Orientadores: Fernando Antônio Campos Gomide, Rodrigo Almeida Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T09:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_JoelmaCristina_M.pdf: 12733722 bytes, checksum: 82b5e37be3ff0d4e3be770beb101043b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O processo de distribuição e alocação de vagões vazios nas companhias ferroviárias é dinâmico e envolve mecanismos complexos de planejamento. Formalmente, a distribuição de vagões vazios pode ser formulado como um problema de alocação de recursos cuja solução é uma atribuição vagão-demanda. Do mesmo modo, o processo de alocação de vagões também pode ser formulado como um problema de atribuição vagão-trem. Neste caso, o processo de alocação de vagões se inicia depois que as atribuições vagão-demanda são geradas. O algoritmo de alocação atribui vagões aos trens da programação de trens para que sejam transportados até as demandas a que foram atribuídos. A decisão de distribuição e alocação exige do tomador de decisão uma resposta rápida, visto que, os resultados devem ser rapidamente passados para os pátios, para que as manobras de anexação e desanexação sejam executadas antes da chegada dos trens. Este trabalho propõe um algoritmo para resolver o problema de decisão no planejamento de distribuição e alocação de vagões em tempo real. O algoritmo baseia-se em um modelo de fluxo em redes que considera a grade de trens, as rotas e capacidades dos trens e a operação ferroviária. Neste trabalho também foi construído um algoritmo de distribuição nebuloso para considerar informações estratégicas como: confiabilidade dos clientes, previsibilidade no horizonte de tempo e a incerteza na quantidade de vagões pedida pela demanda. Os modelos clássicos existentes na literatura não tem considerado informações estratégicas na distribuição e alocação de vagões apesar destas informações, sempre serem consideradas quando a distribuição é realizada pelos distribuidores. Resultados experimentais mostram que o algoritmo proposto fornece soluções de distribuição e alocação realistas e eficientes, sob o ponto de vista da qualidade da solução e desempenho computacional. / Abstract: The empty car distribution and allocation process of railroads is dynamic and involves complex planning mechanisms. Formally, the empty car distribution problem can be formulated as a resources assignment problem, whose solution is car-demand assignment. Similarly, the empty car assignment problem can also be formulated as car-train assignment problem. In this case, the car assignment process starts after the car-demand attributions are created. The car assignment algorithm assigns cars to trains, in order to move the cars to its final demands. The empty car distribution and assignment problem requires from the decision maker a fast response. Since the results should be quickly propagated to the terminals(yards), in order to perform maneuvers, activities (attach and detach) before trains arrivals. This paper proposes an algorithm to solve a decision problem in the real time car distribution and assignment planning. The algorithm is based in a networks flow model that considers the train scheduling, routes and capacity of trains and railroad operations. This work also includes a fuzzy distribution algorithm to consider information strategic as customer reliability, time horizon predictability and uncertainty in the number of cars required by the demand. The classical models in the literature has not considered strategic information in the distribution and assignment planning, but it is always considered when the distribution planning is made by the distributors. Experimental results has shown that the proposed algorithms provides realistic and efficient solutions under quality of solution and computational performance point of view. / Mestrado / Engenharia de Computação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Um dos problemas freqüentes em modelos de avaliação de imóveis é identificar quais de suas características devem ser levadas em consideração e o quanto cada uma destas influencia no valor final das propriedades. Além disso, é necessário um critério de avaliação bem estruturado, baseado em modelagem matemática adequada. A partir das constatações acima, foram estabelecidos os objetivos deste trabalho: após identificar as principais variáveis que interferem no valor das propriedades, avaliar o uso de Redes Neurais Artificiais para fins de avaliação e estudar a influência de uma medida de acessibilidade no valor de terrenos urbanos. Quanto às variáveis a serem empregadas nos modelos de avaliação, chegou-se a conclusão que um banco de dados misto, onde tanto variáveis de natureza espacial quanto física pudessem ser incluídas, parecia ser uma opção interessante. Desta forma, após a inclusão no banco de dados de uma variável de natureza espacial, a distância ao centro da cidade, este trabalho comparou dois métodos de avaliação: as Redes Neurais Artificiais e o modelo de regressão múltipla, este último muito usado na prática. Foram abordados dois estudos de caso, as cidades de Araçariguama e São Carlos. A primeira é uma cidade dormitório, de pequeno porte (cerca de 6000 habitantes), localizada nas proximidades da capital do estado, São Paulo. A segunda, por sua vez, é uma cidade de porte médio (cerca de 160000 habitantes), localizada no centro do estado e pólo industrial e tecnológico. A escolha destas cidades ofereceu a oportunidade de estudar a influência de uma variável como a acessibilidade em contextos diferentes. Os resultados obtidos para Araçariguama indicaram que a medida de acessibilidade empregada, distância ao centro, era uma das variáveis mais importantes na formação do preço de propriedades. Quanto aos resultados obtidos pelos modelos empregados, pôde-se observar que, ao utilizar regressão múltipla, o efeito da variável distância ao centro não pode ser estudado sozinho, pois esta variável interage com a área. A utilização de Redes Neurais, por sua vez, também forneceu estimativas adequadas de valor, verificando-se através dela que a acessibilidade apresentou um peso superior a 34% no valor final. Ao se comparar os dois métodos pode-se observar que as Redes Neurais (RN) demonstraram um desempenho superior, quando este foi avaliado pelo valor do erro relativo total. Com o objetivo de analisar a distribuição espacial dos erros, estes foram agrupados em cinco clusters, podendo-se constatar que os maiores erros fornecidos pelas RN se concentraram em um único bairro. Na análise para São Carlos pôde-se verificar também, através dos resultados obtidos por ambos os métodos, que a distância ao centro foi um dos fatores preponderantes na avaliação dos imóveis. A análise da distribuição espacial dos erros apontou uma concentração de erros maiores em um dos bairros, o que pôde ser observado para os dois métodos empregados e dois dos três conjuntos de dados. Um fato que chamou a atenção foi o de que para Araçariguama, que é uma cidade de porte menor, a importância relativa da variável acessibilidade foi maior que para a outra cidade. / A common problem in the use of land valuation models is the identification of the real estate features that should be incorporated in the models and how they influence the final property price. In addition, a well structured approach based in consistent mathematical models is also required. Based on the aforementioned assertions, the following objectives have been drawn for this work: after identifying the main variables that have a strong influence on land values, the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for land valuation have be tested and the influence of an accessibility measure on urban land values have been studied. Regarding the variables that should been part of the valuation models, we reached the conclusion that a mixed database containing physical and spatial attributes seemed to be an interesting option for this sort of problem. Therefore, after the addition of a spatial variable, the distance to the city center, to our database, two valuation methods have been compared: the ANN approach and a multiple regression model, the latter quite common in practice. Two case studies have been then analyzed: the cities of Araçariguama and São Carlos. The first one is a small bedroom town (around 6,000 inhabitants) not far from the state capital, the city of São Paulo. The second one is a medium-sized city (around 160,000 inhabitants) located in the middle of the state and a technological and industrial center. The particularities of these two cities made possible a comparison of the influence that such a variable as accessibility could have on the land values under two different conditions. The results obtained for the city of Araçariguama indicated that the accessibility measure used, the distance from the city center, was one of the main variables influencing land prices. Although both models gave good estimates, their results were not exactly the same. While the influence of the variable distance to the city center could not be individually taken in the multiple regression model, because of its interaction with the variable area, the same variable has a strong weight on the ANN model, in which it appears as responsible for over 34% of the land value. The ANN performed better in a direct comparison of the two approaches, specially when looking to the total relative error. With the purpose of analyzing the spatial distribution of the estimation errors, they have been grouped into clusters, which have stressed that the worst cases are concentrated in a specific area of the city. Both methods showed that the distance to the city center has a strong influence on land values also in the city of São Carlos. The highest estimation errors were also concentrated in a specific neighborhood for two out of three data sets in both valuation methods. Another interesting outcome is the fact that the relative weight of the accessibility variable used was higher in Araçariguama than in São Carlos, although the former city is smaller than the latter.

