Les transformateurs piézoélectriques présentent de nombreux intérêts en électronique de puissance par rapport aux transformateurs magnétiques : gains en tension élevé, forte densité de puissance, compacité, rendements élevés, forte isolation galvanique et faibles rayonnement électromagnétiques. Toutefois, les structures classiques sont basées sur la génération d’une onde stationnaire qui limite le nombre d’électrodes et de tensions disponibles en sortie. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle topologie de transformateur piézoélectrique qui utilise une onde progressive au lieu d’une onde stationnaire. Avec cette solution, il est possible d’obtenir un système polyphasé de tensions en sortie du transformateur ce qui rend possible plusieurs types de conversion (DC-DC, DC-AC à fréquence variable).Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé un nouveau modèle analytique permettant de décrire le comportement du transformateur à partir de ses dimensions et des propriétés du matériau. Différents prototypes ont été développés pour valider le concept du transformateur et des séries de mesures ont permis de valider le modèle. Concernant les performances, un transformateur cylindrique basé sur une onde de volume a pu fournir un système quadriphasé avec une puissance maximale de 6 W et des rendements de 90%.Une autre approche visait à décrire le comportement d’un transformateur déjà réalisé par l’extraction de ses paramètres Y. A partir de cela, une représentation compatible avec les logiciels de simulation de type Spice a permis une simulation précise du transformateur et du convertisseur de puissance associé.Enfin, deux convertisseurs de puissances ont été conçus basés sur ce transformateur à onde progressive. Le premier est un convertisseur DC-DC basé sur un redresseur polyphasé pour l’alimentation de drivers isolés. Les différentes tensions disponibles à la sortie permettent l’alimentation de plusieurs drivers avec un seul transformateur. Le second convertisseur est un convertisseur DC-AC basé sur le principe d’un cycloconvertisseur. La recombinaison des phases à la sortie permet d’obtenir un signal AC. / Piezoelectric transformers propose several advantages over magnetic ones for power conversion : high voltage gain, compactness, high power density, high efficiency due to their high quality factor, strong galvanic isolation and low electro-magnetic emissions. However, in general, they are based on the generation of a standing wave that limits the number of electrodes at the surface of the transformer. In this PhD, we propose the use of a traveling wave instead of a standing wave. With this solution, it is possible to obtain a multi-phase system of voltages at the output which makes it suitable for different types of conversion (DC-DC, DC-AC with variable frequency).During this work, we developed a new analytical modelling of the transformer that describes its electrical behavior based on geometry and material properties. Different prototypes of TWPT were conceived to validate the concept and on which we perform measurements to validate the analytical modelling. Among them, cylinder-type TWTP based on longitudinal waves outputs a four-phase system with an output power of 6 W and efficiencies as high as 90%.A second approach developed consisted in the modelling of an already made transformer based on the experimental extraction of admittance parameters and its representation for simulation in Spice-type software. This approach allows for precise simulation of the transformer and the associated power converters.Finally, we designed two power converters based on this traveling wave piezoelectric transformers. The first one is a DC-DC converter that is based on a polyphase rectifier for isolated gate-drive power supply. The several phases available at the output allows for the generation of the supply for numerous drivers. The second one is a DC-AC converter similar to a matrix converter. The combination of the phases at the output of the TWPT allows for generation an AC signal at any frequency.

