Introduction. Exercise and head-out water immersion (HOI) have consistently reported an increase in central blood volume associated with the cephalad shift in blood volume. This causes an increase in left ventricular end diastolic volume and greater stroke volume during exercise compared to exercise in air at similar metabolic costs. In contrast, the metabolic response, specifically, blood lactate accumulation during exercise combined with HOI has yielded varying results depending on the mode of exercise. At present it appears that during exercise at similar metabolic costs, cycle ergometry exercise augments plasma lactate over treadmill running while HOI reduces the plasma lactate response to cycle ergometry exercise. The interaction between treadmill running and HOI appears less certain. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that running on a treadmill on land would result in a lesser accumulation of lactate than during HOI treadmill running. Methods. Eleven subjects' lactate thresholds were determined while running at a 0% grade at increasing speeds on a treadmill on land or during HOI on an underwater treadmill in a randomized cross-over design. Exercise tests were separated by a minimum of 3 days. Lactate concentrations were expressed in mM• kg-1 H2O after correcting for plasma solid concentration. During exercise changes in plasma volume were calculated from changes in hematocrit and hemoglobin. Lactate threshold was estimated from a log-log plot of lactate concentration (mM• kg-1 H2O) as a function of relative oxygen consumption (ml O2•min-1•kg-1 BW). Results. The energy cost and heart rate response to running at speeds between 5.5 and 7.5 mph was similar for land and HOI. During treadmill running on land, plasma volume decreased by 6.4 ± 4.0% at a speed of 7.5 mph. The decrease in plasma volume was significantly greater during HOI and averaged 18.7 ± 1.7% (p <0.05) at 7.5 mph. Plasma lactate was higher at any given treadmill speed ≥ 5.5 mph during HOI compared to land (p <0.05). Lactate threshold during HOI running (21.8 ± 1.6 mM• kg-1 H2O) was lower (p <0.05) than during running on the land treadmill (27.0 ± 1.6 mM• kg-1 H2O). Discussion. HOI running resulted in a consistent shift to the left (rise in plasma lactate occurred at a lower ) in the lactate threshold and elevated plasma lactate concentration at speeds between 5.5-7.5 mph despite similar metabolic and HR responses to the exercise.

Orientador: William Dias Belangero / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T16:51:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CamargoFilho_JoseCarlosSilva_D.pdf: 2089342 bytes, checksum: 98e83cf09fcabd91298418b119d182a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo desse estudo, foi investigar qual o efeito produzido pela corrida em esteira rolante não inclinada, durante uma hora diária (cinco dias por semana), por 15, 30 e 60 dias, sobre a cartilagem hialina do joelho de ratos. Foram utilizados 30 animais, divididos em seis grupos, sendo três experimentais (GE), com cinco animais em cada grupo, submetidos à esteira correndo 585 metros, durante 60 minutos por sessão, por cinco dias por semana, e três grupos controle (GC), com cinco animais em cada grupo, não submetidos ao treinamento físico. Os animais do grupo experimental foram sacrificados após 15 (GE-1), 30 (GE-2), e 60 (GE-3) dias de seguimento. Dos 15 animais do grupo controle foram selecionados aleatoriamente sete animais, sendo dois do grupo de 15 dias e de 30 dias e três do grupo de 60 dias para as análises histológicas por microscopia óptica convencional (côndilo lateral do fêmur direito), pela lupa estereotáxica (côndilo lateral do fêmur esquerdo) e pela termogravimetria (côndilo medial do fêmur direito), segundo critérios da International Cartilage Repair Society (2002), modificado. Essas avaliações foram feitas comparando-se o grupo experimental com o grupo controle quanto à desorganização celular, presença rara ou freqüente de ¿cluster¿, mitoses, mensuração da espessura da cartilagem hialina, contagem do número de condrócitos, quantificação do conteúdo de água e aspecto da superfície articular analisadas com 16x e 32x de aumento. Todos os dados obtidos nos grupos controle e experimental foram comparados entre si utilizando-se testes não paramétricos (Prova U de Mann Whitney e teste de Kruskal Wallis) considerando-se significativo os valores de p iguais ou menores do que 0,05. Do ponto de vista histológico houve maior desarranjo celular (p=0,01), maior número de mitoses (p=0,02), maior número de condrócitos (p=0,003) e diminuição da espessura da cartilagem hialina (p=0,01) entre o controle e os animais do grupo de 60 dias. Houve tendência ao aumento do conteúdo da água no grupo de 60 dias (p=0,09) assim como redução da espessura da cartilagem e alterações da forma da superfície articular em relação aos demais grupos em todos os côndilos observados