No description available.

Thése--Amsterdam. / Without thesis statement.

Thése--Amsterdam. / Without thesis statement.

A presente pesquisa compreende o estudo e a tradução para o português do prólogo e da retórica do Tesouro de Brunetto Latini. Trata-se de uma compilação escrita em francês, por volta de 1260, que reúne matérias úteis para a política, entendida como arte de governar uma cidade. O Tesouro está dividido em três livros, um sobre teórica, um sobre ética e outro sobre política, o qual inclui uma arte retórica e um manual do podestade. O estudo do prólogo mostrou que a política é o fio condutor deste texto no gênero humilde que, para ensinar, compila excertos de diversas autoridades de maneira ordenada. Por sua vez, a arte retórica, parte da política, segue de perto a matéria do tratado De inventione, de Cícero, e traz também preceitos para a escrita de cartas, preceitos de artes poéticas e exemplos históricos e bíblicos. Por seus preceitos e exemplos, que são tanto retóricos quanto éticos, o Tesouro ensina e faz o elogio da política, ao mesmo tempo que se apresenta como uma memória. / This study encompasses an analysis and a Portuguese translation of the prologue and the rhetoric of Brunetto Latini\'s Tresor. The text is a French compilation written around 1260, and it compiles materials useful to the science of politics, which is defined as the art of ruling a city. The Tresor is divided into three books, one about theorics, one about ethics, and the other about politics, which includes an art of rhetoric and a handbook for the podestà. The analysis of the prologue shows that politics are the guiding principle of the text, which is written in plain (attenuata) style, thus meant for instruction, and compiles and puts in a specific order excerpts taken from various authorities. As for the art of rhetoric, a part of politics, the text closely follows the subject matter of Cicero\'s De intentione, and also has precepts for letter writing, principles of poetry and historical and biblical examples. Through the precepts and examples, which are rhetoric as well as ethic, the Tresor teaches and praises politics, and at the same time operates as a memory.

A presente pesquisa compreende o estudo e a tradução para o português do prólogo e da retórica do Tesouro de Brunetto Latini. Trata-se de uma compilação escrita em francês, por volta de 1260, que reúne matérias úteis para a política, entendida como arte de governar uma cidade. O Tesouro está dividido em três livros, um sobre teórica, um sobre ética e outro sobre política, o qual inclui uma arte retórica e um manual do podestade. O estudo do prólogo mostrou que a política é o fio condutor deste texto no gênero humilde que, para ensinar, compila excertos de diversas autoridades de maneira ordenada. Por sua vez, a arte retórica, parte da política, segue de perto a matéria do tratado De inventione, de Cícero, e traz também preceitos para a escrita de cartas, preceitos de artes poéticas e exemplos históricos e bíblicos. Por seus preceitos e exemplos, que são tanto retóricos quanto éticos, o Tesouro ensina e faz o elogio da política, ao mesmo tempo que se apresenta como uma memória. / This study encompasses an analysis and a Portuguese translation of the prologue and the rhetoric of Brunetto Latini\'s Tresor. The text is a French compilation written around 1260, and it compiles materials useful to the science of politics, which is defined as the art of ruling a city. The Tresor is divided into three books, one about theorics, one about ethics, and the other about politics, which includes an art of rhetoric and a handbook for the podestà. The analysis of the prologue shows that politics are the guiding principle of the text, which is written in plain (attenuata) style, thus meant for instruction, and compiles and puts in a specific order excerpts taken from various authorities. As for the art of rhetoric, a part of politics, the text closely follows the subject matter of Cicero\'s De intentione, and also has precepts for letter writing, principles of poetry and historical and biblical examples. Through the precepts and examples, which are rhetoric as well as ethic, the Tresor teaches and praises politics, and at the same time operates as a memory.

