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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Using Transposable Elements as Tools to Better Understand Evolution at the Genomic Level

Platt, Roy Nelson, II 17 May 2014 (has links)
Transposable elements (TEs), also known as jumping genes, are DNA sequences capable of mobilizing and replicating within the genome. In mammals, it is not uncommon for 50% of the genome to be derived from TEs, yet they remain an underutilized tool for tracking evolutionary change. With the increasing number of publicly funded genome projects and affordable access to next-generation sequencing platforms, it is important to demonstrate the role TEs may play in helping us understand evolutionary patterns. The research presented herein utilizes TEs to investigate such patterns at the genomic, specific, and generic levels in three distinct ways. First at the genomic level, an analysis of the historical TE activity within the thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) shows that non-LTR retrotransposon activity has been declining for the past ~26 million years and appears to have ceased ~5 million years ago. Since most mammals, and all other rodents studied to date, have active TEs the extinction event in S. tridecemlineatus makes it a valuable model for understanding the factors driving TE activity and extinction. Second, we examined TEs as factors impacting genomic and species diversity. We found that DNA transposon insertions in Eptesicus fuscus, appear to have been exapted as miRNAs. When placed within a phylogenetic context a burst of transposon-driven, miRNA origination and the vespertilionid species radiation occurred simultaneously ~30 million years ago. This observation implies that lineage specific TEs could generate lineage specific regulatory pathways, and consequently lineage specific phenotypic differences. Finally, we utilized TEs to investigate their phylogenetic potential at the level of genus. In particular a method was developed that identified, over 670 thousand Ves SINE insertions in seven species of Myotis for use in future phylogenetic studies. Our method was able to accurately identify insertions in taxa for which no reference genome was available and was confirmed using traditional PCR and Sanger sequencing methods. By identifying polymorphic Ves insertions, it may be possible to resolve the phylogeny of one of the largest species radiations in mammals.
42

Genetic characterization of gamma-aminobutyrate metabolism in Sinorhizobium meliloti

Trottier, Oliver. January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
43

Transposon dynamics in self- and cross-fertilizing plant populations

Wright, Stephen, 1975- January 2000 (has links)
No description available.
44

Transposons and the evolutionary relationships among modern rice species

Turcotte, Kime. January 2001 (has links)
No description available.
45

Transposon-mediated gene diversification

Elrouby, Nabil January 2005 (has links)
No description available.
46

Detecção de elementos transponíveis e desenvolvimento parcial de um protocolo de inativação gênica mediada pelo transposon impala em fusarium graminearum / Detection of transposable elemento and partial development of aogenic inactivation protocol mediated for Impala transposon in Fusarium graminearum