com 60 dias. Conclui-se que a atividade na esteira rolante utilizada durante 60 dias cinco dias por semana, uma hora por dia com percurso de 585 metros produziu alterações degenerativas na cartilagem hialina do côndio lateral do joelho de rato / Abstract: The effects of treadmill running on the knee hyaline cartilage was studied in rats. Thirty rats were divided in to six groups (five animals in each one). Three groups were used as control and three of them ran on the treadmill one hour a day, five days/week, for 15, 30 and 60 days. After this the animals were sacrificed. The hyaline cartilage was studied by optical microscopy (staining HE), by estereotaxic magnifying glass (magnified in 16 and 32X) and by Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy. These analyses were done comparing the control group with the running group, and among the running groups with different times of exercises. In the histological analysis the grade of cellular organization in the layers of the cartilage, the frequency of the clusters and the mitoses and the number of chondrocytes was considered. The measurement of the thickness of the cartilage was done. The quantity of the water in the cartilage was evaluated by the reduction of the mass by evaporation in to 150oC, following the modified International Cartilage Repair Society score (2002). All results were analyzed by non-parametric tests, using Mann Whitney and Kruskal Wallis tests, with p < = 0,05. It was observed in histological analyses that the groups with 60 days of exercise presented cellular layers more disorganized (p=0,01), a higher number of mitoses (p=0,02) and chondrocytes (p=0,003), with hyaline cartilage thinner than the other groups (p=0,01). Besides this, there was a tendency of the 60-day group to have an increase of water content (p=0,09). The examination by magnifying glass showed that the hyaline cartilage was reduced and presented abnormalities on their surfaces. It was concluded that the exercise done by the rats on the treadmill over 60 days produced degenerative signs in the knee hyaline cartilage / Doutorado / Pesquisa Experimental / Doutor em Cirurgia

No description available.

<p> The motor driven treadmill is often used in research as a convenient tool for simulating overground running. There has been varied opinion in the literature regarding the accuracy of this assumption. The major difference that has been quantified is the variation in treadmill belt speed as a result of the forces applied by a runner. In comparison, the earth does not vary its speed during overground running. The aim of the present study was to more clearly define the causes of treadmill belt-speed variation and to elucidate its effects on running mechanics. </p> <p> An in-lab fabricated tachometer was used to determine accurate treadmill belt speed while the treadmill was challenged by five subjects weighing 55.2 to 99.6 kg running at four speeds of 2.6, 3.1, 3.5 and 4.0 m/s. The actual running velocity was found on average to be 0.62% higher than the treadmill display setting. The intra-step belt-speed variation ranged from 4.2 to 8.6 % of average belt velocity. Linear regression analysis showed that 86 % of the variance in intra-step belt-speed variation was attributed to total body mass and a further 10 % attributed to running speed. </p> <p> The effect that this variation had on running mechanics was determined from the power transfer between the foot and belt, as calculated from the product of the change in belt speed and the horizontal ground reaction force. The horizontal force, as calculated using a segmental acceleration approach, did not show complete agreement with simultaneously recorded forceplate data. It was found that an average of 4.49 J flowed to the treadmill during the eccentric phase of running and 3.37 J of energy flowed to the runner during the concentric phase of running. Despite inaccuracies in the calculation, the mathematical approach used in this study permitted insight into the theoretical benefit of belt-speed variation in treadmill running. </p> / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-11-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:49:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 araujo_mb_me_rcla.pdf: 396536 bytes, checksum: 0af725229a672941ea475a288811f915 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / São raros os estudos que associam variáveis metabólicas à intensidade de esforço em ratos. O presente estudo visou analisar os efeitos do treinamento físico em diferentes intensidades sobre biomarcadores de condicionamento aeróbio e de estresse oxidativo em ratos. Foram utilizados ratos da linhagem Wistar (90 dias), que tiveram a transição metabólica aeróbia / anaeróbia determinada pelo teste de Máxima Fase Estável de Lactato (MFEL). O teste para determinação da MFEL foi composto de series de 25 minutos de exercício de corrida em esteira, com