Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-89).

Novel members of a homologous series of N', N'-di-(2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl) diamine dimers related to the anti-malarial compound trifluralin (2,6-dinitro-(N, Ndipropylamino- 4-trifluoromethyl)benzene) have been synthesised in good yields for screening against several tropical diseases such as Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiais, and Malarial in both humans and animals. This was achieved in a single step reaction where the starting material chloralin (1-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzene) was reacted with various aliphatic and aromatic diamines via the key step involving nucleophilic aromatic ipso-substitution. The final compounds were obtained via the intermediate Jackson-Meisenheimer complexes. The formation of the corresponding tri- and tetrasubstituted hydrazines were, however, not successful due to unfavourable steric interactions. Previous investigations by other researchers have postulated tubulin (a dimeric protein) as a potential site of drug action. Based on this theory such compounds were synthesised that may play a role in mapping distances between tubulin binding sites. As both the herbicides, trifluralin and oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-4-(N, N-dipropylamino) - benzenesulphonamide) have been shown to possess anti-leishmanial and anti-malarial activities against Leishmania mexicana (in vivo) and Plasmodium falciparum (in vitro) respectively, a new analogue of oryzalin, 4-(N, N-dipropylsulphamoyl)-2,6-dinitro-l- (N, N-dipropylamino)benzene has been synthesised for possible screening. The study was extended to the synthesis of julolidine (2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-IH, 5H-benzo[ij] quinolizine) and lilolidine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-pyrrolo[3,2,1[ij]quinoline) analogues since the parent ring structures are known to exhibit anti-leishmanial activities. This was achieved by reacting several aromatic amines with a series of a, ß-ketoesters to give the intermediate amides, which were then cyclised (in situ) via Friedel-Crafts acylation using polyphosphoric acid to the corresponding substituted julolidine and lilolidine analogues. Spectroscopic data on trifluralins, julolidines and related compounds is presented in this thesis and were found to be consistent with the proposed structures. Although in this study the emphasis lies on synthetic aspects and spectroscopic evaluations some preliminary biological data is summarised in the Appendix, while the remaining testing will form part of an ongoing programme of work by others.

Thesis (M.S.)--Baylor University, 2008. / In abstract "14" is superscript. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-38).

Os contaminantes emergentes compreendem uma classe de substâncias que apresentam carência de dados toxicológicos, principalmente em relação aos seus efeitos danosos e aos biomarcadores de exposição, além de potencial dano ao ambiente, sendo esta uma preocupação recente da comunidade científica. Dentro dessa classe enquadram-se os praguicidas, mais especificamente os herbicidas, os quais são largamente utilizados na agricultura para prevenir o aparecimento de ervas daninhas, que interferem no rendimento e qualidade da colheita. Esses compostos apresentam potencial contaminação de solo e águas, podendo atingir, dessa forma, organismos não-alvo. Pelo fato da mitocôndria ser reconhecida como a principal organela produtora de energia celular, além de exercer papel fundamental na manutenção de inúmeras funções celulares, ela foi utilizada como modelo experimental para avaliar os efeitos dos herbicidas trifluralina e tebutiurom na faixa de concentração de 1 ?mol/L a 100 ?mol/L. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o tebutiurom não afeta a bioquímica mitocondrial em nenhuma concentração testada. Já a trifluralina, principalmente na concentração mais alta (100 ?mol/L), é capaz de interagir com a membrana mitocondrial, induzir inchamento mitocondrial, dissipar o potencial de membrana, desregular a homeostase cálcica, afetar a respiração celular e alterar os níveis de ATP. Entretanto, não é capaz de induzir estresse oxidativo na mitocôndria. Os resultados indicam possíveis mecanismos de toxicidade do herbicida em organismos não-alvo. / The emerging contaminants comprise a class of substances that exhibit a lack of toxicology data, especially regarding to their harmful effects and biomarkers of exposure, besides the potential damage to the environment, which is a recent concern of the scientific community. Within this class there are the pesticides, more specifically the herbicides, which are widely used in crop production to prevent the appearance of weeds, that can damage the yield and quality of the harvest. These compounds are potential contaminants of soil and water, and may achieve non-target organisms. Because mitochondria are recognized as the main energy-producing cell organelles, and play a vital role in the maintenance of many cellular functions, they were used as an experimental model to evaluate the effects of the herbicides trifluralin and tebuthiuron in concentrations ranging from 1 ?mol/L to 100 ?mol/L. The results show that tebuthiuron does not affect the mitochondrial biochemistry in any concentration tested. Trifluralin, especially at the highest concentration (100 ?mol/L), is capable of interacting with mitochondrial membrane, inducing swelling, dissipating the membrane potential, dysregulating calcium homeostasis, impairing mitochondrial respiration and altering ATP levels. However, it isn\'t able to induce oxidative stress in mitochondria. These events might be involved in the mechanisms of the toxicity of trifluralin in non-target organisms

Orientador: Maria Aparecida Marin Morales / Banca: Silvia Tamie Matsumoto / Banca: Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo Oliveira / Resumo: O controle de plantas daninhas é fundamental para a produção agrícola, devido à sua competição pelos fatores limitantes de crescimento (nutrientes, água, luz) e aos seus efeitos alelopáticos. Pesticidas orgânicos sintéticos têm se tornado um importante elemento nas práticas de produção agrícola tecnificada, dando um grande impulso na indústria agroquímica em todo mundo. Os benefícios de tais produtos são claramente visíveis nos substanciais aumentos na produtividade. No entanto, o destino final desses compostos orgânicos, principalmente dos herbicidas, têm causado sérias preocupações, pelo grande volume utilizado. Preocupados principalmente com a possível interação desses produtos com o material genético dos organismos, nosso estudo visou compreender a ação da trifluralina, por ser este herbicida amplamente utilizado na agricultura. O presente estudo aborda avaliações toxicológicas, de mutagenicidade, genotoxicidade e carcinogenicidade do herbicida trifluralina. Também foram abordadas as características químicas, físicas, persistência, mobilidade, processo de degradação e mecanismos de ação do herbicida. Alguns dados foram obtidos junto às pesquisas realizadas na literatura científica disponível sobre o produto, mas a maioria das apresentações, aqui registradas, são decorrentes da própria investigação realizada com a aplicação do produto em organismos testes. Os dados obtidos foram comparados e discutidos, principalmente, com citações de autores especialistas no estudo da ação do produto e nas publicações da Agência de Proteção Ambiental Norte-Americana (USEPA). Aspectos da legislação brasileira dos agrotóxicos também foram sucintamente abordados / Abstract: The controlling of weed plants is fundamental for agricultural production, due to their competition by the limiting factors of growing (nutrients, water, light) and due to their alelopatics effects. Synthetic organic pesticides have becoming an important element in the practice of technical agricultural production, resulting in a great impulse in agrochemical industry around the world. The benefits from these products are clearly visible in the substantial increasing in the productivity. Otherwise, the final destination of these organic composts, mainly of the herbicides, have causing serious worrying because their high volume. Preoccupation mainly with the possible interaction of these products with the genetic organisms material, our study have the aim to examine the trifluralin action because this herbicide is widely utilized in the agriculture. The present work also looks at the toxicological interactions of mutagenicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of the trifluralin herbicide as well the chemical and physical features, persistence, mobility, degradation process, and herbicide action mechanisms. Some data are from researches done in the available scientific literature about the product, but the majority of the presentation here reported is from our own investigation realized with the application of products in test organisms. The data collected were compared and discussed mainly with report of expert authors in the study of the action of the product and using publications in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Aspects of Brazilian agrotoxic legislation were also briefly discussed / Mestre