Leão, Ricardo Costa 22 June 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV07MA023.pdf: 3345243 bytes, checksum: 4a8cf32319e030bf77cdd4320f251d27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-22 / The fungi Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae) is the etiological agent of scab wheat, one of the most important cereal s winter diseases in Brazil. Outbreaks are generally sporadic but in the last few years is frequently reported an increase in disease intensity in almost all the wheat producing areas around the world. Some studies demonstrate a high genetic diversity in F. graminearum from different geographic areas, as well as in isolates at the same locality. In filamentous fungi, as the F. graminearum, one of the main mutation s causes is the transposable elements or transposons which are capable to generate different types of mutations. In some cases, these mutations are involved with the resistance break, an important phenomenon for the occurrence of epidemics. The objectives of this study were to detect putative transposable elements sequences in the F. graminearum genome, as well as to develop and to analyze adequate procedures for co-transformation of brazilin isolates of this fungi with the vectors pNI160, which carry the transposon impala and pAN7.1, which code to hygromycin B resistance. To detect putative sequences of transposable elements in the F. graminearum genome, specifics oligonucleotides were constructed and 14 isolates, originated from the States of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and São Paulo were used. A total of 10 oligonucleotides pairs were constructed (6 oligonucleotides pairs were specific to transposase, 3 to transcriptase reverse and 1 to gene that code for GAG protein). Considering these 10 oligonucleotides pairs, the one that would amplify a transcriptase reverse region similar to a Magnaporthe grisea reverse transcriptase did not amplify any fragment in the isolates total DNA, and the pair that would amplify a transposase region similar to Metarhizium anisopliae originated many fragments of different sizes that do not show relation with 683 bp expected size fragment. Considering the eight oligonucleotides pairs remained, five of them amplified the expected fragments for transposase (715 bp region similar to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris transposase, 306 bp similar to Aspergillus awamori transposase, 556 bp similar to A. niger tansposase, 339 bp similar to Arabdopsis thaliana transposase and 554 bp similar to Cochliobolus carbonum transposase), two of them amplified the transcriptase reverse fragments (161 bp similar to A. thaliana reverse transcriptase and the 752 bp similar to Caenorhabditis elegans reverse transcriptase) and one oligonucleotide pair amplified an 581 bp expected size fragment similar to F. oxysporum gag gene. The amplification occurred, even for different oligonucleotides pairs, in all 14 analyzed isolates confirming the presence of transposable elements putative sequences in Brazilian isolates of F. graminearum. This also shows a diversity of groups of these putative elements, considering that some of the sequence amplified is characteristic of a transposable element specific group. To develop the genic inactivation protocol, we select the isolates F02 and F12 which are pathogenic for BR18-Terena cultivar. To evaluate the better medium for selection of chlorate resistant mutants, it was analyzed two different medium. This analysis showed that medium describe by Cove (1979) is more indicate for selected the chlorate resistant mutants. A total of 15 9 chorate resistant mutants were obtained, being five identified as nitrate reductase mutants (niaD), eight specific regulator mutants (nirA) and two permease mutants. Differences related to the number of mutants obtained and number inoculated plates, number of nitrate reductase mutants and macroconides production indicate that the choice of the isolate can influence the isolation of mutants and in protoplast production. Analysis with different hygromycin B concentrations revealed that doses up to 30 μg.mL-1 were enough to control the fungal growth. Two nitrate reductase mutants (M01 and M194) were select to protoplastization and co-transformation, once these two mutants in relation to others produce lower concentration of residual mycelium. Only one transformant were obtained and it was denominated T3, what shows that the transformation protocol needs to be modified to increase the number of transformants. If hybridization experiments confirm the transformation of T3 with only one copy of the impala element, it will be confirmed the transposition ability of impala in F. graminearum, and it will be useful in genetic inactivation studies, especially to genes involved in pathogenicity process / O fungo Fusarium graminearum (teleomorfo Gibberella zeae) é o agente etiológico da giberela do trigo, atualmente uma das principais doenças de inverno no Brasil. Epidemias ocorrem esporadicamente, embora nos últimos anos, registraram-se incrementos na intensidade da doença em quase todas as áreas produtoras de trigo no mundo. Vários estudos demonstram uma grande diversidade genética em isolados de F. graminearum de diferentes áreas geográficas, como também em isolados de uma mesma localidade. Em fungos filamentosos como o F. graminearum, uma das principais fontes de mutações capaz de gerar alta variabilidade genética são os elementos transponíveis ou transposons. Essas mutações algumas vezes estão envolvidas com a quebra de resistência, fenômeno importante para o surgimento de epidemias. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram de detectar putativas seqüências de elementos transponíveis no genoma deste fungo, bem como, desenvolver e analisar procedimentos e métodos adequados para a co-transformação de isolados brasileiros deste fungo com o plasmídio pNI160, o qual carrega o transposon impala, e o plasmídio pAN7.1, no qual esta inserido o gene de resistência a higromicina B. Para detectar putativas seqüências de elementos transponíveis no genoma deste patógeno foram construídos oligonucleotídeos específicos para amplificação, via PCR de seqüências características destes elementos transponíveis. Foram utilizados 14 isolados de F. graminearum, provenientes dos Estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná e São Paulo e um total de 10 pares de oligonucleotídeos foram construídos (6 pares para genes que codificam a enzima transposase, 3 pares para genes que codificam a enzima transcriptase reversa e 1 par um gene que codifica a proteína GAG). Dos 10 pares de oligonucleotídeos utilizados, o par que amplificaria uma região de transcriptase reversa similar ao mesmo gene de Magnaporthe grisea não amplificou nenhum fragmento nos isolados utilizados, e o par que amplificaria uma região de transposase similar ao mesmo gene de Metarhizium anisopliae originou muitos fragmentos de diferentes tamanhos não condizentes com o tamanho esperado de 683 pb. Dos oito pares de oligonucleotídeos restantes, cinco amplificaram as regiões esperadas para a transposase (regiões de 715 pb similar a uma transposase de F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, 306 pb similar a uma transposase de Aspergillus awamori, 556 pb similar a uma transposase de A. niger, 339 pb similar a uma transposase de Arabidopsis thaliana e 554 pb similar a uma transposase de Cochliobolus carbonum), dois amplificaram as regiões de transcriptase reversa (regiões de 161 pb similar a uma transcriptase reversa de A. thaliana e 752 pb similar a uma transcriptase reversa de Caenorhabditis elegans) e um amplificou um fragmento de tamanho esperado de 581 pb similar ao gene gag de F. oxysporum. A amplificação ocorreu, mesmo que para diferentes pares de oligonucleotídeos, em todos os 14 isolados analisados, confirmando a presença de seqüências putativas de elementos transponíveis em isolados de F. graminearum provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil, além de demonstrar uma diversidade de classes de putativos elementos, uma vez que cada seqüência é característica de um determinado grupo de elementos transponíveis. Para o desenvolvimento do protocolo de inativação gênica foram 7 selecionados os solados F02 e F12 patogênicos a cultivar BR18-Terena. Um teste para avaliação do meio de cultura para seleção dos mutantes resistentes ao clorato demonstrou que o meio descrito por Cove (1979) é o mais indicado para os isolados selecionados. Um total de 15 isolados mutantes resistentes ao clorato foi obtido, dos quais 5 foram identificados como mutantes para o gene nitrato redutase (niaD), 8 mutantes para um regulador específico (nirA) e 2 mutantes para permease. Diferenças quanto ao número de mutantes selecionados pelo número de placas inoculadas, número de mutantes nitrato redutase e produção de esporos assexuais, indicam que a escolha do isolado pode influenciar na obtenção de mutantes e na produção de protoplastos. Testes com diferentes concentrações de higromicina revelaram que doses acima de 30 μg. mL-1 são suficientes para o controle do crescimento do fungo. Dois mutantes nitrato redutase (M01 e M194) foram selecionados para a protoplastização e cotransformação, com base na menor produção de micélio residual em relação aos demais. Apenas um transformante foi obtido sendo denominado T3, mostrando a viabilidade do protocolo, mas também, que mais estudos devem ser realizados para se aumentar o número de transformantes. Se confirmada, através de hibridização, a transformação de T3 com uma única cópia do elemento impala, este poderá além de confirmar a capacidade de transposição deste elemento em F. graminearum, também servir em estudos de expressão gênica, principalmente àqueles genes envolvidos no processo de patogenicidade
47

