Introdução: Bactérias do gênero Aeromonas estão presentes em ambientes de água doce, salgada e salobra. O isolamento destes microrganismos já foi relatado em água de abastecimento público e alimentos. Algumas espécies podem ser patogênicas ao homem, causando gastrenterites e outras infecções. Isolados de Aeromonas de fontes diversas expressam resistência a antimicrobianos, especialmente a -lactâmicos, devido à presença de enzimas -lactamases. A patogenicidade das espécies se deve à virulência multifatorial, que compreende a produção de enterotoxinas (Act, Alt e Ast), de elastase, presença de flagelo, entre outros. Objetivo: Isolar, identificar e quantificar Aeromonas hydrophila isoladas de esgoto e lodo tratado; pesquisar a ocorrência dos genes de virulência e resistência a -lactâmicos. Material e Métodos: A detecção e quantificação de Aeromonas hydrophila foram realizadas por meio da técnica de membrana filtrante e meio de cultura específico; a identificação foi realizada por meio da PCR utilizando um par de primers específicos para a espécie. Após a confirmação da espécie foi realizado o antibiograma para conhecer o perfil de resistência aos antibióticos; a pesquisa dos genes de virulência act, alt, ast, ela, lip e fla e genes de resistência a -lactâmicos foi realizada por meio da PCR e seqüenciamento. Resultados: Foram analisadas 15 amostras (seis de esgoto tratado e nove de lodo tratado). Destas, somente nove foram positivas para A. hydrophila, obtendo-se 441 colônias típicas, das quais 348 foram positivas, por PCR para identificação do gênero e 209 para identificação da espécie. Os 209 isolados, sendo 92 do esgoto tratado e 117 do lodo tratado, apresentaram os seguintes valores na pesquisa dos genes de virulência: 36 por cento (act), 40 por cento (ast), 78 por cento (alt), 82 por cento (fla), 86 por cento (lip) e 87 por cento (ela) e 100 por cento dos isolados apresentaram pelo menos um dos genes. Para os testes de sensibilidade aos antibióticos todos os isolados foram resistentes a pelo menos um dos antibióticos. A produção de enzimas MBL, ESBL e AmpC foi detectada em isolados. Também foram encontrados genes de resistência cphA, bla TEM e bla MOX, enquanto que os genes bla VIM, bla IMP, bla e bla não foram detectados. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que A. hydrophila pode resistir ao processo de tratamento de esgoto e lodo, além disso, pode apresentar diversos genes de virulência e resistência a antibióticos, motivos pelos quais A. hydrophila pode ser uma ameaça a Saúde Pública, uma vez que estas amostras são reutilizadas para fins urbanos ou agrícolas / Introduction: Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas are present in fresh, brackish and salty waters. The isolation of these microorganisms has been reported in public water supplies and foods. Some species can be pathogenic to humans, causing gastroenteritis and other infections. Aeromonas isolates from different sources express resistance to antimicrobials, especially -lactams, due to the presence of lactamase enzymes. The pathogenicity of the species is due to the multifactorial virulence, wich includes the production of enterotoxins (Act, Alt and Ast) of Elastase and presense of flagello, among others. Objectives: Identify and quantify Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from treated wastewater and sludge, to investigate the occurrence of virulence genes and resistance to -lactams. Material and methods: The detection and quantification of A. hydrophila were made through the membrane filter technique and specific culture medium, the identification was performed by PCR using a pair of primers specific for the species. After confirming the species sensitivity was performed to know the profile of antibiotic resistance, the survey of virulence genes act, alt, ast, ela, lip, fla and resistance to -lactams gene was performed by PCR and sequencing. Results: We analyzed 15 samples (six of nine treated wastewater and sludge). Of these only nine were positive for A. hydrophila, resulting in 441 typical colonies, of wich 348 were positive by PCR to identify the genus and 209 for species identification. The 209 isolates, being 92 and 117 of treated wastewater and treated sludge showed the following values in the study of the virulence genes: 36 per cent (act), 78 per cent (alt), 82 per cent (fla), 86 per cent (lip), 87 per cent (ela) and 100 per cent of the isolates had at least one of the genes. For antibiotic susceptibility testing all isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The production of MBL, ESBL and AmpC enzyme was detected in isolates. It was also found resistance genes cphA, bla TEM and bla MOX, while genes bla VIM , bla IMP , bla and bla FOX CTX-M were not detected. Conclusion: The results suggest that A. hydrophila can resist the process of treating of wastewater and sludge, moreover, may have different virulence genes and antibiotic resistance, which is why A. hydrophila can be a threat to public health, since these samples are reused for agricultural or urban purposes. , bla SHV

