.442/2007 and is currently waiting to be judged by the Supreme Federal Court. The objective of the present paper is to analyze the legal nature of the relations that arise from the contracts of road cargo transport, under the terms of Law 11.442/2007 and from the standpoint of the Principles of Legality and Free Enterprise, pointing its labor effects for the constituent parts. / O presente trabalho aborda a discussão acerca da natureza jurídica das relações estabelecidas por meio de contratos de transporte rodoviário de cargas, assim como de suas implicações nas esferas sócio-jurídicas de seus signatários. Embora a Lei nº. 11.442/2007 tenha atribuído natureza jurídica comercial as relações decorrentes de contratos de transporte rodoviário de cargas, são diversas as decisões proferidas pelos Tribunais brasileiros reconhecendo relação empregatícia entre transportadores de carga e seus contratantes. A discussão acerca do tema motivou com que fosse promovida pela Associação dos Magistrados Trabalhistas – ANAMATRA e a Associação Nacional dos Procuradores do Trabalho - ANPT a já extinta Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade nº. 3.961/DF, que visava discutir a constitucionalidade do artigo 5º da Lei nº. 11.442/2007, assim como a Ação Declaratória de Constitucionalidade nº. 48 do Distrito Federal, promovida pela Confederação Nacional do Transporte com intuito de ver declarada judicialmente a constitucionalidade do disposto nos artigos 2º e 4º da Lei nº. 11.442/2007, atualmente pendente de julgamento por parte do Supremo Tribunal Federal. O objetivo deste trabalho é justamente analisar a natureza jurídica comercial das relações decorrentes dos contratos de transporte rodoviário de cargas, atribuída pela Lei nº. 11.442/2007, sob a ótica dos princípios da legalidade e livre iniciativa, apontando os reflexos de ordem trabalhista de referida condição com relação aos seus signatários.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / The implementation of the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme was articulated by the South African government since 1999, with its estimated time implementation to start in 2005. As at the time of completion of this study the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme was still not absolutely completed. While 2010 was earmarked to be a year to remove all unroadworthy vehicles on the South African public roads, and that has not been completely achieved, especially in the rural areas where roads are not well tarred and constructed. This study investigated the impact that the implementation of the TRP has on taxi queue marshals, taxi rank- street vendors, taxi drivers and taxi-owners as well as their perceptions of the government’s Recapitalisation programme. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect data from the Greater Mankweng Taxi Association in Limpopo Province, Capricorn district and the Limpopo Department of Roads and Transport. The findings of the study, however differs in terms of the participants categories, but the general perception from the respondents is that the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme is not bringing substantial benefit to those it intends to benefit such as taxi operators, taxi drivers and the government revenue system. The street vendors who are indirect beneficiaries also do not see the impact of the Taxi Recapitalisation Programme on their business.

The city of Shanghai was transformed from a treaty port of around half a million people when the British first arrived after the end of the Opium War to become the most populous, prosperous, and cosmopolitan metropolis in China by the early 20th century. The development of public transportation systems contributed significantly to the urban expansion and growth of the city, as well as in reshaping the city's identity. This dissertation examined the impact of public transportation on the urban landscape of Shanghai by focusing on three major issues: "tradition versus modernity", state and society relations, and the relationship between technology and society. As a divided city governed by three separate political jurisdictions, Shanghai offered a unique perspective in understanding the roles public transportation and urban planning played in changing a city's layout. This dissertation addressed the specific differences in the development of urban infrastructure and its impact on population growth, mobility and accessibility, and economic prosperity of the British controlled International Settlement, the French Concession, and the Chinese city. The first half of the dissertation analyzed the roles in which "traditional" man-powered vehicles such as the wheelbarrow, sedan chair, horse-drawn carriage, and rickshaw played, before delving into the arrival of "modern" machine-powered vehicles such as automobiles, trams, trolleys, and buses in the early 20th century. Each form of transportation vehicle is discussed for its specific role, and the type of clientele it catered. This dissertation argued that man-powered vehicles and machine-powered vehicles did not necessarily compete with each other for passengers, as each type of vehicle served its specific purposes and clients. Public transportation; just like food, clothing, or housing is a form of material culture where one's socioeconomic or class status is revealed by the type of transport one chooses. Because the different types of vehicles did not directly compete with each other, they all saw significant increases in ridership. The 'tradition versus modernity" theme is aimed at addressing the bigger picture of "continuity and change", where Shanghai was transformed by foreign influences yet at the same time it still retained traditional Chinese characteristics to form a complex identity. The second half of the dissertation dealt with state and society relations, and the relationship of technology and society. The issue of public versus private responsibility is addressed with historical analysis of government orchestrated urban planning and the private sector providing the services to fulfill the people's needs and demands. In focusing on these two themes, this dissertation argued that technology has inherent political agenda attached to it, as government policies specifically created areas of the city which had better public transportation infrastructure, which led to these parts of the city being more commercially prosperous and vibrant than others. Routes, lines, and stops were designated with specific political purposes in mind, and public transportation accessibility contributed to the uneven economic developments across the city. The Greater Shanghai Project of 1927-1937 was a specific attempt by the Chinese government to create a new city center that could shift the population away from the foreign concessions into the Chinese territories. This dissertation argued that this campaign would not have been feasible even without the Japanese attack due to insufficient public funds. The findings in this dissertation will hopefully add to the scholarship on the history of Shanghai and the history of technology in China.

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration