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Submitted by Michel Ferreira dos Reis null (michelfereis@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-21T20:00:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_final_21_03_2017.pdf: 2341094 bytes, checksum: 8bb2100c03258cb06dd4678c8afb49e2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T18:56:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_mf_me_arafcl.pdf: 2341094 bytes, checksum: 8bb2100c03258cb06dd4678c8afb49e2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T18:56:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 reis_mf_me_arafcl.pdf: 2341094 bytes, checksum: 8bb2100c03258cb06dd4678c8afb49e2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-23 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Este trabalho teve por finalidade realizar um levantamento das palavras-chaves na obra Héracles, do tragediógrafo Eurípides, e demonstrar o uso de treebank para a anotação morfossintática das sentenças. Para tal, a pesquisa fora baseada nos pressupostos teóricos e metodológicos da Linguística de Corpus em relação à extração de keywords, partindo do ponto de vista de que um texto quando comparado a outro ou a um conjunto de texto apresenta palavras estatisticamente mais recorrentes e mais significativas dentro do texto estudado, revelando temas e ou estilo textuais. Nesta pesquisa, para extração de keywords, o corpus de estudo foi Héracles e o de referência foi constituído pelas outras dezoito obras de Eurípides, todas em domínio público no site da Biblioteca Digital Perseu. Utilizando o programa AntConc, configurado com o método de cálculo log-likelihood e com o limiar crítico de 10,84, foi obtida uma lista com sessenta e quatro palavras não lematizadas, as quais trouxeram temas importantes da peça como os personagens, a violência e o ambiente familiar e de amizade que permeiam as ações e a loucura que domina o protagonista. Já com a anotação sintática em árvore foi possível trazer pontos da gramática da língua grega, bem como questões das orientações de anotação do Manual do Treebank de Dependência do Grego Antigo. / This research had the purpose of performing a survey of the keywords in Heracles, by Euripides, and to demonstrate the use of treebank for the morphosyntactic annotation of the sentences. For this, the research was based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Corpus Linguistics in relation to the extraction of keywords, starting from the point of view that a text when compared to another one or to a set of text presents words statistically more recurrent and more significant within the studied text, revealing textual themes and or style. In this research, for the extraction of keywords, the corpus of study was Heracles and the corpus of reference was made up of the other eighteen works of Euripides, all in the public domain on the website of the Perseus Digital Library. Using the AntConc program, configured with the log-likelihood calculation method and the critical threshold of 10.84, a list was obtained with sixty-four non-lemmatized words, which brought important themes of the piece such as the characters, violence and the familiar environment and friendship that permeate the actions and madness that dominates the protagonist. Already with the syntactic tree annotation it was possible to bring points of the grammar of the Greek language, as well as questions of the Guidelines for the Syntactic Annotation of the Ancient Greek Dependency Treebank. / FAPESP: 2015/00266-6

Ve statistických modelů sémantiky jsou významy slov pouze na základě jejich distribuční vlastnosti.Základní zdroj je zde jeden slovník, který lze použít pro různé úkoly, kde se význam slov reprezentovány jako vektory v vektorového prostoru, a slovní podoby jako vzdálenosti mezi jejich vektorových osobnosti. Pomocí silných podobnosti, může vhodnost podmínek uvedených zejména v souvislosti se vypočítá a používá pro celou řadu úkolů, jeden z nich je slovo smysl Disambiguation. V této práci bylo vyšetřeno několik různých přístupů k modelům z vektorového prostoru a prováděny tak, aby k překročení vyhodnocení vlastního výkonu na Word Sense disambiguation úkolem Prague Dependency Treebank.