Introdução: Bactérias do gênero Aeromonas estão presentes em ambientes de água doce, salgada e salobra. O isolamento destes microrganismos já foi relatado em água de abastecimento público e alimentos. Algumas espécies podem ser patogênicas ao homem, causando gastrenterites e outras infecções. Isolados de Aeromonas de fontes diversas expressam resistência a antimicrobianos, especialmente a -lactâmicos, devido à presença de enzimas -lactamases. A patogenicidade das espécies se deve à virulência multifatorial, que compreende a produção de enterotoxinas (Act, Alt e Ast), de elastase, presença de flagelo, entre outros. Objetivo: Isolar, identificar e quantificar Aeromonas hydrophila isoladas de esgoto e lodo tratado; pesquisar a ocorrência dos genes de virulência e resistência a -lactâmicos. Material e Métodos: A detecção e quantificação de Aeromonas hydrophila foram realizadas por meio da técnica de membrana filtrante e meio de cultura específico; a identificação foi realizada por meio da PCR utilizando um par de primers específicos para a espécie. Após a confirmação da espécie foi realizado o antibiograma para conhecer o perfil de resistência aos antibióticos; a pesquisa dos genes de virulência act, alt, ast, ela, lip e fla e genes de resistência a -lactâmicos foi realizada por meio da PCR e seqüenciamento. Resultados: Foram analisadas 15 amostras (seis de esgoto tratado e nove de lodo tratado). Destas, somente nove foram positivas para A. hydrophila, obtendo-se 441 colônias típicas, das quais 348 foram positivas, por PCR para identificação do gênero e 209 para identificação da espécie. Os 209 isolados, sendo 92 do esgoto tratado e 117 do lodo tratado, apresentaram os seguintes valores na pesquisa dos genes de virulência: 36 por cento (act), 40 por cento (ast), 78 por cento (alt), 82 por cento (fla), 86 por cento (lip) e 87 por cento (ela) e 100 por cento dos isolados apresentaram pelo menos um dos genes. Para os testes de sensibilidade aos antibióticos todos os isolados foram resistentes a pelo menos um dos antibióticos. A produção de enzimas MBL, ESBL e AmpC foi detectada em isolados. Também foram encontrados genes de resistência cphA, bla TEM e bla MOX, enquanto que os genes bla VIM, bla IMP, bla e bla não foram detectados. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que A. hydrophila pode resistir ao processo de tratamento de esgoto e lodo, além disso, pode apresentar diversos genes de virulência e resistência a antibióticos, motivos pelos quais A. hydrophila pode ser uma ameaça a Saúde Pública, uma vez que estas amostras são reutilizadas para fins urbanos ou agrícolas / Introduction: Bacteria of the genus Aeromonas are present in fresh, brackish and salty waters. The isolation of these microorganisms has been reported in public water supplies and foods. Some species can be pathogenic to humans, causing gastroenteritis and other infections. Aeromonas isolates from different sources express resistance to antimicrobials, especially -lactams, due to the presence of lactamase enzymes. The pathogenicity of the species is due to the multifactorial virulence, wich includes the production of enterotoxins (Act, Alt and Ast) of Elastase and presense of flagello, among others. Objectives: Identify and quantify Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from treated wastewater and sludge, to investigate the occurrence of virulence genes and resistance to -lactams. Material and methods: The detection and quantification of A. hydrophila were made through the membrane filter technique and specific culture medium, the identification was performed by PCR using a pair of primers specific for the species. After confirming the species sensitivity was performed to know the profile of antibiotic resistance, the survey of virulence genes act, alt, ast, ela, lip, fla and resistance to -lactams gene was performed by PCR and sequencing. Results: We analyzed 15 samples (six of nine treated wastewater and sludge). Of these only nine were positive for A. hydrophila, resulting in 441 typical colonies, of wich 348 were positive by PCR to identify the genus and 209 for species identification. The 209 isolates, being 92 and 117 of