Résistance aux carbapénèmes médiée par les carbapénèmases de type OXA-48 chez les entérobactéries / carbapenems resistance mediated by OXA-48-like carbapenemases

Potron, Anaïs 03 December 2013 (has links)
Les carbapénèmes constituent le traitement de dernier recours des infections associées à des germes multirésistants producteurs de -lactamases à spectre étendu. Les entérobactéries ont cependant développé des mécanismes de résistance à l’encontre de cette classe d’antibiotiques, notamment par la production de carbapénèmases. La carbapénèmase OXA-48 a rapidement disséminé en Europe et dans le pays du pourtour méditerranéen depuis 2010. Les objectifs de ce travail ont englobé, dans une première partie, la caractérisation de trois variants de la carbapénèmase OXA-48, possédant chacun des particularités phénotypiques ou génétiques. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à l’épidémiologie de la carbapénèmase OXA-48 afin de comprendre ses mécanismes de dissémination puis à la variabilité de son environnement génétique. Le dernier objectif était de déterminer les facteurs génétiques à l’origine de la dissémination de la carbapénèmase OXA-48. Nous avons ainsi montré que les carbapénèmases de type OXA-48 bénéficient de tous les éléments moléculaires pour assurer leur succès : mobilisation par un transposon actif pour certains variants, transfert efficace de plasmides et dissémination clonale de souches. / Carbapenems are often the last therapeutic option for treating infections involving multiresistant ESBL-producing bacteria. Nevertheless, enterobacteria have developped resistance mechanisms toward this class of antibiotics, including carbapenemases production. Carbapenemase OXA-48 has rapidly spread throughout Europe and various countries of Mediterranean area since 2010. The aim of this work was first to characterize three variants of the carbapenemase OXA-48, each possessing phenotypic or genetic characteristics. We focused on the epidemiology of carbapenemase OXA-48 in order to understand the mechanisms of its dissemination and on the variability of its genetic environment. The last objective was to determine the genetic factors responsible for the spread of carbapenemase OXA-48. We have shown that the OXA-48-type carbapenemases possess all the molecular elements to ensure its success: mobilization by an active transposon for some variants, efficient transfer of plasmids and clonal spread of strains.
48

Desenvolvimento de marcadores microssatélites para Ololygon centralis (Anura: Hylidae) por sequenciamento de segunda geração com baixa cobertura / Development of microsatellite markers for Ololygon centralis (Anura: Hylidae) using second generation sequencing with low coverage