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La maîtrise de la température des composants à forte dissipation, notamment dans les systèmes électroniques nomades, constitue un verrou à leurs développements. Que ce soit pour l'électronique de puissance ou les calculateurs, les densités de puissance requièrent l'utilisation de systèmes de refroidissement de plus en plus performants, en particulier dans le cas des microprocesseurs qui associent miniaturisation et augmentation des fréquences d'horloge. Les conséquences sont multiples, limitation des performances, augmentation de la consommation et du taux de défaillance. C'est dans ce contexte que le projet CANOPEE, réunissant un consortium de partenaire industriel et académique, propose de développer et démontrer les avantages d'une solution technologique active récemment brevetée et appelée OnduloTrans. Elle consiste en un dispositif échangeur-pompe, permettant à la fois d'obtenir un excellent transfert thermique et d'assurer le pompage du fluide caloporteur. OnduloTrans est une solution active de refroidissement basée sur la déformation dynamique d'une paroi d'un canal. Le dispositif est fixé directement à l'aplomb du composant à refroidir. Le canal est déformé suivant une onde progressive pour créer un pompage péristaltique. L'intensification des transferts est obtenue lorsque les variations dynamiques des dimensions du canal viennent perturber la couche limite à l'interface conduction/convection. Le travail de la thèse consiste à concevoir et développer une solution d'actionnement intégrée permettant de mouvoir la paroi souple. Il s'accompagnera d'essais concrets témoignant des performances thermiques de cette solution. L'actionnement mis en oeuvre doit respecter les contraintes hydrauliques et thermiques de l'application embarquée visée, tout particulièrement le faible encombrement et une consommation électrique minimale. La difficulté réside dans les critères antagonistes que sont la production d'une onde progressive de grande amplitude dans un milieu aux dimensions centimétriques. Le manuscrit s'articule en trois parties. Dans un premier temps les solutions d'actionnement envisageables seront explorées. Pour ce faire, la solution OnduloTrans est d'abord décrite. Un état de l'art des solutions de conversion électromécanique, puis des micropompes péristaltiques est entrepris. Les phénomènes hydrauliques propres au micropompage péristaltique sont abordés pour cerner la problématique du développement de l'actionnement. Ensuite les deux chapitres suivants détaillent l'étude de deux solutions piézoélectriques distinctes. Une première solution piézoélectrique à onde discrète est développée dans le second chapitre. Elle consiste en une répartition d'actionneurs flextensionnels le long de la paroi souple. Une méthodologie de prédimensionnement basée sur des modèles mécaniques simples est présentée. L'onde progressive créée étant très particulière, une méthode analytique de calcul du débit, validée par simulations numériques, permet d'étudier l'influence de la commande des actionneurs. Un prototype est finalement réalisé avec l'aide des partenaires. De nombreux essais sont ensuite réalisés afin de valider les différentes hypothèses et déterminer les premières performances hydrauliques et thermiques du dispositif. Le troisième chapitre aborde une solution à onde progressive continue et actionnement intégré à la membrane. Le but est ici de prouver le concept de pompage péristaltique par flexion contrôlée d'une plaque intégrant une couche piézoélectrique. Un modèle de dimensionnement 1D constitué de tronçons piézoélectriques répartis à la surface est tout d'abord présenté. La répartition des segments piézoélectriques fait ensuite l'objet d'une étude paramétrique afin de définir judicieusement leur disposition, ceci en vue de maximiser le débit théorique. Cette étude paramétrique est finalement couplée à une optimisation des commandes électriques, évaluée par les résultats d'un prototype. / Controlling the temperature of components with high thermal dissipation is a constraining factor in their developments, especially in embedded electronic systems. Power density, whether in computing or power electronics, requires the use of ever more efficient cooling systems. This is especially true for microprocessors in which increasingly miniaturization and clock frequency are combined. Consequently, without the adequate cooling, the performance is severely limited and its power consumption increased as well as the failure rate. In this challenging context a consortium of industrial and academic partners created the CANOPEE project. CANOPEE focus is to develop and prove the advantages of a recently patented solution called OnduloTrans. The solution is an exchanger-pump device, ensuring at the same time an excellent heat transfer and the pumping of the coolant. OnduloTrans is an active cooling solution based on the dynamic deformation of a thin wall. This deformation is in the manner of a pseudo travelling wave to satisfy a peristaltic pumping. The device is fixed directly above the component to be cooled, thus the liquid flows on its surface. The enhancement in heat transfer is obtained when the dynamic variations of the channel thickness disturb the boundary layer near the conduction / convection interface. The purpose of this thesis was to study the capability of such active pumping system and to design an integrated actuation solution to move the flexible wall. It will result to experimental tests showing the thermal performance of this solution. The implemented actuation system must respect the constraints for on-board applications, especially compactness and minimal power consumption. The challenge stands in the trade-off between the production of a large amplitude travelling wave and the limited volume available. The manuscript is divided into three parts. Initially, the different actuation solutions will be explored. To do this, the OnduloTrans solution is first described. Then, a state of the art of electromechanical conversion solutions and peristaltic micropumps is undertaken. After that, the specific hydraulic phenomena involved in peristaltic micropumps are discussed to determine the difficulties in the development of such actuation system. Then the two next chapters detail the study of two distinct piezoelectric solutions. A discrete wave piezoelectric solution is presented in the second chapter. It consists of a distribution of flextensional actuators along the flexible wall. A pre-dimensioning methodology based on simple mechanical models is presented. The created wave is very particular, so an analytical method is developed to evaluate the flow rate and making possible to study the impact of the actuator control strategy. This algorithmic method is validated by comparison with finite element numerical simulations. A prototype is finally made with the support of partners. Several tests are then carried out in order to validate the hypotheses and evaluate the preliminary hydraulic and thermal performances of the prototype. The third chapter addresses a continuous travelling wave solution and an actuation system integrated into the membrane. The purpose here is to prove the concept of peristaltic pumping by controlled bending of a plate incorporating a piezoelectric layer. A 1D dimensioning model consisting of piezoelectric segments distributed on the surface is first presented. The distribution of the piezoelectric segments is then the subject of a parametric study to judiciously define their arrangement, in order to maximize the theoretical flow. This parametric study is finally coupled with an optimization of electrical controls, and compared to the experimental results of a prototype.

Nuclear fuel comes in many forms; oxide fuel is the most commonly used in current reactor systems while metal fuel is a promising fuel type for future reactors due to neutronic performance and increased thermal conductivity. As a key heat transfer parameter, thermal conductivity describes the heat transport properties of a material based upon the density, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity. A material’s ability to transport thermal energy through its structure is a measurable property known as thermal diffusivity; the units for thermal diffusivity are given in area per unit time (e.g., m2/s). Current measurement methods for thermal diffusivity include LASER (or light) Flash Analysis and the hot-wire method. This study examines an approach that combines these previous two methods to characterize the diffusivity of a packed bed of microspheres of depleted uranium (DU) metal, which have a nominal diameter of 250 micrometers. The new apparatus is designated as the Crucible Heater Test Assembly (CHTA), and it induces a radial transient across a packed sample of microspheres then monitors the temperature profile using an array of thermocouples located at different distances from the source of the thermal transient. From the thermocouple data and an accurate time log, the thermal diffusivity of the sample may be calculated. Results indicate that DU microspheres have very low thermal conductivity, relative to solid uranium metal, and rapidly form an oxidation layer. At 500°C, the thermal conductivity of the DU microspheres was 0.431 ± 13% W/m-K compared to approximately 32 W/m-K for solid uranium metal. Characterization of the developed apparatus revealed a method that may be useful for measuring the thermal diffusivity of powders and liquids.

Ultra-broadband Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit (MMIC) amplifiers find applications in multi-gigabit communication systems for 5G and millimeter wave measurement instrumentation systems. The aim of the research was to achieve maximum bandwidth of operation of the amplifier from the foundry process used and high reverse isolation ( < -25.0 dB) across the whole bandwidth. To achieve this, several design variations of DC - 110 GHzMMIC Cascode TravellingWave Amplifier (TWA) on 100 nm AlGaAs/GaAs pHEMT process were done for application in next generation instrumentation and high data transfer rate (100 Gb/s) optical modulator systems. The foundry service and device models used for the design are of the WINPP10-10 process from WIN Semiconductor Corp., Taiwan, a commercial and highly stable process. The cut-off frequency ft and maximum frequency of oscillation fmax for this process are 135 GHz and 185 GHz respectively. Thus, the design was aimed at pushing the ultimate limits of operation for this process. The design specifications were targeted to have S21 = 9.0 to 10.0 ± 1.0 dB, S11 & S22 ≤ -10.0 dB and S12 ≤ -25.0 dB in the whole frequency range. In order to achieve the targeted RF performance, it is imperative to have accurate transistor models over the frequency range of operation, transistor configuration mode and operating bias points. Using smaller periphery transistors results in lower extrinsic & intrinsic input and output capacitances that lead to achieving very wide band performance. Thus, device sizes as small as 2x10 μm were used for the design. A cascode topology, which is a series connection of a common-source and common-gate field effect transistor (FET), was used to achieve large bandwidth of operation, high reverse isolation and high input and output impedance. Using very small periphery devices at cascode bias points posed limitation in the design in terms of accuracy of transistor models under these conditions, specifically at high frequencies i.e., above 50 GHz. One of the major systemrequirements for the application of MMIC ultra-broadband amplifiers in instrumentation is to achieve and maintain high reverse isolation (≤ -25.0 dB) over the whole frequency range of operation which cannot be achieved alone by the cascode topology and new design techniques have to be devised. These twomajor challenges, namely high frequency small periphery FET model modification & development and design technique to achieve high reverse isolation in ultra-broadband frequency range have been addressed in this research.

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The inadequacy of Fick’s law to incorporate causality can be overcome by replacing it with the Green–Naghdi type II (GNII) flux relation. Combining the GNII assumption and conservation of mass leads to [see document for equation] where r (x, t) is the density function, S(p) is a source term and c¥ is a positive constant which carries (SI) units of m/sec. A general source term given by [see document for equation] is proposed. Here, the constants y and ps are the rate coefficient and saturation density respectively. The travelling wave solutions and numerical analysis of four special cases of equation (2), namely: Pearl-Verhulst Growth law, Zel’dovich Law, Newmann Law and Stefan- Boltzmann Law are investigated. For both analysis, results are compared with the available literature and extended for other cases. The numerical analysis is carried out by imposing well-studied Initial Boundary Value Problem and implementing a built-in method in the software package Mathematica 9. For Pearl-Verhulst source type, the results are compared to those found in literature [1]. Confirming the validity of built-in method for Pearl-Verhulst law, the generic built-in method is extended to study the transient signal response for similar initial boundary value problems when the source terms are Zel’dovich law, Newmann law and Stefan-Boltzmann law.

<p>This thesis considers integration of antennas and active electronics manufactured on the same substrate. The main topic is on-chip antennas for commercial silicon processes, but hybrid integration using printed circuit board technology is also addressed.</p><p>The possible use of micromachining techniques as a means of reducing substrate losses of antennas manufactured on low resistivity silicon wafers is investigated. Compact dipole, loop, and inverted-F antennas for the 20-40 GHz frequency range are designed, implemented, and characterized. The results show significantly improved antenna efficiency when micromachining is used as a post-processing step for on-chip antennas manufactured in silicon technology.</p><p>High resistivity wafers are used in a commercial silicon germanium technology to improve the efficiency of dipole antennas realized using the available circuit metal layers in the process. Monolithically integrated 24 GHz receivers with on-chip antennas are designed and evaluated with regard to antenna and system performance. No noticeable degradation of the receiver performance caused by cross talk between the antenna and the integrated circuit is observed.</p><p>For low frequency antenna arrays, such as base station antennas, hybrid integration of active devices within the antenna aperture is treated. A compact varactor based phase shifter for traveling wave antenna applications is proposed and evaluated. Electrically steerable traveling wave patch antenna arrays, with the phase shifters implemented in the same conductor layer as the radiating elements, are designed and manufactured in microstrip technology. It is experimentally verified that the radiation from the feed network and phase shifters in the proposed antenna configuration is small.</p>

This thesis considers integration of antennas and active electronics manufactured on the same substrate. The main topic is on-chip antennas for commercial silicon processes, but hybrid integration using printed circuit board technology is also addressed. The possible use of micromachining techniques as a means of reducing substrate losses of antennas manufactured on low resistivity silicon wafers is investigated. Compact dipole, loop, and inverted-F antennas for the 20-40 GHz frequency range are designed, implemented, and characterized. The results show significantly improved antenna efficiency when micromachining is used as a post-processing step for on-chip antennas manufactured in silicon technology. High resistivity wafers are used in a commercial silicon germanium technology to improve the efficiency of dipole antennas realized using the available circuit metal layers in the process. Monolithically integrated 24 GHz receivers with on-chip antennas are designed and evaluated with regard to antenna and system performance. No noticeable degradation of the receiver performance caused by cross talk between the antenna and the integrated circuit is observed. For low frequency antenna arrays, such as base station antennas, hybrid integration of active devices within the antenna aperture is treated. A compact varactor based phase shifter for traveling wave antenna applications is proposed and evaluated. Electrically steerable traveling wave patch antenna arrays, with the phase shifters implemented in the same conductor layer as the radiating elements, are designed and manufactured in microstrip technology. It is experimentally verified that the radiation from the feed network and phase shifters in the proposed antenna configuration is small.