treated wastewater and treated sludge showed the following values in the study of the virulence genes: 36 per cent (act), 78 per cent (alt), 82 per cent (fla), 86 per cent (lip), 87 per cent (ela) and 100 per cent of the isolates had at least one of the genes. For antibiotic susceptibility testing all isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The production of MBL, ESBL and AmpC enzyme was detected in isolates. It was also found resistance genes cphA, bla TEM and bla MOX, while genes bla VIM , bla IMP , bla and bla FOX CTX-M were not detected. Conclusion: The results suggest that A. hydrophila can resist the process of treating of wastewater and sludge, moreover, may have different virulence genes and antibiotic resistance, which is why A. hydrophila can be a threat to public health, since these samples are reused for agricultural or urban purposes. , bla SHV

Les troubles reliés à la dépression, l’épuisement professionnel et l’anxiété sont de plus en plus répandus dans notre société moderne. La consommation croissante d’antidépresseurs dans les différents pays du monde est responsable de la récente détection de résidus à l’état de traces dans les rejets urbains municipaux. Ainsi, ces substances dites « émergentes » qui possèdent une activité pharmacologique destinée à la régulation de certains neurotransmetteurs dans le cerveau suscitent maintenant de nombreuses inquiétudes de la part de la communauté scientifique. L’objectif principal de ce projet de doctorat a été de mieux comprendre le devenir de plusieurs classes d’antidépresseurs présents dans diverses matrices environnementales (i.e. eaux de surfaces, eaux usées, boues de traitement, tissus biologiques) en développant de nouvelles méthodes analytiques fiables capables de les détecter, quantifier et confirmer par chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LC-QqQMS, LC-QqToFMS). Une première étude complétée à la station d’épuration de la ville de Montréal a permis de confirmer la présence de six antidépresseurs et quatre métabolites N-desmethyl dans les affluents (2 - 330 ng L-1). Pour ce traitement primaire (physico-chimique), de faibles taux d’enlèvement (≤ 15%) ont été obtenus. Des concentrations d’antidépresseurs atteignant près de 100 ng L-1 ont également été détectées dans le fleuve St-Laurent à 0.5 km du point de rejet de la station d’épuration. Une seconde étude menée à la même station a permis l’extraction sélective d’antidépresseurs dans trois tissus (i.e. foie, cerveau et filet) de truites mouchetées juvéniles exposées à différentes concentrations d’effluent dilué traité et non-traité à l’ozone. Un certain potentiel de bioaccumulation dans les tissus (0.08-10 ng g-1) a été observé pour les spécimens exposés à l’effluent non-traité (20% v/v) avec distribution majoritaire dans le foie et le cerveau. Une intéressante corrélation a été établie entre les concentrations de trois antidépresseurs dans le cerveau et l’activité d’un biomarqueur d’exposition (i.e. pompe N/K ATPase impliquée dans la régulation de la sérotonine) mesurée à partir de synaptosomes de truites exposées aux effluents. Une investigation de l’efficacité de plusieurs stations d’épuration canadiennes opérant différents types de traitements a permis de constater que les traitements secondaires (biologiques) étaient plus performants que ceux primaires (physico-chimiques) pour enlever les antidépresseurs (taux moyen d’enlèvement : 30%). Les teneurs les plus élevées dans les boues traitées (biosolides) ont été obtenues avec le citalopram (1033 ng g-1), la venlafaxine (833 ng g-1) et l’amitriptyline (78 ng g-1). Des coefficients de sorption expérimentaux (Kd) calculés pour chacun des antidépresseurs ont permis d’estimer une grande sorption des composés sertraline, desméthylsertraline, paroxetine et fluoxetine sur les solides (log Kd > 4). Finalement, un excellent taux d’enlèvement moyen de 88% a été obtenu après ozonation (5 mg L-1) d’un effluent primaire. Toutefois, la caractérisation de nouveaux sous-produits N-oxyde (venlafaxine, desmethylvenlafaxine) par spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution (LC-QqToFMS) dans l’effluent traité à l’ozone a mis en lumière la possibilité de formation de multiples composés polaires de toxicité inconnue. / Mood disorders such as depression, burn-out and anxiety have increased in our modern society. Increasing amounts of antidepressant prescriptions around the world are now suspected to be the main cause of the recent detection of traces of antidepressant residues within urban wastewaters. These so-called “emerging” substances that possess pharmacological