For many reasons planners in the past have failed to realize the full potential of the market system as a powerful practical and intellectual tool to be used in urban transportation planning. At a time when there is increasing evidence that past approaches to the urban transportation problem have not yielded the long term solutions that were expected, it is urgent that all alternative strategies be explored. This study addresses itself to one policy course: control of urban transportation through the deliberate use of the market mechanism. The objective of the pricing of urban transportation would be to promote a more socially desirable pattern of usage of the system through a structuring of the demand characteristics - by mode, route, time of travel, and amount of travel. Pricing may thus be used to make the trip-maker aware of, and accountable for, the social costs he incurs in the form of delays due to congestion, noise, air pollution, and so forth, and his travel behaviour would alter accordingly. Because these so-called externalities are, at present not quantifiable in monetary terms, and because of differences in individual utilities, the use of the pricing mechanism cannot displace the political decision-making, but can supplement it. This study is an evaluation of the tool of pricing control in urban transportation planning. The theoretical relationships and the rationale for use of the price mechanism are discussed, and the technical and administrative problems of implementation of a pricing scheme are evaluated. The potential impacts are examined. The practical application of the tool is explored in the context of a case study of traffic in the Lions' Gate Bridge Corridor in Vancouver. There are several compelling advantages to the use of the pricing system for achieving both short-run and long-run objectives. It is extremely flexible, adaptable, incremental, reversible, and most schemes can be implemented at very low capital cost. It can be a strategy for restraint or containment of traffic, or more generally a strategy for directing the patterns of use of the transportation system. But there are serious unanswered questions concerning the limitations of the tool - specifically the income redistribution effects and the overall effectiveness of the pricing mechanism in an increasingly affluent society. There are potential long-term impacts which will remain speculative until we have working urban simulation models. Although the direct application of pricing would be practicable in Canada in only a limited number of clearly defined situations, an understanding of the theoretical concepts will assist in the formulation of specific objectives which may then be pursued using alternate tools more suited to each set of circumstances. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Economics / Yang-Ming Chang / This dissertation comprises three chapters in international trade and the economics of conflict. These chapters are put together according to two dimensions. From the international relations dimension, Chapter 1 analyzes free trade, which is the most “liberal” form of international relation; Chapter 2 analyzes different types of trade agreements, which is the most common and “moderate” form of international relation; and Chapter 3 analyzes conflict, which is the most violent and “extreme” form of international relation. From the proximity dimension, free trade usually occurs between countries that are far from each other, trade agreements usually signed by countries with in a region, and conflict usually happens between two very close countries. Chapter 1 develops a novel model of international trade in which transportation costs are driven by trade imbalance of an individual country. This task is accomplished by assuming a representative transportation firm in each country that competes with its counterparts from other countries for international operation. The model of trade imbalance driven costs complements results from traditional international trade model in that it sheds light on how trade costs are affected by country size. With multiple countries and a continuum of production firms in each country under monopolistic competition, we derive an index of transportation costs to capture bilateral trade barriers for country pairs. This index is time-variant, which makes it suitable for panel data studies. Based on the index, simulation and simplified three-country free trade model show that countries with a relatively larger size incur a trade deficit while smaller size implies a trade surplus under free trade. A gravity equation is derived and estimated using Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood. Estimation results support the fitness and robustness of the theoretical model of trade using the constructed transportation cost index. Further, statistical test shows that this transportation cost index is a better approximation of bilateral trade cost than distance. A growing number of recent regional trade agreements (RTAs) have introduced provisions concerning cross-border investments. Likewise, a substantial number of RTAs have been preceded by agreements regarding cross-border investments. In Chapter 2, we develop a partial equilibrium three-country model to examine the relationship between RTAs and FDI while also allowing for double taxation. Our analysis shows that the formation of an RTA between two regional countries with wage asymmetry is welfare-improving for the low-wage country and the region, but can be welfare-deteriorating for the high-wage country. We extend our analysis to examine the role of repatriation taxes in the determination of firm location when an RTA is and is not established. Our final result suggests that the signing of an RTA would not induce the relocation of a plant from the high-wage country to the low-wage country unless a reduction of the repatriation tax rate also occurs. In Chapter 3, we attempt to resolve the “inefficiency puzzle of war” by developing a general equilibrium model of bargaining and fighting with endogenous destruction. In the analysis, we consider the scenario that two contending parties engage in bargaining to avoid fighting when there are direct costs (e.g., arms buildups) and indirect costs (e.g., destruction to consumable resources) of conflict. Taking into account different modes of “destruction technology” (in terms of weapons’ destructiveness) without imposing specific functional form restrictions on conflict technology and production technology, we characterize their interactions in determining the Nash equilibrium choice between fighting and bargaining. We find that bargaining is costly as the contending parties always allocate more resources to arming for guarding their settlement through bargaining (but under the shadow of conflict) than in the event of fighting. Contrary to conventional thinking that bargaining is Pareto superior over fighting, we show conditions under which fighting dominates bargaining as the Nash equilibrium choice. The positive analysis may help explain the general causes of fighting, strikes, international conflict, and wars without incomplete information or misperceptions.