O ônibus é o principal modo de transporte público de passageiros das grandes cidades brasileiras. Ultimamente as redes de transporte público vêm sofrendo modificações estruturais importantes, visando sua melhoria. Esta Dissertação descreve a pesquisa de mestrado que teve como objetivo o estudo de métodos racionais de Roteirização de Ônibus Urbano para a escolha de um método adequado à aplicação nas grandes cidades brasileiras. A revisão bibliográfica dá mais ênfase aos métodos que atendem a esse objetivo e que possibilitam sua aplicação imediata com ou sem modificação. Para se conhecer as diferenças locais em termos de planejamento dos itinerários nas maiores capitais brasileiras, apresenta-se um levantamento feito junto a 11 (onze) órgãos gestores. Comparam-se os procedimentos adotados no Brasil com os adotados nos Estados Unidos e Canadá e escolhe-se o melhor método com base em critérios existentes na literatura. O objetivo principal foi alcançado: o método indicado pode ser aplicado, com algumas modificações concernentes principalmente à coleta de dados. Espera-se que esta pesquisa contribua para a divulgação das técnicas de roteirização baseadas em modelos matemáticos de modo a auxiliar o especialista: (a) na alteração e/ou concepção das rotas (b) na completa reformulação de complexos sistemas de transporte público. / Bus transit is the main urban public transportation mode available in large-size Brazilian cities. Brazilian transit networks have held important structural modifications lately, seeking their improvement. This dissertation describes a master’s research that had as the main objective the study of rational bus transit routing methods. The goal is to choose the best of these methods for application in large-size Brazilian cities. The literature review focused on methods which are addressed to this objective, and that could be used with or without changes for this purpose. A total of 11 (eleven) transit agencies answered a national survey made to identify local differences in the planning techniques used in the largest Brazilian capitals. Procedures adopted in Brazil were compared with the ones applied in the United States and in Canada and one method was then chosen, taken into account evaluation criteria found in the literature. The main objective of this research was reached: the method selected can be applied with some minor modifications concerning mainly the data collection procedure. This research shall contribute for the popularization of mathematical models as routing techniques that could help planners: (a) to design a new bus route and/or to redesign an existing one (b) to completely redesign complex transit systems.

