A família Psittacidae possui 332 espécies de papagaios, periquitos e afins, e os táxons Neotropicais formam um grupo monofilético (tribo Arini), dentro desta tribo está o gênero Aratinga. A sistemática deste gênero é mal resolvida, com poucos estudos morfológicos e algumas filogenias moleculares que apontam que não seja monofilético. Porém, é preciso destacar que esses estudos não amostraram uma quantidade representativa de espécies do gênero, o que deixa essas relações incertas. Para melhor compreender a história evolutiva do gênero Aratinga, realizamos uma análise filogenética com 21 das 22 espécies do gênero, o táxon monotípico Nandayus nenday que é proximamente relacionado a algumas espécies de Aratinga e representantes de outros gêneros da tribo Arini. Foram sequenciados cinco genes mitocondriais (12S, 16S, citocromo b, NADH2, COIII) e um nuclear (RAG-1). As filogenias obtidas por máxima verossimilhança e análise Bayesiana foram congruentes e indicam a ausência de monofilia do gênero Aratinga. A maioria das espécies do gênero foi posicionada em três clados com alto suporte, mas que não se apresentam agrupados em um clado monofilético. Estes três clados são congruentes com grupos previamente propostos com base em caracteres morfológicos. Nandayus nenday está dentro de um destes clados, que é grupo irmão de um clado que contém outros quatro gêneros da tribo Arini. A única espécie que não foi incluída em nenhum destes clados é Aratinga acuticaudata, que aparentemente é mais proximamente relacionada aos gêneros Diopsittaca e Guarouba. A maioria dos eventos de divergência das espécies do gênero Aratinga nesses diferentes clados parece ter ocorrido nos últimos 5 milhões de anos (Ma.). Enquanto as estimativas de datas de divergências entre os principais clados sugerem que elas ocorreram durante o Mioceno inicial. O padrão biogeográfico da diversificação dos clados de Aratinga foi complexo, possivelmente relacionado com o soerguimento dos Andes, com múltiplas colonizações da América Central antes e depois do fechamento do Istmo do Panamá e com ciclos glaciais do Pleistoceno. Esses resultados refutam a monofilia do gênero e uma revisão taxonômica do táxon parece ser necessária. / Family Psittacidae includes 332 species of parrots and all Neotropical taxa form a monophyletic group (tribe Arini), among those, is the parakeet genus Aratinga. This genus has an unresolved systematics, with few morphological studies and some molecular phylogenies suggest that it is not monophyletic. However, these phylogenies did not include a representative sample of species of the genus. To better understand the evolutionary history of genus Aratinga, we conducted a phylogenetic analysis that included 21 of 22 species of the genus, the monospecific taxon Nadayus nenday that is closely related to some Aratinga species, plus various taxa from tribe Arini. We sequenced five mitochondrial (12S, 16S, cytochrome b, NADH2, COIII) and one nuclear (RAG-1) genes. The phylogenies were reconstructed based on maximum likelihood analysis and Bayesian inference. Relaxed molecular clock estimates were conducted under a Bayesian analysis for inferring the divergence times of the phylogeny and to study the biogeographic history of these species. The phylogenies recovered by both methods were highly congruent and support the absence of monophyly for genus Aratinga. The majority of the species from the genus Aratinga was placed in three highly supported clades that did not group in a monophyletic clade. These three clades match previously suggested groups based on morphological characters. Nandayus nenday was included in one of these clades, that is closely related to a clade that contains four other Arini genera. The only species that was not included in any of these clades was Aratinga acuticaudata, that seems to be more closely related to the genera Diopsittaca and Guarouba with high support values. Most of the speciation within the Aratinga clades may have occurred during the last 5 Mya., but the divergence times between these clades seems to have occurred during the early Miocene. The biogeograhic pattern of the diversification of the Aratinga clades was complex, possibly related to the history of the Andes, multiple colonization of Central America before and after the closure of the Panama Isthmus and also Pleistocene glacial cycles. These results further refute the monophyly of genus Aratinga and a taxonomical revision may be necessary for the taxon.