This project deals with the viability of establishing a staging operation in the Alberton area which will enable Cargo Carriers Limited to improve its service in the distribution of Iscor's steel. This report discusses the logistics of the staging operation and the cost implication : a forecast is made to compare the profitability of the new operation with the existing method distribute tg i teel. Conclusions reached are: - the establishment of a staging operation will provide an improved service to Iscor at the cost of being 7 percent less profitable (in term s of return on turnover). - the cost of establishing a new depot in Alrode for the staging operation will be in the region of R5 000 000, - by shunting nnd stag in g loads o v ern ig h t In A iberton a capital saving of 27 vehicles will be achieved. T h j establishm ent of a sta g in g operation will also provide Cargo C arriers Limited with the following benefits: - improved p ro d u ctiv ity of fleet. - more flexibility of serv ice. - enough room for any fu tu re expansion of depot. - the possibility of obtaining new bu sin ess from th e larg e in d u strial companies which are located near th e new depot. Because of the operational ben efits and im proved custom er serv ice it is recommended th a t Cargo C arriers Limited pro ceed s with the establishm ent of such an operation.

Este trabalho visa definir possíveis arranjos de localização de escolas de primeiro grau, situadas na cidade de São Carlos, analisando-se os custos de deslocamento casa-escola. Neste estudo, serão abordados os custos de deslocamentos decorrentes de uma reforma escolar, presenciada no Estado de São Paulo. Segundo esta reforma, os alunos de primeiro grau menor (1ª a 4ª séries) ficaram separados fisicamente dos demais níveis. Tal separação visou a melhorias na qualidade de ensino, com conseqüente diminuição de desperdício de recursos financeiros. Este estudo se utiliza dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas como ferramenta capaz de gerar e analisar estes custos, comparando-se o que se tinha antes da reforma, o que se tem hoje, e o que se poderia ter quando da aplicação de um planejamento orientado por este ferramental. Para se procederem a estas análises, foram criados cenários (alguns deles hipotéticos) que permitiram simulações, as quais tinham o objetivo principal de apontar a melhor solução (ou melhores soluções) para o sistema, com conseqüente diminuição do custo médio de deslocamento. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o método proposto pode auxiliar as autoridades competentes na definição de localização para novas escolas ou na realocação de matrículas, de forma a melhor atender à comunidade, objetivando a redução de custos de deslocamentos. / The main aim of this work is to analyze alternative locations for a specific set of schools in the city of São Carlos, always trying to reduce travel costs from home to school. This study evaluates the impact of the changes resulting from the reorganization of the education system in the State of São Paulo on the students’ trip patterns. In this reorganization process, the students of 1st to 4th grades have been physically separated from the older ones. This division was done to improve the learning process, with a consequent reduction of the costs caused by students’ failures. This study uses a Geographical Information System as a tool to calculate and to analyze travel costs before and after the reorganization, as well as in some scenarios planned with its built-in procedures. Several simulations, with both real and hypothetical scenarios, were used in the search for the best solution (or solutions) for the system - the one (ones) that minimizes the average travel costs. The results found clearly indicate that the proposed method can serve as a guideline to the authorities in the definition of the location of new schools or relocation of students, reducing travel costs in both cases.