activity towards neurotransmitter regulation in the brain have raised serious concerns from the scientific community. The initial goal of the study was to better understand the fate of various classes of antidepressants present in different environmental matrices (e.g. surface waters, wastewaters, treatment sludge, and biological tissues) by developing novel reliable analytical methods that can detect, quantify and confirm antidepressants using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-QqQMS,LC- QqToFMS). A preliminary study completed at the Montreal sewage treatment plant (STP) confirmed the presence of six antidepressants and four N-desmethyl metabolites in raw sewage (2 – 330 ng L-1). For this primary treatment (physico-chemical), low removal rates (≤ 15%) were obtained. Concentrations of antidepressant close to 100 ng L-1 were also detected directly in the St. Lawrence River at 0.5 km of the effluent outfall. A second study conducted at the same STP allowed the selective extraction of antidepressants in three biological tissues (e.g. liver, brain, and filet) dissected from juvenile brook trouts previously exposed to diluted untreated and treated effluents with ozone. Bioaccumulation of antidepressants was readily observed in fish tissues (0.08-10 ng g-1) for the specimens exposed to untreated effluent (20% v/v), with major distribution in liver and brain. During experiments, a significant correlation was established between the concentrations of three antidepressant detected in brain tissues and the activity of a selected biomarker of exposition (e.g. an N/K ATPase pump involved in the serotonin regulation) measured within dissected synaptosomes from trout exposed to effluents. Investigation of estimated treatment removal efficiencies from various Canadian STPs operating different disinfection modes showed that secondary treatments (biological) were more efficient than primary (physico- chemical) to remove antidepressants (mean removal rates : 30%). The highest amounts detected in treated sludge (biosolids) were obtained respectively with citalopram (1033 ng g-1), venlafaxine (833 ng g-1), and amitriptyline (78 ng g-1). Experimental calculated sorption coefficients (Kd) of each antidepressant predicted fairly good sorption capacities for sertraline, desmethylsertraline, paroxetine, and fluoxetine to solid matters (log Kd > 4). Finally, an excellent mean removal rate of 88% was obtained after ozonation (5 mg L-1) of a primary effluent. However, the characterization of new N-oxide side-products (venlafaxine, desmethylvenlafaxine) in ozonized effluent by high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-QqToFMS) highlighted the possibility of formation of multiple polar compounds with unknown toxicity.

Les troubles reliés à la dépression, l’épuisement professionnel et l’anxiété sont de plus en plus répandus dans notre société moderne. La consommation croissante d’antidépresseurs dans les différents pays du monde est responsable de la récente détection de résidus à l’état de traces dans les rejets urbains municipaux. Ainsi, ces substances dites « émergentes » qui possèdent une activité pharmacologique destinée à la régulation de certains neurotransmetteurs dans le cerveau suscitent maintenant de nombreuses inquiétudes de la part de la communauté scientifique. L’objectif principal de ce projet de doctorat a été de mieux comprendre le devenir de plusieurs classes d’antidépresseurs présents dans diverses matrices environnementales (i.e. eaux de surfaces, eaux usées, boues de traitement, tissus biologiques) en développant de nouvelles méthodes analytiques fiables capables de les détecter, quantifier et confirmer par chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LC-QqQMS, LC-QqToFMS). Une première étude complétée à la station d’épuration de la ville de Montréal a permis de confirmer la présence de six antidépresseurs et quatre métabolites N-desmethyl dans les affluents (2 - 330 ng L-1). Pour ce traitement primaire (physico-chimique), de faibles taux d’enlèvement (≤ 15%) ont été obtenus. Des concentrations d’antidépresseurs atteignant près de 100 ng L-1 ont également été détectées dans le fleuve St-Laurent à 0.5 km du point de rejet de la station d’épuration. Une seconde étude menée à la même station a permis l’extraction sélective d’antidépresseurs dans trois tissus (i.e. foie, cerveau et filet) de truites mouchetées juvéniles exposées à différentes concentrations d’effluent dilué traité et non-traité à l’ozone. Un certain potentiel de bioaccumulation dans les tissus (0.08-10 ng g-1) a été observé pour les spécimens exposés à l’effluent