Castro, Andrezza Arantes 12 March 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Franciele Moreira (francielemoreyra@gmail.com) on 2018-04-16T17:42:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrezza Arantes Castro - 2018.pdf: 2625041 bytes, checksum: 5c588cc8e4644fe3bfa34ba8e1dd05a9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-04-17T10:54:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrezza Arantes Castro - 2018.pdf: 2625041 bytes, checksum: 5c588cc8e4644fe3bfa34ba8e1dd05a9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-17T10:54:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Andrezza Arantes Castro - 2018.pdf: 2625041 bytes, checksum: 5c588cc8e4644fe3bfa34ba8e1dd05a9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-12 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The ease access to Next Generation Sequence methodologies has improved the development of several projects, once it makes possible the de novo assembly of DNA sequences, creating a great amount of data and giving access to unknown genomes of different organisms. The anuran species Ololygon centralis belong to Hylidae family. It is considered as endemic of Cerrado Biome and little is known about its genomics. The aim of this work was to realize a draft of the genome of O. centralis in order to identify, to characterize, to quantify repetitive elements and to predict possible genes. Also, we aimed to develop microsatellite markers for the species. The genome draft assembled in 13989 scaffolds, which correspond to 4926069 bp with N50 = 336. The repetitive elements found in the O. centralis genome (1795 transposons, 957, microsatellite, one satellite DNA and 25 small nuclear RNAs) comprised 531337 bp. Between the retrotransposons, the LINE element (49,83%) was the most abundant, followed by LTR (48,66%) and SINE (1,56%). It was possible to identify coding genes for the 5S, 18S and 28S subunits of ribosomes. Also, 18 types of coding regions for tRNA and 26 putative genes were found in the O. centralis genome. From the microsatellite regions, it was possible to design 87 pairs of primers for the flanking sites. There were found 47 regions composed of tetranucleotides, 39 dinucleotides and on trinucleotide on the microsatellite sites. From them, 31 pairs of primers were selected for amplification and 18 showed good results. The annealing temperatures varied from 50° e 60° C. Seven markers showed polymorphism. From them, only 5 markers (PCE05, OCE11, PCE20, OCE21, OCE26) were used to characterize the genotype of 30 individuals. The medium number of alleles was 10, the allelic amplitude varied from 148 bp (OCE20) to 318 bp (OCE21). The Expected Heterozygosity was 0,7 and the observed was 0,5. The probability of parentage exclusion (Q) was 0,993 and the probability of combined identity (I) was 1,13x10-6. The global value of the fixation index (FST) was significant and equal to 0,2 (p<0.05). The data obtained from the NGS Illumina platform represent one important step for the knowledge of genomics of this species and of the anuran in general. / A facilidade para o acesso às metodologias de Sequenciamento de Segunda Geração (Next Generation Sequence) tem impulsionado o desenvolvimento de diversos projetos, uma vez que possibilita a montagem de novo de sequências, gerando uma grande quantidade de dados e permitindo o acesso a genomas de diversos organismos ainda pouco conhecidos. A espécie de anuro Ololygon centralis (Pombal e Bastos 1996) pertence à família Hylidae, considerada endêmica do Bioma Cerrado e que ainda não dispõe de nenhuma informação genômica. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma montagem parcial do genoma de Ololygon centralis a fim de identificar, caracterizar, quantificar elementos repetitivos e predizer genes nas sequências genômicas, além de desenvolver marcadores microssatélites para a espécie. O genoma parcial montado resultou em 13.989 scaffolds, que correspondem a 4.926.069 pb com N50 de 336. Os elementos repetitivos encontrados no genoma de O. centralis (1.795 elementos transponíveis, 957 microssatélites, um DNA satélite e 25 pequenos RNAs nucleares) totalizaram 531.337 pb. Entre os retrotransposons, o elemento LINE (49,83%) foi o mais abundante, seguido do LTR (48,66%) e SINE (1,56%). Foram identificados os genes que codificam as subunidades 5S, 18S e 28S de ribossomos, 18 tipos de tRNAs no genoma e 26 genes. A partir das sequências foi possível desenhar 87 pares de primers flanqueando regiões microssatélites. Dentre elas, 47 foram regiões compostas de tetranucleotídeos, 39 dinucleotídeos, e um trinucleotídeo. Deste total, 31 pares de primers foram selecionados para padronização em gel de poliacrilamida (6%) e 18 deles apresentaram produto de amplificação adequado. Durante a padronização, as temperaturas de anelamento variaram entre 50° e 60° C e sete marcadores apresentaram polimorfismo. Dos sete, apenas cinco marcadores (OCE05, OCE11, OCE20, OCE21, OCE26) foram padronizados e utilizados para caracterização em 30 indivíduos de O. centralis no analisador automático ABI3500. O número médio de alelos foi igual a 10, a amplitude alélica variou entre 148pb (OCE 20) a 318 pb (OCE 21). A Heterozigosidade média esperada foi 0,7 e a observada igual a 0,5. A probabilidade de exclusão de paternidade (Q) foi igual a 0,993 e a probabilidade combinada de identidade (I) igual a 1,13x10-6. O valor global para o índice de fixação (FST) foi significativo e igual a 0,2 (p <0,05). Os dados obtidos a partir do NGS plataforma Illumina representam um importante passo para o conhecimento genômico dessa espécie e dos anfíbios em geral, o desenvolvimento de primers contribuirá para o estudos genéticos-populacionais de Ololygon centralis e espécies correlacionadas por meio da transferibilidade.
49

Development and application of biotechnological tools in the major crop plant, Brassica napus

Babwah, Andy Videsh. January 2001 (has links)
No description available.
50

Analysis of clostridial MLS resistance determinants

Farrow, Kylie Ann, 1973- January 2001 (has links)
Abstract not available

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