Este trabalho visa definir possíveis arranjos de localização de escolas de primeiro grau, situadas na cidade de São Carlos, analisando-se os custos de deslocamento casa-escola. Neste estudo, serão abordados os custos de deslocamentos decorrentes de uma reforma escolar, presenciada no Estado de São Paulo. Segundo esta reforma, os alunos de primeiro grau menor (1ª a 4ª séries) ficaram separados fisicamente dos demais níveis. Tal separação visou a melhorias na qualidade de ensino, com conseqüente diminuição de desperdício de recursos financeiros. Este estudo se utiliza dos Sistemas de Informações Geográficas como ferramenta capaz de gerar e analisar estes custos, comparando-se o que se tinha antes da reforma, o que se tem hoje, e o que se poderia ter quando da aplicação de um planejamento orientado por este ferramental. Para se procederem a estas análises, foram criados cenários (alguns deles hipotéticos) que permitiram simulações, as quais tinham o objetivo principal de apontar a melhor solução (ou melhores soluções) para o sistema, com conseqüente diminuição do custo médio de deslocamento. Os resultados encontrados indicam que o método proposto pode auxiliar as autoridades competentes na definição de localização para novas escolas ou na realocação de matrículas, de forma a melhor atender à comunidade, objetivando a redução de custos de deslocamentos. / The main aim of this work is to analyze alternative locations for a specific set of schools in the city of São Carlos, always trying to reduce travel costs from home to school. This study evaluates the impact of the changes resulting from the reorganization of the education system in the State of São Paulo on the students’ trip patterns. In this reorganization process, the students of 1st to 4th grades have been physically separated from the older ones. This division was done to improve the learning process, with a consequent reduction of the costs caused by students’ failures. This study uses a Geographical Information System as a tool to calculate and to analyze travel costs before and after the reorganization, as well as in some scenarios planned with its built-in procedures. Several simulations, with both real and hypothetical scenarios, were used in the search for the best solution (or solutions) for the system - the one (ones) that minimizes the average travel costs. The results found clearly indicate that the proposed method can serve as a guideline to the authorities in the definition of the location of new schools or relocation of students, reducing travel costs in both cases.

Orientador: Douglas Tacla / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T11:18:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Quagliato_GiulianoBatagin_M.pdf: 1392096 bytes, checksum: 2348fe37c161006a95ff3803b0ad4412 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Atualmente, há uma grande quantidade de pesquisas realizadas para determinar o perfil de redes de distribuição em função de conceitos existentes na literatura. Há vários estudos disponíveis que apresentam modelos com base em variáveis que ao serem combinadas entre si proporcionam determinações teóricas de redes de distribuição, tais quais, volumes, distâncias, entre outros. Em contra partida, existem no mercado empresas do setor logístico que operam através de redes de distribuição construídas com embasamento prático para atender uma demanda de clientes de qualquer parte do país ou do mundo. Sendo assim, esta dissertação de mestrado visa realizar um estudo sobre redes de distribuição comparativamente aos modelos propostos na literatura disponível e confrontar com a realidade de redes de distribuição do Brasil através de um estudo de caso. Para isso, a proposta é utilizar dados provenientes de um operador logístico para que, quando aplicados, seja possível comparar métodos propostos na literatura de redes de distribuição com resultados práticos. Feitas as comparações relevantes, cria-se um procedimento e calculam-se os custos de transportes e de armazenagem através de uma ferramenta de análise e identificam-se potenciais ganhos monetários. Por fim, a conclusão se dá com exposição dos resultados obtidos através da aplicação dos procedimentos criados e comparando as fontes sobre redes de distribuição validadas através da aplicação de dados reais. / Abstract: At the present, there is a big quantity of researches to determine the profile of the supply chain in function of existent concepts in the literature. There are several available studies that present models based on variables that while being combined between each other provide theoretical determinations of supply chain, just like, volumes, distances, between others. On the other hand, there are in the market companies of the logistics sector which operate through supply chain built with practical foundation to attend a clients' demand of any part of the country or of the world. Being so, this dissertation of master's degree aims to carry out a study on supply chain comparatively to the models proposed in the available literature and to confront with the reality of supply chain of Brazil through a case study. For that, the proposal is to use data originating from a Third Party Logistics Provider to, when applied, be possible to compare methods proposed in the literature on supply chain with practical results. When the relevant comparisons were done, a proceeding is created and the transportation and storage costs are calculated through a tool of analysis and the potential monetary profits are identified. Finally, the conclusion will be with the exhibition of the results obtained through the application of the procedures previously built and comparing with the sources on supply chain and taking the application of real case as a validation. / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited / The author examines the incremental costs and benefits associated with a change from six-month unit deployments to one-year unit deployments. The analysis is based primarily on five fighter squadrons participating in the Marine Corps' Unit Deployment Program and takes in the period July 1976 to October 1988. Regression analysis is used to project transportation cost savings of $4 million in real terms from FY 1989 through FY 1993. With a change to a one-year Unit Deployment Program, fighter squadrons should experience net increases in aircraft readiness, aircrew training readiness, and personnel retention. / http://archive.org/details/oneyearudpcostbe00hack / Lieutenant Colonel, United States Marine Corps