Weed management programs in "Superior" potato with PRE and POST rimsulfuron treatments were investigated during 1992, 1993, and 1994. Common ragweed control by PRE combinations of metolachlor with linuron or metribuzin was higher when treatments included PRE or POST rimsulfuron. Common lambsquarters control was 93 to 96% by treatments that included POST rimsulfuron. Applications of 35 g ai/ha rimsulfuron plus 280 g ai/ha metribuzin POST controlled weeds comparable to sequential applications. Potato recovered from occasional injury caused by rimsulfuron, rimsulfuron plus metribuzin, and organophosphate insecticides combined POST with rimsulfuron plus metribuzin. Several acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides were evaluated for yellow nutsedge control in the greenhouse. Herbicides were applied POST to yellow nutsedge at actual or anticipated commercial rates. Yellow nutsedge control was 92 and 71% from halosulfuron and chlorimuron, respectively. Control ranged from 48 to 69% from primisulfuron, pyrithiobac, and rimsulfuron. Control from nicosulfuron and imazethapyr was 45 and 68%, respectively, while thifensulfuron and CGA-152005 had almost no activity on yellow nutsedge. Chlorimuron, imazethapyr, and halosulfuron were the only herbicides which reduced yellow nutsedge regrowth. Rrimsulfuron was evaluated in tomato at 26 and 35 g ai/ha, sequentially at 26 g/ha, at 26 g/ha plus metribuzin at 280 g ai/ha, and metribuzin at 280 g/ha were evaluated POST for weed control in transplanted "Agriset" tomato. Common lambsquarters was controlled by rimsulfuron at 35 g/ha. Rimsulfuron plus metribuzin gave consistent control of common ragweed but jimsonweed and goosegrass control was generally low. Rimsulfuron treatments caused < 12% injury to tomato. Tomato yield was consistently high in the metribuzin, metribuzin plus rimsulfuron, and rimsulfuron sequential treatments. In greenhouse studies, giant foxtail and large crabgrass control by rimsulfuron was above 95 and 85% respectively, but goosegrass was not controlled. Height of four tomato cultivars was not reduced, but dry weight of "Floradade" and "Sunbeam" was reduced by rimsulfuron. In 1993, 1994 and 1995, PPI clomazone at 390 g ai/ha, POST rimsulfuron at 35 g ai/ha, and PPI trifluralin at 560 g ai/ha were evaluated for weed control in transplanted "Keystone RG3" bell pepper. Common lambsquarters and jimsonweed control was highest by clomazone treatments, while common ragweed control was low from all treatments. Keystone RG3 in the field and greenhouse and "Camelot," "Jupiter" and "Memphis" in the greenhouse were injured by POST rimsulfuron and had lower height and dry weight than untreated controls. In the greenhouse, black nightshade control was below 23% and jimsonweed control was below 49% by rimsulfuron POST. The absorption, translocation, and metabolism of rimsulfuron was investigated in three Solanaceous weed species. Rimsulfuron uptake did not differ between black nightshade and eastern black nightshade while less labeled herbicide was absorbed by hairy nightshade. Black and eastern black nightshade translocated up to 50% of the labeled herbicide out of the treated leaf with 40 to 50% of the herbicide being moved to the actively growing regions of the plant. In hairy nightshade, an average 40% of the labeled herbicide was moved out of the treated leaf and less than 30% of the translocated herbicide was moved basipetally. Most major metabolites were apparent at 24 and 48 hours however, there were no differences in metabolite composition. Rimsulfuron will be an effective herbicide for use in weed management programs in potato and tomato, however rimsulfuron causes too much injury in pepper to be used. / Ph. D.