non-traité (20% v/v) avec distribution majoritaire dans le foie et le cerveau. Une intéressante corrélation a été établie entre les concentrations de trois antidépresseurs dans le cerveau et l’activité d’un biomarqueur d’exposition (i.e. pompe N/K ATPase impliquée dans la régulation de la sérotonine) mesurée à partir de synaptosomes de truites exposées aux effluents. Une investigation de l’efficacité de plusieurs stations d’épuration canadiennes opérant différents types de traitements a permis de constater que les traitements secondaires (biologiques) étaient plus performants que ceux primaires (physico-chimiques) pour enlever les antidépresseurs (taux moyen d’enlèvement : 30%). Les teneurs les plus élevées dans les boues traitées (biosolides) ont été obtenues avec le citalopram (1033 ng g-1), la venlafaxine (833 ng g-1) et l’amitriptyline (78 ng g-1). Des coefficients de sorption expérimentaux (Kd) calculés pour chacun des antidépresseurs ont permis d’estimer une grande sorption des composés sertraline, desméthylsertraline, paroxetine et fluoxetine sur les solides (log Kd > 4). Finalement, un excellent taux d’enlèvement moyen de 88% a été obtenu après ozonation (5 mg L-1) d’un effluent primaire. Toutefois, la caractérisation de nouveaux sous-produits N-oxyde (venlafaxine, desmethylvenlafaxine) par spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution (LC-QqToFMS) dans l’effluent traité à l’ozone a mis en lumière la possibilité de formation de multiples composés polaires de toxicité inconnue. / Mood disorders such as depression, burn-out and anxiety have increased in our modern society. Increasing amounts of antidepressant prescriptions around the world are now suspected to be the main cause of the recent detection of traces of antidepressant residues within urban wastewaters. These so-called “emerging” substances that possess pharmacological activity towards neurotransmitter regulation in the brain have raised serious concerns from the scientific community. The initial goal of the study was to better understand the fate of various classes of antidepressants present in different environmental matrices (e.g. surface waters, wastewaters, treatment sludge, and biological tissues) by developing novel reliable analytical methods that can detect, quantify and confirm antidepressants using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-QqQMS,LC- QqToFMS). A preliminary study completed at the Montreal sewage treatment plant (STP) confirmed the presence of six antidepressants and four N-desmethyl metabolites in raw sewage (2 – 330 ng L-1). For this primary treatment (physico-chemical), low removal rates (≤ 15%) were obtained. Concentrations of antidepressant close to 100 ng L-1 were also detected directly in the St. Lawrence River at 0.5 km of the effluent outfall. A second study conducted at the same STP allowed the selective extraction of antidepressants in three biological tissues (e.g. liver, brain, and filet) dissected from juvenile brook trouts previously exposed to diluted untreated and treated effluents with ozone. Bioaccumulation of antidepressants was readily observed in fish tissues (0.08-10 ng g-1) for the specimens exposed to untreated effluent (20% v/v), with major distribution in liver and brain. During experiments, a significant correlation was established between the concentrations of three antidepressant detected in brain tissues and the activity of a selected biomarker of exposition (e.g. an N/K ATPase pump involved in the serotonin regulation) measured within dissected synaptosomes from trout exposed to effluents. Investigation of estimated treatment removal efficiencies from various Canadian STPs operating different disinfection modes showed that secondary treatments (biological) were more efficient than primary (physico- chemical) to remove antidepressants (mean removal rates : 30%). The highest amounts detected in treated sludge (biosolids) were obtained respectively with citalopram (1033 ng g-1), venlafaxine (833 ng g-1), and amitriptyline (78 ng g-1). Experimental calculated sorption coefficients (Kd) of each antidepressant predicted fairly good sorption capacities for sertraline, desmethylsertraline, paroxetine, and fluoxetine to solid matters (log Kd > 4). Finally, an excellent mean removal rate of 88% was obtained after ozonation (5 mg L-1) of a primary effluent. However, the characterization of new N-oxide side-products (venlafaxine, desmethylvenlafaxine) in ozonized effluent by high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-QqToFMS) highlighted the possibility of formation of multiple polar compounds with unknown toxicity.