Orientador: Silvio Alexandre de Araújo / Banca: Reinaldo Morabito Neto / Banca: Franklina Maria Bragion de Toledo / Resumo: Este trabalho consiste numa extensão do estudo de um problema de dimensionamento de lotes com custo de transporte feito por Norden e Velde [53], onde a produção dos itens é transportada, em paletes, para um armazém. O transporte é feito por uma empresa terceirizada sob um contrato com os seguintes custos pré-estabelecidos: um custo fixo de contrato, um custo para o transporte de um determinado volume de paletes e um custo adicional para paletes extras. O problema foi estendido, no presente trabalho, considerando restrições de capacidade e a possibilidade de atrasos no atendimento a demanda. Nosso objetivo é propor um modelo matemático para o problema estendido e desenvolver dois métodos heurísticos de resolução. Tais métodos são baseados em dois tipos de relaxação: relaxação Lagrangiana e relaxação Lagrangiana/Surrogate. Os resultados obtidos pelas heurísticas são comparados com os resultados obtidos pelo pacote de otimização CPLEX 10.0. Além disso, é feita uma comparação entre os métodos heurísticos. / Abstract: This work consist of an extension of a study of the capacitated lot-sizing problems with transportation cost by Norden and Velde [53], where the production of itens is transported into pallets to an warehouse. The transportation is executed by another company, under a contract with the following transportation cost established: a fixed contract cost, a transportation cost for determined quantity of pallets and an additional cost for extra pallets. The problem was extended, in this work, considering capacity constraint and backlogging. Our objective is to propose a mathematical model for the extended problem and to develop two heuristics methods of resolution. The methods are based on two types of relaxation: Lagrangian relaxation and Lagrangian/Surrogate relaxation. The results obtained by heuristics are compared with the results obtained by CPLEX 10.0. Furthermore, a comparison between the heuristics is made. / Mestre

Transportation cost is an important item in total operating cost of an open pit mining operations. In some projects, the transportation cost may reach to 60 % of total operating cost. Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKi) delivers the demanded coal to all cities of Turkey within the context of Prime Ministry Social Solidarity and Aid Fund. The project duration, demanded coal amount whether the coal is needed as packed or unpacked form are determined by local governors. In this study, a model is developed through software, called NAKMAL for the estimation of TKi&rsquo / s coal transportation cost. Transportation cost model is coded using Visual Studio.NET 2005. This model is designed in modular structure and composed of 19 modules. Excavation and transportation in a mine is an important part of the model. Model considers all the highway, railway and transportation by ship alternatives, as well as the packing operation. This model is being used in evaluation of bids by the decision of TKi&rsquo / s board of executive committee.

The objective of this study is to determine Virginia dairy producers’ competitiveness in an industry that is experiencing changing policy and marketing conditions. The competitiveness of Virginia dairy producers is examined in a National Dairy Model that compares both producers’ cost of production across market areas and spatial relationships among producers and consumers. The National Dairy Model (NDM) is a mathematical programming model that minimizes the total costs of producing milk and the assembly costs of shipping dairy products to the final consumer. A state's cost of production in the NDM is determined with a translog cost function. The cost functions are estimated with data collected in the 1989 and 1993 dairy versions of the Farm Costs and Returns Survey (FCRS). The supply and demand information in the NDM is annual data for 1994. Transportation costs are determined with current hauling rates and actual mileage between supply and demand points. Once the costs of production and spatial components of the NDM are formulated, the NDM is solved using the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). The NDM is evaluated under the guidelines of several different scenarios. For example, some alternative marketing scenarios that provide important information about the future of the dairy industry are (1) simulations where the hauling rates are varied, (2) scenarios in which the U.S. becomes a major participant in the export market, and (3) situations where the marketing environment leads to increasing costs of production. Another alternative scenario involves only the spatial dimension of the NDM. Given the current marketing conditions in the dairy industry, the results of the NDM indicate that Virginia dairy producers are competitive in a marketing environment where the location of milk production is determined by a producer's costs of production and location advantages. Using Virginia's translog cost function, the cost per cwt. at the mean of the FCRS production data is $10.60. The cost estimate applies to Virginia's representative dairy farm where the average herd size is 91 cows and annual production per cow is 14,160 pounds. With these estimates and the fact that Virginia producers are near large population centers, the results of the NDM show that Virginia dairy farms are competitive in a deregulated market. / Ph. D.