En marge des recherches archéologiques traditionnelles, nous retrouvons aujourd’hui des compagnies privées qui contractent des accords et obtiennent des permis leur donnant le droit de prélever des objets à des fins lucratives sur les vestiges archéologiques submergés. Ces pratiques commerciales causent une controverse vive et enflammée au sein du monde archéologique. Le principal point de litiges concerne la mise en vente des objets extraits lors de fouille. La mise en marché du patrimoine archéologique éveille les fibres protectionnistes. Cela incite certains organismes à poser des gestes pour la protection du patrimoine. C’est le cas pour l’UNESCO qui fait la promotion depuis 2001 d’une Convention pour la protection du patrimoine submergé. Malgré tous les arguments à l’encontre des compagnies de « chasse aux trésors », cette Convention est loin de faire l’unanimité des gouvernements à travers le monde, qui ne semblent pas prêts à rendre ces pratiques illégales. Les méthodes utilisées par ces compagnies semblent aussi représenter un point de friction avec les archéologues. Toutefois, la connaissance de leurs pratiques sur le terrain semble très incomplète. De plus, contrairement à une certaine idée préconçue, ces compagnies ne sont pas des « pilleurs de tombes » œuvrant sous le couvert de l’anonymat, mais bien des compagnies dûment enregistrées, œuvrant en toute légalité et passant même des contrats avec les gouvernements. Ce mémoire a donc pour objectif de mettre en lumière les actions réelles des compagnies de chasse aux trésors subaquatiques en regardant leurs méthodes et leur fonctionnement, tels qu’on les voit dans les 10 dernières années. Pour mieux conceptualiser les pratiques de ces compagnies, nous nous interrogerons sur le rapport entre légalité et éthique et, plus précisément, sur l’éthique commerciale et archéologique. / Beyond the pole of traditional underwater archaeology, we find an industry composed of commercial companies that enter into contractual agreements and obtain permits which allow them to take objects from submerged sites for financial gain. Their practices create a lively and often heated controversy in the archaeological community. The principal disagreement concerns the sale of objects from sites. The marketing of archaeological heritage awakens protective instincts and actions for the protection of heritage, such as UNESCO’s campaign begun in 2001 for the adoption of a Convention on the protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Unesco.org 2001). Despite all the arguments against « treasure hunting » companies, the Convention is far from being universally accepted by sovereign governments, who do not seem prepared to make the companies’ practices illegal. The methods used by the companies are also a source of friction with archaeologists. However, knowledge of their field methods seems rather incomplete, and contrary to some preconceived notions, these companies are not « grave robbers » working under the dark, but indeed duly registered companies working in full legality and even entering into contractual agreements with governments. This thesis aims to shed light on the activities of the underwater treasure hunting industry by studying their methods and operations as they have developed in the last ten years. In order to conceptualise the companies’ practices, we look at the relation between archaeological and business ethics.

En marge des recherches archéologiques traditionnelles, nous retrouvons aujourd’hui des compagnies privées qui contractent des accords et obtiennent des permis leur donnant le droit de prélever des objets à des fins lucratives sur les vestiges archéologiques submergés. Ces pratiques commerciales causent une controverse vive et enflammée au sein du monde archéologique. Le principal point de litiges concerne la mise en vente des objets extraits lors de fouille. La mise en marché du patrimoine archéologique éveille les fibres protectionnistes. Cela incite certains organismes à poser des gestes pour la protection du patrimoine. C’est le cas pour l’UNESCO qui fait la promotion depuis 2001 d’une Convention pour la protection du patrimoine submergé. Malgré tous les arguments à l’encontre des compagnies de « chasse aux trésors », cette Convention est loin de faire l’unanimité des gouvernements à travers le monde, qui ne semblent pas prêts à rendre ces pratiques illégales. Les méthodes utilisées par ces compagnies semblent aussi représenter un point de friction avec les archéologues. Toutefois, la connaissance de leurs pratiques sur le terrain semble très incomplète. De plus, contrairement à une certaine idée préconçue, ces compagnies ne sont pas des « pilleurs de tombes » œuvrant sous le couvert de l’anonymat, mais bien des compagnies dûment enregistrées, œuvrant en toute légalité et passant même des contrats avec les gouvernements. Ce mémoire a donc pour objectif de mettre en lumière les actions réelles des compagnies de chasse aux trésors subaquatiques en regardant leurs méthodes et leur fonctionnement, tels qu’on les voit dans les 10 dernières années. Pour mieux conceptualiser les pratiques de ces compagnies, nous nous interrogerons sur le rapport entre légalité et éthique et, plus précisément, sur l’éthique commerciale et archéologique. / Beyond the pole of traditional underwater archaeology, we find an industry composed of commercial companies that enter into contractual agreements and obtain permits which allow them to take objects from submerged sites for financial gain. Their practices create a lively and often heated controversy in the archaeological community. The principal disagreement concerns the sale of objects from sites. The marketing of archaeological heritage awakens protective instincts and actions for the protection of heritage, such as UNESCO’s campaign begun in 2001 for the adoption of a Convention on the protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Unesco.org 2001). Despite all the arguments against « treasure hunting » companies, the Convention is far from being universally accepted by sovereign governments, who do not seem prepared to make the companies’ practices illegal. The methods used by the companies are also a source of friction with archaeologists. However, knowledge of their field methods seems rather incomplete, and contrary to some preconceived notions, these companies are not « grave robbers » working under the dark, but indeed duly registered companies working in full legality and even entering into contractual agreements with governments. This thesis aims to shed light on the activities of the underwater treasure hunting industry by studying their methods and operations as they have developed in the last ten years. In order to conceptualise the companies’ practices, we look at the relation between archaeological and business ethics.