diferentes velocidades, fixas em cada série, com intervalos de 48 horas entre elas e coleta de sangue a cada 5 minutos para dosagem de lactato. Em seguida, os ratos foram treinados 40 minutos por dia, 5 dias por semana, na velocidade equivalente à MFEL (TT) ou 25% superior essa (TS), por 8 semanas. Como controles, foram usados ratos mantidos sedentários (S). Ao final, todos os animais foram sacrificados para análise de biomarcadores de ataque oxidativo: produtos que reagem ao ácido tiobarbitúrico – TBARs, do sistema de defesa antioxidante: atividade da enzima catalase e de atividade celular: atividade da enzima fosfatase alcalina em diferentes órgãos: músculo sóleo, fígado, cérebro e sangue assim como aspectos do metabolismo da glicose (captação e oxidação da glicose, síntese de glicogênio e produção de lactato) pelo músculo sóleo. Os principais resultados foram: No inicio do experimento, considerando todo o lote de animais avaliados, a maior parte dos animais (82%) obtiveram a MFEL na velocidade de 25m/min à concentração de 4,38+0,22mmol/L sangüínea de lactato. Ao final do experimento, a maior parte dos ratos treinados na TT (63,63%) apresentou MFEL na velocidade de 25m/min, à concentração sanguínea de lactato 3,10+0,27 mmol/L. A maioria (54,54%) dos treinados TS teve MFEL na velocidade de 25m/min à... / There are few the studies that associate metabolic variables to the intensity of the effort in rats. The present study aim to analyze the effects of physical training in different intensities on biomarkers of aerobic conditioning and of oxidative stress in rats. Wistar rats (80 days) that had the aerobic / anaerobic metabolic transition determined by Maximal Lactate Steady State test (MLSS) were used. The test for determination of MLSS was composed of 25 minutes treadmill running, with different speeds, fixed in each series, with intervals of 48 hours between them and collection of blood every 5 minutes for lactate dosage. Soon afterwards, the rats were trained 40 minutes a day, 5 days a week, in the speed equivalent to MLSS (MT) or 25% above it (AT), for 8 weeks. As controls, rats maintained sedentary (S) were used. At the end, all rats were sacrificed for analysis of biomarkers of oxidative attack: amount of substances that react with thiobarbituric acid - TBARs, of the antioxidant defense system: activity of the enzyme catalase and of cellular activity: activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in different organs: muscle soleus, liver, brain and blood. Aspects of glucose metabolism (glucose uptake and oxidation, glycogen synthesis and lactate production) by the soleus muscle were also evaluated. The main results were: in beginnig of the experiment, considering the whole lot of animals, in most of them (82%) the MLSS was obtained in the speed of 25m/min, to the concentration of 4.38+0.22mmol/L of blood lactate. At the end of the experiment, most of the rats training at the MLSS intensity (63,63%) presented MLSS in the speed of 25m/min, to the concentration of 3.10+0.27 mmol/L of blood lactate. Most (54,54%) of those animals trained above-MLSS they had MLSS in the speed of 25m/min, to the concentration of 3.36+0.62 mmol/L of blood lactate. The sedentary ones (72,72%) showed MLSS in... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)

Orientador: Maria Alice Rostom de Mello / Banca: Eliane Stevanato / Banca: Cláudio Alexandre Gobatto / Resumo: São raros os estudos que associam variáveis metabólicas à intensidade de esforço em ratos. O presente estudo visou analisar os efeitos do treinamento físico em diferentes intensidades sobre biomarcadores de condicionamento aeróbio e de estresse oxidativo em ratos. Foram utilizados ratos da linhagem Wistar (90 dias), que tiveram a transição metabólica aeróbia / anaeróbia determinada pelo teste de Máxima Fase Estável de Lactato (MFEL). O teste para determinação da MFEL foi composto de series de 25 minutos de exercício de corrida em esteira, com diferentes velocidades, fixas em cada série, com intervalos de 48 horas entre elas e coleta de sangue a cada 5 minutos para dosagem de lactato. Em seguida, os ratos foram treinados 40 minutos por dia, 5 dias por semana, na velocidade equivalente à MFEL (TT) ou 25% superior essa (TS), por 8 semanas. Como controles, foram usados ratos mantidos sedentários (S). Ao final, todos os animais foram sacrificados para análise de biomarcadores de ataque oxidativo: produtos que reagem ao ácido tiobarbitúrico - TBARs, do sistema de defesa antioxidante: atividade da enzima catalase e de atividade celular: atividade da enzima fosfatase alcalina em diferentes órgãos: músculo sóleo, fígado, cérebro e sangue assim como aspectos do metabolismo da glicose (captação e oxidação da glicose, síntese de glicogênio e produção de lactato) pelo músculo sóleo. Os principais resultados foram: No inicio do experimento, considerando todo o lote de animais avaliados, a maior parte dos