The interaction of herbicides and Northern root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood) on onions and beans was studied in the greenhouse. Seeds of onions (Allium cepa L.) were planted in soil treated with defferent levels of dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA). Seeds of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were planted in soil treated with different levels of DCPA or α, α, α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin). Seedlings were inoculated with root-knot nematode larvae after 2 week's growth. DCPA reduced root and shoot growth on onions but did not significantly affect bean growth. Trifluralin significantly reduced root and shoot growth of beans. Growth reduction was directly related to the concentration of DCPA or trifluralin. Anatomical studies on onion roots indicated that the epidermal cells were seriously affected by DCPA treatment. They were greatly misshapen, overlapped, and in various stages of apparent dissolution or collapse. Symptoms were more severe under higher concentrations. Macroscopic examination of roots treated with DCPA or trifluralin showed soil particles strongly adhered to root tissue. DCPA-treated and non-treated nematode larvae were equally pathogenic on onions. Both DCPA and trifluralin significantly reduced the number of nematode galls formed on beans and onions grown in treated soil.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-127).

Submitted by ALESSANDRO NASCIMENTO null (nascimentoagro@gmail.com) on 2016-02-19T00:00:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO-Alessandro-Nascimento (2).pdf: 3665458 bytes, checksum: adf59a9631348439451f395c70313d51 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-02-19T18:18:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_a_me_ilha.pdf: 3665458 bytes, checksum: adf59a9631348439451f395c70313d51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-19T18:18:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_a_me_ilha.pdf: 3665458 bytes, checksum: adf59a9631348439451f395c70313d51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-04 / Para o controle eficaz de plantas daninhas na cultura da cana-de-açúcar é pouco provável que uma única aplicação de herbicida em pré-plantio incorporado seja suficiente para manter a cultura no limpo até o seu fechamento. O objetivo do trabalho foi averiguar a eficácia (ou ineficácia) de herbicidas aplicados uma única vez em pré-plantio-incorporado para o controle de plantas daninhas em cana-de-açúcar. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições com parcelas de 30 m2. A eficiência dos herbicidas no controle das plantas daninhas foi avaliada aos 30, 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após a aplicação (DAA), por meio de uma escala visual, onde 0% = nenhum controle e 100% = controle total das plantas daninhas, considerando-se como eficiente o controle igual ou superior a 80%. Concluiu-se que todos os tratamentos (s-metolachlor a 1,5 e 3,0 L p.c./ha; s-metolachlor+atrazin a 1,5 e 3,0 + 3,0 L p.c./ha; trifluralin a 2,0 L p.c./ha e trifluralin+atrazin a 2,0 + 3,0 L p.c./ha) foram altamente seletivos para a cultura da cana-de-açúcar, variedade RB 86-5453 e foram ineficazes para as dicotiledôneas Calopogonium muconoides (aos 150 DAA) e Amaranthus deflexus (aos 120 DAA) e, os tratamentos s-metolachlor+atrazin (1,5 e 3,0 + 3,0 L p.c./ha) e trifluralin+atrazin (2,0 + 3,0 L p.c./ha) foram eficientes para a espécie Panicum maximum. Todos os tratamentos proporcionaram menor crescimento e produtividade da cana-de-açúcar em relação à testemunha no limpo. Entre as testemunhas observou-se reduções no crescimento e principalmente na produtividade (55%) da testemunha sem capina em relação à capinada. Uma única aplicação dos herbicidas trifluralin, s-metolachlor, atrazin e suas combinações em pré-plantio incorporado, não foram suficientes para manter a cultura de cana-de-açúcar livre de mato-competição até o seu fechamento, indicando a necessidade de outros métodos de controle subsequentes. / To the weeds control in the sugarcane is unlikely that a single application of herbicide in pre-planting-incorporated is sufficient to maintain the culture in clean until its closing. The objective of the work was to determine the effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) of herbicides applied only once in pre-plant-incorporated for weed control in sugar cane. The experimental design was a randomized block with eight treatments and four replications with plots of 30 m2. The herbicides efficiency in weed control was assessed at 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after application, through a visual scale, where 0% = no control and 100% = full control of