This thesis explores the development of parallel treebanks, collections of language data consisting of texts and their translations, with syntactic annotation and alignment, linking words, phrases, and sentences to show translation equivalence. We describe the semi-manual annotation of the SMULTRON parallel treebank, consisting of 1,000 sentences in English, German and Swedish. This description is the starting point for answering the first of two questions in this thesis. What issues need to be considered to achieve a high-quality, consistent,parallel treebank? The units of annotation and the choice of annotation schemes are crucial for quality, and some automated processing is necessary to increase the size. Automatic quality checks and evaluation are essential, but manual quality control is still needed to achieve high quality. Additionally, we explore improving the automatically created annotation for one language, using information available from the annotation of the other languages. This leads us to the second of the two questions in this thesis. Can we improve automatic annotation by projecting information available in the other languages? Experiments with automatic alignment, which is projected from two language pairs, L1–L2 and L1–L3, onto the third pair, L2–L3, show an improvement in precision, in particular if the projected alignment is intersected with the system alignment. We also construct a test collection for experiments on annotation projection to resolve prepositional phrase attachment ambiguities. While majority vote projection improves the annotation, compared to the basic automatic annotation, using linguistic clues to correct the annotation before majority vote projection is even better, although more laborious. However, some structural errors cannot be corrected by projection at all, as different languages have different wording, and thus different structures. / I denna doktorsavhandling utforskas skapandet av parallella trädbanker. Dessa är språkliga data som består av texter och deras översättningar, som har märkts upp med syntaktisk information samt länkar mellan ord, fraser och meningar som motsvarar varandra i översättningarna. Vi beskriver den delvis manuella uppmärkningen av den parallella trädbanken SMULTRON, med 1.000 engelska, tyska och svenska meningar. Denna beskrivning är utgångspunkt för att besvara den första av två frågor i avhandlingen. Vilka frågor måste beaktas för att skapa en högkvalitativ parallell trädbank? De enheter som märks upp samt valet av uppmärkningssystemet är viktiga för kvaliteten, och en viss andel automatisk bearbetning är nödvändig för att utöka storleken. Automatiska kvalitetskontroller och automatisk utvärdering är av vikt, men viss manuell granskning är nödvändig för att uppnå hög kvalitet. Vidare utforskar vi att använda information som finns i uppmärkningen, för att förbättra den automatiskt skapade uppmärkningen för ett annat språk. Detta leder oss till den andra av de två frågorna i avhandlingen. Kan vi förbättra automatisk uppmärkning genom att överföra information som finns i de andra språken? Experimenten visar att automatisk länkning som överförs från två språkpar, L1–L2 och L1–L3, till det tredje språkparet, L2–L3, får förbättrad precision, framför allt för skärningspunkten mellan den överförda länkningen och den automatiska länkningen. Vi skapar även en testsamling för experiment med överföring av uppmärkning för att lösa upp strukturella flertydigheter hos prepositionsfraser. Överföring enligt majoritetsprincipen förbättrar uppmärkningen, jämfört med den grundläggande automatiska uppmärkningen, men att använda språkliga ledtrådar för att korrigera uppmärkningen innan majoritetsöverföring är ännu bättre, om än mer arbetskrävande. Vissa felaktiga strukturer kan dock inte korrigeras med hjälp av överföring, eftersom de olika språken använder olika formuleringar, och därmed har olika strukturer.

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The Digital Marmor Parium is a project of the Alexander von Humboldt Chair of Digital Humanities at the University of Leipzig (http://www.dh.uni-leipzig.de/wo/dmp). The aim of this work is to produce a new digital edition of the so called Marmor Parium (Parian Marble), which is a Hellenistic chronicle on a marble slab coming from the Greek island of Paros. The importance of the document is due to the fact that it preserves a Greek chronology (1581/80-299/98 BC) with a list of kings and archons accompanied by short references to historical events mainly based on the Athenian history.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de montrer les différentes facettes de l’annotation de corpus dans la langue arabe. Nous présentons nos travaux scientifiques sur l’annotation de corpus et sur la création de ressources lexicales dans la langue arabe. D’abord, nous discutons des méthodes, des difficultés linguistiques, des guides d’annotation, de l’optimisation de l’effort d’annotation, ainsi que de l’adaptation à la langue arabe de procédures d’annotation existantes. Ensuite, nous montrons la complémentarité entre les différentes couches d’annotation. Enfin, nous illustrons l’importance de ces travaux pour le traitement automatique des langues en illustrant quelques exemples de ressources et d’applications. / The goal of this thesis is to show the various aspects of corpus annotation in the Arabic language. We present our publications on corpus annotation and lexical resources creation in the Arabic language. First, we discuss the methods, the language difficulties, the annotation guidelines, the annotation effort optimization limits and how we adapted some of the existing annotation procedures to the Arabic language. Furthermore, we show the complementarity between the different layers of annotations. Finally, we illustrate the importance of our work for natural language processing by illustrating some examples of resources and applications.

The Digital Marmor Parium is a project of the Alexander von Humboldt Chair of Digital Humanities at the University of Leipzig (http://www.dh.uni-leipzig.de/wo/dmp). The aim of this work is to produce a new digital edition of the so called Marmor Parium (Parian Marble), which is a Hellenistic chronicle on a marble slab coming from the Greek island of Paros. The importance of the document is due to the fact that it preserves a Greek chronology (1581/80-299/98 BC) with a list of kings and archons accompanied by short references to historical events mainly based on the Athenian history.

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