The usage of eye trackers is becoming more and more popular in the field of information visualization. In this project two eye trackers, The Eye Tribe nd Mirametrix S2, are used to obtain eye tracking data for visualizations. It is planned to use the eye trackers with OnGraX, a network visualization system, where they will provide data for the implementation of visualizations, specifically, heatmaps. OnGraX already uses heatmaps to show regions in a network that have been in the viewport of the user. One aim of this thesis will be the comparison between the two eye trackers, and if the use of eye tracking data gives better results thatn the already existing viewport-based approach. At the same time, we provide the foundation for adaptive visualizations with OnGraX. Our research problem is also of interest for visualization in general, because it will help to improve and develop eye tracking technology in this context. To support the outcome of our implementation, we carried out a user study. As a result, we concluded that one of the two eye trackers appears to have more capabilities than the other, and that using the eye tracking data is a more preferred way of depicting the heatmaps on OnGraX.

When people flee armed conflict, they often end up in refugee settlements in neighboring countries. In the case of South Sudanese refugees, they will often find themselves living next to people from the opposite side of the conflict. Although tensions and conflicts have been seen in many of these settlements, other settlements remain relatively calm. This case study seeks to understand how different South Sudanese tribes in Maaji II settlement in Northern Uganda relate to each other, and how these relations can be assessed using Johan Galtung’s theory of positive and negative peace. Using qualitative research methods, e.g. participant observation and interview data gathered in Maaji II settlement, this study seeks to understand the refugees' own definitions of tribe, tribalism, and peace, and to analyze their experiences in the settlement using Galtung’s concepts. The analysis showed that although positive developments had led to low levels of physical violence, tensions remained among the tribes, which were further exacerbated by communication barriers. Moreover, efforts by refugee leaders to promote peace focused on creating a peaceful and non-violent present and future, and no attention was paid to healing past violence. Nevertheless, deliberate actions and natural developments had led to increasing interactions among different tribes. The refugees’ own definitions of peace resembled Galtung’s concept of positive peace. Furthermore, the refugees all agreed that the settlement was peaceful, in spite of the analysis finding that the settlement can at best be explained as being in a state of negative peace. Thus, the intertribal relations in Maaji II settlement are largely free from direct physical violence, but the presence of cultural violence remains a hindrance for sustainable positive peace. These findings show that there is a need for a deeper understanding of intertribal relations among refugee populations in order to create more effective peacebuilding interventions.

The Miccosukee Tribe of South Florida is a federally recognized Indian tribe who reside on a reservation that lies within the Florida Everglades. As such, like many Indian tribes, their modern political history is entangled with the history of the creation of nearby national parks that were previously their traditional hunting territories. Since the beginning of the era of Everglades restoration and the rise in public policy designed to save the “River of Grass” from pollution, encroaching development, and eventual extinction, the Miccosukee have been on the front lines of trying to preserve the area they call home. While the Everglades means many different things to many different people, the Everglades to the Miccosukee Indians are the site and stakes of indigenous sovereignty. I argue that the issue of Everglades preservation is not just a matter of environmental conservation, but also a matter of fundamental human rights. Theoretically, I situate the debate surrounding the Florida Everglades within several theoretical paradigms, including the rights of indigenous peoples, the anthropology of development, and political ecology. I use anthropological research methods such as in-depth interviews with tribal officials and local environmental agencies to gain a complete picture of the current political landscape of the Everglades. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Background: The communication between brands and customers has shifted fromtraditional media like television to social media. This led to the emergence of social media brand communication. One of the best known and fastest-growing social media platforms is Instagram. Furthermore, social media enabled users to form online communities like consumer tribes, who group around a shared activity or passion. However, these consumer tribes are self-willed and need their own marketing approach. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore how social media brand communication of surf brands on Instagram is experienced by the surf tribe. For this purpose, it is investigated whether Instagram is a suitable medium and which characteristics define the surf tribe. Then it will be examined how social media brand communication on Instagram has to be designed in order to create successful communication strategies. Method: This research followed an explorative research design. The research approach combined desk research for the literature review and qualitative semi-structured interviews with 15 participants of the surf tribe. Snowball sampling was used to identify participants. The empirical data was analyzed with the approach of thematic analysis. Conclusion: Instagram is a suitable platform to reach out to the surf tribe. The surf tribe shares common characteristics in terms of Instagram usage and consumption behaviour, which are relevant for creating appealing marketing messages. Surf brands should use firm generated content that focuses on the activity of surfing and encourage their followers to create and share user-generated surf content to increase their popularity and reach amongst the tribe.