plants weeds, considering how efficient control than or equal to 80%.It was concluded that all treatments (1.5 and 3.0 Lc.p./ha of s-metolachlor; 1.5 and 3.0 L + 3.0 Lc.p./ha of s-metolachlor+atrazin; 2.0 Lc.p./ha of trifluralin and 2.0+3.0 Lc.p./ha of trifluralin+atrazin) were highly selective for the culture of sugar cane, variety RB 86-5453 and were ineffective for the dicotyledons Calopogonium muconoides (at 150 DAA) and Amaranthus deflexus (at 120 DAA) and, the treatments s-metolachlor + atrazin (1.5 and 3.0 + 3.0 Lc.p./ha) and trifluralin + atrazin (2.0 L + 3.0 c.p./ha) were effective for the species Panicum maximum. All treatments showed lower growth and yield compared to the control in the clean. Among the controls was observed reductions in growth and 55% reduction in the productivity of the treatment without controlling weeds in relation to treatment weeded. A single application of trifluralin herbicides, s-metolachlor, atrazine and their combinations in corporate pre-planting, were not enough to keep the culture of sugarcane free of weed competition until its closure, indicating a need for other methods subsequent control.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-06-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:50:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_tcc_me_rcla.pdf: 1353924 bytes, checksum: 844718912b1b902a5bf7849d50869538 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O controle de plantas daninhas é fundamental para a produção agrícola, devido à sua competição pelos fatores limitantes de crescimento (nutrientes, água, luz) e aos seus efeitos alelopáticos. Pesticidas orgânicos sintéticos têm se tornado um importante elemento nas práticas de produção agrícola tecnificada, dando um grande impulso na indústria agroquímica em todo mundo. Os benefícios de tais produtos são claramente visíveis nos substanciais aumentos na produtividade. No entanto, o destino final desses compostos orgânicos, principalmente dos herbicidas, têm causado sérias preocupações, pelo grande volume utilizado. Preocupados principalmente com a possível interação desses produtos com o material genético dos organismos, nosso estudo visou compreender a ação da trifluralina, por ser este herbicida amplamente utilizado na agricultura. O presente estudo aborda avaliações toxicológicas, de mutagenicidade, genotoxicidade e carcinogenicidade do herbicida trifluralina. Também foram abordadas as características químicas, físicas, persistência, mobilidade, processo de degradação e mecanismos de ação do herbicida. Alguns dados foram obtidos junto às pesquisas realizadas na literatura científica disponível sobre o produto, mas a maioria das apresentações, aqui registradas, são decorrentes da própria investigação realizada com a aplicação do produto em organismos testes. Os dados obtidos foram comparados e discutidos, principalmente, com citações de autores especialistas no estudo da ação do produto e nas publicações da Agência de Proteção Ambiental Norte-Americana (USEPA). Aspectos da legislação brasileira dos agrotóxicos também foram sucintamente abordados. / The controlling of weed plants is fundamental for agricultural production, due to their competition by the limiting factors of growing (nutrients, water, light) and due to their alelopatics effects. Synthetic organic pesticides have becoming an important element in the practice of technical agricultural production, resulting in a great impulse in agrochemical industry around the world. The benefits from these products are clearly visible in the substantial increasing in the productivity. Otherwise, the final destination of these organic composts, mainly of the herbicides, have causing serious worrying because their high volume. Preoccupation mainly with the possible interaction of these products with the genetic organisms material, our study have the aim to examine the trifluralin action because this herbicide is widely utilized in the agriculture. The present work also looks at the toxicological interactions of mutagenicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of the trifluralin herbicide as well the chemical and physical features, persistence, mobility, degradation process, and herbicide action mechanisms. Some data are from researches done in the available scientific literature about the product, but the majority of the presentation here reported is from our own investigation realized with the application of products in test organisms. The data collected were compared and discussed mainly with report of expert authors in the study of the action of the product and using publications in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Aspects of Brazilian agrotoxic legislation were also briefly discussed.