A infraestrutura de transportes teve papel fundamental no crescimento urbano de São Paulo, determinando sua ocupação urbana e seus eixos de expansão. O presente trabalho parte de um embasamento histórico que aborda o início do desenvolvimento urbano de São Paulo, com a implantação de ferrovias e bondes em meados do século 19 e início do século 20, e a estruturação e intenso crescimento urbano da cidade com a ascensão do ônibus e do automóvel, principalmente a partir dos anos 1950 e 1960. Esta disputa entre modais é um dos fatores que colaborou para a atual crise de mobilidade na cidade, e é também tema recorrente nas iniciativas do planejamento urbano e de transportes realizadas a partir dos anos 2000, como os planos PITU 2020 e PITU 2025. A análise destes planos tem como objetivo resgatar a importância do sistema sobre trilhos para o desenvolvimento conjunto da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, e analisar a articulação entre as políticas públicas de uso e ocupação do solo e o planejamento de transporte. / Transport infrastructure played a key role in the urban growth of São Paulo, determining its urban occupation and its expansion axes. This work starts with a historical foundation that approaches the early history of urban development of São Paulo, with the introduction of railroads and trams in the mid-19th century and early 20th century, and the structuring and intense urban growth of the city with the rise of the automobile and bus transportation mainly from the 1950s and 1960s. This dispute between transportation modes is one of the factors that contributed to the current mobility crisis in the city, and is also a recurring theme in the initiatives of the urban and transportation planning performed from the years 2000 as in the PITU 2020 and PITU 2025 plans. The analysis of these plans aims to restore the importance of the rail system for the joint development of the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, and analyze the relation between land use public policy and transport planning.

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are computer equipped vehicles that can operate without human driver’s active control using information provided by their sensors about the surrounding environment. Self-driving vehicles may have seemed to be a distant dream several years ago, but manufactures’ prototypes showed that AVs are becoming real now. Several car manufactures (i.e. Benz, Audi, etc.) and information technology firms (i.e. Google) have either showcased their fully AVs or announced their robot cars to be released in a few years. AVs hold the promise to transform the ways we live and travel. Although several studies have been conducted on the impacts of AVs, much remains to be explored regarding the various ways in which AVs could reshape our lifestyle. This dissertation addresses the knowledge gap in understanding the potential implications of AV technologies on travel behavior and system modeling. A comprehensive review of literature regarding AV adoption, potential impacts and system modeling was provided. Bass diffusion models were developed to investigate the market penetration process of AVs based on experience learned from past technologies. A stated preference survey was conducted to gather information from university population on the perceptions and attitudes toward AV technologies. The data collected from the Florida International University (FIU) was used to develop econometric models exploring the willingness to pay and relocation choices of travelers in light of the new technologies. In addition, the latest version of the Southeast Planning Regional Model (SERPM) 7.0, an Activity-Based Model (ABM), was employed to examine the potential impacts of AVs on the transportation network. Three scenarios were developed for short-term (2035), mid-term (2045) and long-term (2055) conditions. This dissertation provides a systematic approach to understand the potential implications of AV technologies on travel behavior and system modeling. The results of the survey data analysis and the scenario analysis also provide important inputs to guide planning and policy analysis on the impacts of AV technologies.