Magister Artium - MA / This mini-thesis explores the role of photography in the mainstream and dissident tradition of Afrikaner ethnology (volkekunde) from the time of its establishment at Stellenbosch University in the 1920s through to its development at Pretoria University in the 1950s to 1970s, to its period of decline in the era of dissidence from the 1970s to the 2010s. I use a biographical approach, tracing the career biographies and photographic portfolios of three volkekundiges: the German-trained government ethnologist Nicolaas J. van Warmelo; little known dissident volkekundige Frans Hendrik Boot (1939-2010) who founded the Volkekunde Department at the University of the Western Cape in 1972 and for whom fieldwork photography was an expression of his humanist digression from the racialised mainstream volkekunde tradition; and Cornelis Seakle “Kees” van der Waal (1949-) whose ‘Long Walk from Volkekunde to Anthropology’ has been textually demonstrated but also takes on visual expressions in his use of photography. My thesis seeks to demonstrate that photography and visuality was important in displaying the different traditions of volkekunde. The central argument in this thesis postulates that fieldwork photographs, read in relation to the ethnographers intellectual focus offers us insight into an individual’s orientation. Furthermore this thesis explores the degree of a photographers technicality and aesthetics skill

The relationship between Indigenous peoples and Canadians is fraught with political and cultural divides. While Idle No More garnered some momentum to raise awareness of the need for political change, there has yet to be an approach that has popularly engaged and compelled response from Canadians. This thesis project navigates the political potential of artists, who can both accumulate cross-cultural audiences through entertainment and incite change through their vocalizations in performance. Offering a case-study approach to the Indigenous music group, A Tribe Called Red, this project considers their compelling Indigenous space-making work through their performance and celebrity. Drawing from this work, this project offers a navigation between the need for respectful cross-cultural dialogue between Indigenous peoples and Canadians and the actionable change that can occur through popular entertainment and its intimate connections. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA) / The relationship between Indigenous peoples and Canadians is fraught with political and cultural divides. While Idle No More garnered some momentum to raise awareness of the need for political change, there has yet to be an approach that has popularly engaged and compelled response from Canadians. This thesis project navigates the political potential of artists, who can both accumulate cross-cultural audiences through entertainment and incite change through their vocalizations in performance. Offering a case-study approach to the Indigenous music group, A Tribe Called Red, this project considers their compelling Indigenous space-making work through their performance and celebrity. Drawing from this work, this project offers a navigation between the need for respectful cross-cultural dialogue between Indigenous peoples and Canadians and the actionable change that can occur through popular entertainment and its intimate connections.

The Indian government’s twin objectives of protecting the tiger population in the Nallamala forest in Andhra Pradesh and providing “development” to the indigenous Chenchu people have resulted in an on-going process of Chenchu displacement from the forest. The research is an anthropological intervention to comparatively analyze the development definitions of the Chenchu people (N=15), subgrouped location-wise as Deep Forest Chenchu, Intermediate Forest Chenchu, and Displaced Chenchu, and the Government and NGO representatives (N=13), including Integrated Tribal Development Agency representatives, NGO workers, and conservation authorities. Both groups defined development as access to basic amenities, education and jobs, health, freedom, livestock, and well-being in varying agreements. The study concludes that discrepancies exist in the development perspectives of the two groups, the Chenchu displacement is unsystematic, and the implementation of development projects was non-uniform. Small sample size, limited research time, and gender imbalance are some of the limitations of this study.

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