animais (82%) obtiveram a MFEL na velocidade de 25m/min à concentração de 4,38+0,22mmol/L sangüínea de lactato. Ao final do experimento, a maior parte dos ratos treinados na TT (63,63%) apresentou MFEL na velocidade de 25m/min, à concentração sanguínea de lactato 3,10+0,27 mmol/L. A maioria (54,54%) dos treinados TS teve MFEL na velocidade de 25m/min à ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: There are few the studies that associate metabolic variables to the intensity of the effort in rats. The present study aim to analyze the effects of physical training in different intensities on biomarkers of aerobic conditioning and of oxidative stress in rats. Wistar rats (80 days) that had the aerobic / anaerobic metabolic transition determined by Maximal Lactate Steady State test (MLSS) were used. The test for determination of MLSS was composed of 25 minutes treadmill running, with different speeds, fixed in each series, with intervals of 48 hours between them and collection of blood every 5 minutes for lactate dosage. Soon afterwards, the rats were trained 40 minutes a day, 5 days a week, in the speed equivalent to MLSS (MT) or 25% above it (AT), for 8 weeks. As controls, rats maintained sedentary (S) were used. At the end, all rats were sacrificed for analysis of biomarkers of oxidative attack: amount of substances that react with thiobarbituric acid - TBARs, of the antioxidant defense system: activity of the enzyme catalase and of cellular activity: activity of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase in different organs: muscle soleus, liver, brain and blood. Aspects of glucose metabolism (glucose uptake and oxidation, glycogen synthesis and lactate production) by the soleus muscle were also evaluated. The main results were: in beginnig of the experiment, considering the whole lot of animals, in most of them (82%) the MLSS was obtained in the speed of 25m/min, to the concentration of 4.38+0.22mmol/L of blood lactate. At the end of the experiment, most of the rats training at the MLSS intensity (63,63%) presented MLSS in the speed of 25m/min, to the concentration of 3.10+0.27 mmol/L of blood lactate. Most (54,54%) of those animals trained above-MLSS they had MLSS in the speed of 25m/min, to the concentration of 3.36+0.62 mmol/L of blood lactate. The sedentary ones (72,72%) showed MLSS in... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Running injuries are common, usually causing athletes to cease or significantly reduce participation in a particular sport. The recent development of aquatic treadmills (ATM), an alternative to land treadmill (LTM) running, provides another option. This study sought to examine the metabolic (VO2) relationship between varying jet resistances and running speed on an ATM versus LTM. This was accomplished by developing two linear regression equations and a prediction equation. One linear regression represented the predicted VO2 from a given speed and jet resistance setting in the water, the other linear regression predicted VO2 on land from a given speed and the prediction equation was designed to match land speed to a VO2 score derived from ATM running conditions. This study examined experienced runners (N = 18). Each subject completed an initial VO2 peak test, three LTM trials, and 18 ATM trials. Each ATM trial consisted of running for three minutes at either a relatively slow, moderate, or somewhat fast speed while one of six ATM jet settings ranging from 0 to 100% jet capacity in 20% increments were assigned to the trial. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured during each trial while ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were solicited immediately following each trial. Resulting analysis produced an ATM linear regression for each jet resistance setting and a LTM linear regression equation of VO2 = 4.16 * speed + 7.39. A prediction equation for each jet resistance setting was then determined from the linear regression equations for both the ATM and LTM conditions. Results showed that at and between 0-40% jet resistances that there is not a marked difference in metabolic cost but from 40-100% jet resistances the VO2 is influenced more strongly. These results demonstrate that ATM metabolic costs are not only influenced by jet resistance settings but at jet resistances of 40% or greater provide an intensity of exercise that mimics running faster on LTM. This provides an added benefit for those individuals who may be limited due to acute overuse-type injuries or returning to full LTM activity following lower extremity surgery.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19042号 / 農博第2120号 / 新制||農||1032(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4924(農学部図書室) / 31993 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 伏木 亨, 教授 保川 清, 教授 金本 龍平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

No description available.

No description available.