Dans la collaboration entre transporteurs, plusieurs transporteurs forment une alliance pour échanger leurs demandes de transport dans le but d'améliorer la rentabilité. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié la planification collaborative de transport entre transporteurs de charges partielles. Plus concrètement, nous avons étudié trois sous-problèmes soulevés dans cette planification collaborative: le problème de ramassage et de livraison avec fenêtres de temps, profits et demandes réservées, le problème de détermination de gagnants dans l'échange combinatoire, et le problème de génération d'enchère.Ces trois sous-problèmes sont les problèmes clés pour la planification collaborative de transport parmi des transporteurs, et ils sont peu étudiés dans la littérature. Nous avons établi les nouveaux modèles de programmation mathématique pour ces problèmes et développé des heuristiques efficaces pour trouver des solutions très proches de leurs optimums dans un temps de calcul raisonnable. Les heuristiques proposées sont plus performantes que les solveurs commerciaux (GUROBI, CPLEX) non seulement en termes de la qualité de solution, mais aussi en termes du temps de calcul. / In carrier collaboration, multiple carriers form an alliance to exchange their delivery requests for the purpose of improving profitability. In this thesis, we have studied the collaborative transportation planning (CTP) among less-than-truckload (LTL) carriers. More concretely, we have studied three sub-problems raised in this collaborative planning: the pickup and delivery problem with time windows, profits, and reserved requests (PDPTWPR), the winner determination problem (WDP) in carrier collaboration via combinatorial exchange (CE), and the bid generation problem (BGP).These sub-problems are the key issues for collaborative transportation planning among carriers, and they are rarely studied in the literature. We have established new mathematical programming models for these problems and developed efficient heuristics to find solutions close to their optimums in a reasonable computational time. The heuristics proposed are more efficient than commercial solvers (GUROBI, CPLEX) not only in terms of solution quality, but also in terms of computation time.

No description available.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are a disruptive technology that is expected to vastly change the current transportation system. AV potential benefits in terms of safety, mobility, efficiency and other impacts types have been documented in the literature. AVs are expected to increase travel demand due to the enhanced ease of making trips and provision of mobility to people currently with travel-limiting disabilities. The potential increase in travel demand, with its attendant congestion, may probably be offset by the transportation network capacity increase due to the reduced operational headways between AVs. However, such capacity benefits can be fully realized only when AVs fully saturate the market, because operating at low headways may be unsafe for Human Driven Vehicles (HDVs). Thus, to promote AV ownership while capturing the capacity benefits of an AV-only traffic stream, the conversion of traditional lanes to AV-exclusive use is prescribed often. In the AV-exclusive lanes, the vehicles can operate at reduced headways and at higher speeds, sharply increasing throughput. However, the metric used frequently by researchers for AV-exclusive lane evaluation is the total system travel time. AV-exclusive lanes may appear to be beneficial in terms of total system travel time but may come at a cost of environmental protection and social equity, the other two elements of sustainable development. Appropriating HDV lanes for AV-exclusive use will cause congestion on HDV lanes thereby increasing their emissions. Further, the AVs benefits may be accompanied by increased cost of HDV travel, which raises questions about equity. This thesis therefore presents a sustainable AV-exclusive lane deployment strategy by formulating and solving a multicriteria bi-level optimization problem with equity-related constraints. Mathematically, the problem is described as a discrete network design problem. Recognizing the difficulty of solving this NIP hard problem, the thesis combines the active set method with heuristic conditionalities to improve computational efficiency. The thesis’s framework can be used by agencies for evaluation and decision support regarding AV-exclusive lane deployment in a manner that fosters long-term sustainability.

This dissertation contends that the decision of the Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto and the Toronto Transit Commission to introduce a grid of frequent, all-day bus service on arterial roads in newly built, low-density suburban neighbourhoods is responsible for Toronto’s unique ability to attract suburbanites to transit. Toronto’s approach is in stark contrast with the that followed in most North American urban regions, where auto-oriented suburban built form is considered to make transit unviable, and therefore transit service outside the urban core is typically very limited. The Ontario government’s establishment of metropolitan government in the Toronto region in 1953, at a time when transit remained a popular mode of transportation, encouraged and empowered suburban politicians to pressure the TTC to expand service to their constituencies. In response, the TTC developed a plan for suburban bus service that succeeded, in terms of ridership and financial performance, far beyond its expectations. This success, in turn, encouraged further service improvements and government support for transit, producing a virtuous spiral of service increases, ridership gains, and government funding increases, which stood in sharp contrast with the vicious spiral of ridership declines, service cuts, and fare hikes that plagued transit systems in most North American cities. This dissertation is the product of archival research in Canada and the United States, as well as a series of interviews with policymakers, planners, and activists who were engaged during the period. The Toronto model offers valuable lessons for transportation planning across North America. It demonstrates that it is possible to achieve high transit mode share, even in areas that are not designed as explicitly transit-oriented communities. This means that it is possible to shift trips away from the automobile without needing to entirely rebuild the suburban neighbourhoods where most North Americans reside, an unachievable goal on the timeline required to avert catastrophic climate change. It also demonstrates that the benefits of large capital investments in rapid transit and rail projects will only be maximized when paired with operating funding to ensure that the new infrastructure is embedded in a broader network of frequent local transit service.

In recent decades skateboarding has expanded from recreation into a form of transportation. Skateboarders appear to use roadways much as other non‐motorized modes do. However, there is little academic research on the needs and characteristics of the skateboard as a mode. This research reports demographics, multi‐modal and travel behavior findings, and other data from an exploratory mixed‐methods study of skateboarding as a mode of transportation.