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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Vertical-flow constructed wetlands for the treatment of wastewater and stormwater from combined sewer systems

Arias Lopez, José Luis 30 September 2013 (has links) (PDF)
French vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) directly treating raw wastewater are known to perform well on for SS, COD and nitrification. They are also known to robustly cope with hydraulic overloads during rainfall events. Although numerous systems have been installed in areas equipped with a combined sewer, the limits of stormwater acceptance remain ill-defined and need to be improved. Looking at the various VFCW designs and usages reported in the literature, it is difficult to draw any consensus on their hydraulic limits. Consequently, designing VFCW to accept hydraulic overloads is a complex task, as local context strongly impacts inlet flows produced during rainfall events. Dynamic models appear a requisite for filter design in such cases. Numerical CW models have essentially focused on horizontal flow, with few attempting to study VFCW dynamics which are more commonly tackled via mechanistic models. Although mechanistic models are powerful tools for describing processes within the VFCW, they are generally too complicated to be readily used by designers. The choice between detailed description and easy handling will depend on the modelling aims. If the aim is a global design tool, simplified models offer a good alternative. However, the simplified models geared to studying VFCW dynamics are extremely reduced. They are easy-handling for design and well-adapted to specific purposes (combined sewer overflow -CSO- treatment) but not necessarily to VFCW treating combined sewer wastewater, where long-term infiltration rates vary significantly. Consequently, this PhD thesis work focused on developing a simplified hydraulic model of VFCW to guide designers through the process of adapting VFCW systems to treat domestic wastewater in both dry and rain events. The simplified model makes it possible to link (i) hydraulics, by simulation of ponding time variations, (ii) biological performances, by establishing "dysfunction alerts" based on treatment performance assessment and variations in online N forms effluent from the young VFCW. These "dysfunction alerts" plot the maximal hydraulic load that a filter can accept without compromising its biological activity. The simplified model was used to model long-term hydraulics in the VFCW (i) to analyze the impact of local context and filter design on hydraulic overload acceptance (using "dysfunction alerts" and bypass discharges) and (ii) to propose VFCW designs for accepting hydraulic overload in different contexts. The modelling demonstrates that VFCW can limit days with bypass discharges to less than 20 times per year without jeopardizing filter performances. Moreover, the most problematic scenario on stormwater treatment remains a watershed with high imperviousness coefficient and low slope under a Bretagne-type climate, demonstrating that the filter is more sensitive to periodicity and duration than to intensity of rainfall events.
2

Systèmes extensifs de gestion et de traitement des eaux urbaines de temps de pluie / Extensive systems for management and treatment of urban runoff

Fournel, Julien 18 December 2012 (has links)
La gestion des eaux urbaines de temps de pluie est devenue une priorité depuis quelques années, au regard des problématiques d'inondations et de pollutions des cours d'eau qui remettent en cause l'atteinte des objectifs de la DCE. En outre, les filtres plantés de roseaux sont reconnus comme des solutions fiables pour le traitement des eaux usées depuis plus de 20 ans. Par ailleurs, leur adaptation à d'autres types d'effluents a été mise en place récemment (traitement tertiaire, effluents dilués, lits de séchage de boues), et la gestion des eaux de temps de pluie s'inscrit dans le cadre de cette extension de fonction. Bien que ce système combine à la fois des capacités de stockage et de traitement, Uhl et Dittmer (2005) ont mis en avant des dysfonctionnements (mort des roseaux en période sèche, chutes de performances). Ces auteurs soulignent aussi la nécessité d'optimiser les règles et outils de dimensionnement.Le projet SEGTEUP vise donc, via un suivi sur pilotes de grande taille et une modélisation hydrodynamique, à fournir des règles de conception à intégrer dans un futur outil de conception simplifié, utilisable à l'échelle du territoire français. L'étude des pilotes vise donc à tester différents matériaux et conceptions, alors que la modélisation met en évidence les principaux paramètres d'influence de l'écoulement. Au final, la filtration apparaît comme le principal processus d'élimination de la pollution organique et des micropolluants, alors que l'adsorption de la matière organique dissoute est négligeable. Par ailleurs, l'emploi d'un matériau à forte capacité d'adsorption (zéolite) accroît considérablement les capacités de rétention de l'ammonium. L'utilisation de tels matériaux est particulièrement recommandée en cas de charges en ammonium particulièrement élevées ou de faible surface disponible. Enfin, l'étude de l'hydrodynamique montre que l'écoulement, ainsi que l'adsorption et les réactions de biodégradation, sont fortement influencés par la limitation du débit de fuite (temps de rétention, particulièrement pendant la phase saturée). Par ailleurs, la structure d'alimentation doit permettre une répartition homogène de l'influent à la surface du massif pour éviter les court-circuits hydrauliques et les volumes morts. La construction d'un modèle 1D a enfin été mise en oeuvre, mais celui-ci ne permet pas de faire des prédictions, car la couche virtuelle simulant la limitation du débit de fuite doit être calée lors de chaque événement simulé. Une adaptation 2D du modèle, la prise en compte de lois de vannes et pertes de charges singulières, ainsi qu'un couplage filtre-réseau doit permettre la finalisation de cet outil. / Urban runoff management has become a priority for many years, regarding the issues of flooding and water course pollution that jeopardize the objectives of the European Framework Directive 2000/60/CE. As an extensive technique, subsurface flow constructed wetlands have proved to be reliable solutions for the treatment of sewage, and have been used for more than 20 years. Their adaptation to other types of functions or effluents has even been implemented over the last ten years (tertiary treatment, dilute effluents, sludge drying reed beds), and the management of urban runoff is part of this extension process. Despite this system combines both storage and treatment capacities, (Uhl and Dittmer, 2005) highlight dysfunctions as reed death during long rest periods or performance losses. These authors also underline the needs in optimizing design rules and tools.Then, the SEGTEUP project combines a large-scale pilot monitoring and hydrodynamic modeling, aiming at providing some basis for the implementation of a reliable design tool, applicable over the entire French territory. Then, the pilot study aimed at testing different materials and filter configurations, while a mechanistic approach was implemented to highlight the main flow influence parameters.Anyway, filtration of suspended solids appears as the major pollutant removal process, allowing the retention of at least 70% of SS and associated pollutants whatever the material considered. Nevertheless, dissolved organic matter adsorption remains negligible, while ammonium elimination is poor for the coarsest material. In the opposite, adsorbent zeolite present high ammonium retention abilities and ensures constantly low discharge levels. The use of this material is particularly recommended in case of specific issues concerning high pollutant loads or low available surface area. Furthermore, micropollutants (metals and PAHs) mainly bound with particles, are highly removed by filtration of SS. In our study, dissolved micropollutants concentrations were too low to highlight robust conclusions. However, further research are needed to better understand metals retention and release, and PAHs degradation processes, since these mechanisms are strongly dependent of pH and redox conditions and dynamics. Finally, the study of hydrodynamics shows that the throttle value influences adsorption and degradation reactions through variations in hydraulic retention time, particularly during saturated phases. On the other hand, the feeding structure is of special importance since a homogenous distribution of influent at the filter surface is needed to avoid hydraulic shortcuts and corresponding dead volumes. Finally, a HYDRUS 1D model was implemented around urban runoff issues, but cannot be used as a predictive design tool. Indeed, the throttle value, represented by a virtual layer with low conductivity, must be re-calibrated for each simulated event. Then, a 2D adaptation of the model is required, as well as the integration in the HYDRUS code of appropriate singular head losses as boundary conditions. In the end, the developed simplified model of water flow and pollutant degradation should be coupled with a sewer system model, aiming at creating a flexible and adaptable design tool.
3

Vertical-flow constructed wetlands for the treatment of wastewater and stormwater from combined sewer systems / Traitement des eaux résiduaires de temps sec et temps de pluie en réseau unitaire par filtres plantés de roseaux

Arias Lopez, José Luis 30 September 2013 (has links)
Les filtres plantés de roseaux à écoulement vertical (FPR-V) pour le traitement des eaux usées domestiques sont relativement bien développés en France et permettent de réaliser un traitement poussé de la matière carbonée et la nitrification. La robustesse de cette filière réside également dans sa capacité à accepter des surcharges hydrauliques en temps de pluie. Cependant ces limites d’acceptation hydraulique ne sont pas bien définies et demandent à être optimisées. La conception des FPR-V pour accepter des surcharges hydrauliques est un travail complexe car le contexte local affecte fortement les débits d’eau entrants dans la station lors d’un événement pluvieux. Dans de tels cas, la conception de filtres demande l’utilisation de modèles dynamiques. Ces modèles s’appuient le plus souvent sur une approche mécanistique et sont à l'origine conçus et utilisés pour la recherche. Cependant, si ces modèles sont des outils puissants pour décrire en détail la dynamique du FPR-V, ils sont généralement trop complexes à manipuler pour des utilisateurs non experts. Choisir entre une description détaillée et une manipulation facile dépendra des objectifs de modélisation. Quand des objectifs de dimensionnement global sont visés par les concepteurs, l'utilisation de modèles simplifiés semble une bonne alternative. Les modèles simplifiés sont faciles à utiliser pour la conception de FPR-V mais ils sont peu nombreux. Cependant ils sont adaptés à des configurations spécifiques liées au traitement des surverses de déversoirs d’orage, ce qui n’est pas le cas pour les FPR-V traitant des eaux usées domestiques. En effet, pour ce type de FPR-V les vitesses d’infiltration du système varient considérablement. En conséquence, ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de développer un modèle hydraulique simplifié des FPR-V qui permettra de guider les concepteurs dans le processus d’adaptation des FPR-V pour traiter les eaux usées domestiques des périodes de temps sec et de temps de pluie. Le modèle simplifié permet de relier (i) l’hydraulique du filtre, en simulant le temps de noyage à la surface, et (ii) les performances biologiques, en établissant des «alertes de dysfonctionnement », basées sur l'évaluation des performances épuratoires et sur les variations des formes azotées à la sortie du filtre mesurées en continu. Les «alertes de dysfonctionnement» représentent la charge hydraulique maximale qu'un filtre peut accepter sans compromettre son activité biologique. Le modèle simplifié a été utilisé pour la modélisation hydraulique du FPR-V à long terme (i) pour analyser l’impact du contexte local et la conception du filtre dans l’acceptation de surcharges hydrauliques. Grâce à cet analyse, (ii) on peut proposer les dimensionnements de FPR-V qui arrivent à mieux gérer l’acceptation des surcharges hydrauliques. / French vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCW) directly treating raw wastewater are known to perform well on for SS, COD and nitrification. They are also known to robustly cope with hydraulic overloads during rainfall events. Although numerous systems have been installed in areas equipped with a combined sewer, the limits of stormwater acceptance remain ill-defined and need to be improved. Looking at the various VFCW designs and usages reported in the literature, it is difficult to draw any consensus on their hydraulic limits. Consequently, designing VFCW to accept hydraulic overloads is a complex task, as local context strongly impacts inlet flows produced during rainfall events. Dynamic models appear a requisite for filter design in such cases. Numerical CW models have essentially focused on horizontal flow, with few attempting to study VFCW dynamics which are more commonly tackled via mechanistic models. Although mechanistic models are powerful tools for describing processes within the VFCW, they are generally too complicated to be readily used by designers. The choice between detailed description and easy handling will depend on the modelling aims. If the aim is a global design tool, simplified models offer a good alternative. However, the simplified models geared to studying VFCW dynamics are extremely reduced. They are easy-handling for design and well-adapted to specific purposes (combined sewer overflow -CSO- treatment) but not necessarily to VFCW treating combined sewer wastewater, where long-term infiltration rates vary significantly. Consequently, this PhD thesis work focused on developing a simplified hydraulic model of VFCW to guide designers through the process of adapting VFCW systems to treat domestic wastewater in both dry and rain events. The simplified model makes it possible to link (i) hydraulics, by simulation of ponding time variations, (ii) biological performances, by establishing “dysfunction alerts” based on treatment performance assessment and variations in online N forms effluent from the young VFCW. These “dysfunction alerts” plot the maximal hydraulic load that a filter can accept without compromising its biological activity. The simplified model was used to model long-term hydraulics in the VFCW (i) to analyze the impact of local context and filter design on hydraulic overload acceptance (using “dysfunction alerts” and bypass discharges) and (ii) to propose VFCW designs for accepting hydraulic overload in different contexts. The modelling demonstrates that VFCW can limit days with bypass discharges to less than 20 times per year without jeopardizing filter performances. Moreover, the most problematic scenario on stormwater treatment remains a watershed with high imperviousness coefficient and low slope under a Bretagne-type climate, demonstrating that the filter is more sensitive to periodicity and duration than to intensity of rainfall events.

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