Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 1986. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-184). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Architecture / Master / Master of Philosophy

Neste trabalho é apresentado estudo sobre a geração de viagens e a demanda por estacionamento em seis shopping centers localizados em cidades de porte médio do interior do estado de São Paulo. Em três deles foram realizadas pesquisas de campo detalhadas. Os outros três não permitiram a realização de pesquisas, mas forneceram dados globais sobre a geração de viagens e a demanda por estacionamento. Com base nos dados obtidos, são determinados os principais parâmetros relacionados com a geração de viagens e a demanda por estacionamento para cada um dos empreendimentos, bem como analisados os conjuntos de valores desses parâmetros utilizando conceitos básicos da Estatística. Na sequência, é verificado se os principais padrões de geração de viagem apresentados nos modelos desenvolvidos no país representam adequadamente a realidade no caso do universo estudado. Em seguida, à luz dos resultados obtidos nas pesquisas realizadas, dos resultados apresentados em outros trabalhos e das análises efetuadas, é proposto e desenvolvido um novo método para definir alguns parâmetros de projeto para shopping centers localizados no interior do estado de São Paulo. Por último, os principais parâmetros que caracterizam a geração de viagens e a demanda por estacionamento, obtidos com a aplicação do novo método proposto, são comparados com os valores fornecidos por outros modelos desenvolvidos no Brasil. / In this work, a study about trip generation and parking demand in six shopping centers located in Brazilian medium sized cities in the country side of the state of Sao Paulo is presented. In three of them detailed field researches were accomplished. The other three didn\'t allow the realization of researches, but they provided global data about trip generation and parking demand. Base on the obtained data, the main parameters related to the trip generation and parking demand for each one of the enterprises are determined, as well as, the group of results of those parameters using basic Statistics concepts are analyzed. In the sequence, it is verified if the main patterns for trips to the shopping centers and the new models developed at the country represent adequately the reality in the studied universe. Afterwards, due to the survey data collected in this study, to the results presented in other studies and to the effectuated analysis, a new method to measure some project parameters is developed and proposed for shopping centers located in Brazilian medium sized cities, in the country side of the state of Sao Paulo. Finally, the main parameters that characterize the trip generation and parking demand, obtained with the application of the new proposed method, are compared to the furnished values by other models developed in Brazil.

Neste trabalho é apresentado estudo sobre a geração de viagens e a demanda por estacionamento em seis shopping centers localizados em cidades de porte médio do interior do estado de São Paulo. Em três deles foram realizadas pesquisas de campo detalhadas. Os outros três não permitiram a realização de pesquisas, mas forneceram dados globais sobre a geração de viagens e a demanda por estacionamento. Com base nos dados obtidos, são determinados os principais parâmetros relacionados com a geração de viagens e a demanda por estacionamento para cada um dos empreendimentos, bem como analisados os conjuntos de valores desses parâmetros utilizando conceitos básicos da Estatística. Na sequência, é verificado se os principais padrões de geração de viagem apresentados nos modelos desenvolvidos no país representam adequadamente a realidade no caso do universo estudado. Em seguida, à luz dos resultados obtidos nas pesquisas realizadas, dos resultados apresentados em outros trabalhos e das análises efetuadas, é proposto e desenvolvido um novo método para definir alguns parâmetros de projeto para shopping centers localizados no interior do estado de São Paulo. Por último, os principais parâmetros que caracterizam a geração de viagens e a demanda por estacionamento, obtidos com a aplicação do novo método proposto, são comparados com os valores fornecidos por outros modelos desenvolvidos no Brasil. / In this work, a study about trip generation and parking demand in six shopping centers located in Brazilian medium sized cities in the country side of the state of Sao Paulo is presented. In three of them detailed field researches were accomplished. The other three didn\'t allow the realization of researches, but they provided global data about trip generation and parking demand. Base on the obtained data, the main parameters related to the trip generation and parking demand for each one of the enterprises are determined, as well as, the group of results of those parameters using basic Statistics concepts are analyzed. In the sequence, it is verified if the main patterns for trips to the shopping centers and the new models developed at the country represent adequately the reality in the studied universe. Afterwards, due to the survey data collected in this study, to the results presented in other studies and to the effectuated analysis, a new method to measure some project parameters is developed and proposed for shopping centers located in Brazilian medium sized cities, in the country side of the state of Sao Paulo. Finally, the main parameters that characterize the trip generation and parking demand, obtained with the application of the new proposed method, are compared to the furnished values by other models developed in Brazil.

In the 1976, the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE) compiled their first Handbook of guidelines and methods for evaluating development-level transportation impacts, specifically vehicular impacts (Institute of Transportation Engineers 1976). Decades later, these methods--essentially the same as when they were originally conceived--are used ubiquitously across the US and Canada. Only recently, with the guidelines in its third edition of the ITE's Trip Generation Handbook (Institute of Transportation Engineers 2014) new data and approaches have been adopted--despite substantial evidence that questions the accuracy of older data, automobile bias, and lack of sensitivity to urban contexts. This dissertation contributes to this literature by focusing on the data, methods, and assumptions so commonly included in development- or site-level evaluation of transportation impacts. These methods are omnipresent in development-level review--used in transportation impact analyses or studies (TIAs/TISs) of vehicular or mode-based impacts, vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and estimates of emissions, scaling or scoping development size, and evaluating transportation system development, impact or utility fees or charges. However, few have evaluated the underlying characteristics of these foundational data--with few exceptions--this manuscript takes aim at understanding inherent issues in the collection and application of ITE's data and methods in various urban contexts. This manuscript includes a compiled dissertation, four papers written consecutively. The first, evaluates state-of-the-art methods in Chapter 2--identifying gaps in the literature. Two such gaps are explored in Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. In Chapter 3, a larger implicit assumption present in ITE's methods--that the existing land-use taxonomy is an optimal and accurate way to describe land use and segment data. Results indicate a simplified taxonomy would provide substantial reductions in cost corresponding with a minor loss in the model's explanation of variance. Following, Chapter 4 explores a common assumption that requires ITE's vehicle trips be converted into person trips and applied across contexts. The results point to the need to consider demographics in site-level transportation impact analysis, particularly to estimate overall demand (person trips, transaction activity) at retail and service development. In Chapter 5, the findings from this research and previous studies are extrapolated to evaluate and quantify the potential bias when temporal, special, and social contexts are ignored. The results indicate the compounding overestimation of automobile demand may inflate estimation by more than 100% in contexts where ITE should be applicable (suburban areas with moderate incomes). In the conclusions (Chapter 6), the implications of this work are explored, followed by recommendations for practice and a discussion of the limitations of this research and future work.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1988. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-198).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:00:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5462.pdf: 6522300 bytes, checksum: 08eb2b085e1c0d4ae808a440e1e9dc9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-28 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Developments in the health sector, especially those placed in public care are fundamental to the care of the entire population of a city and region. The location of health projects such as "Santa Casa" was made since many decades ago, or even the latest developments seem not to have been concerned with the accessibility of the population. Moreover, the travels generators poles, including the establishments of the health sector, cause significant impacts on its surroundings and also in the transport systems of the region they live. In general, the public hospitals, mainly in Brazil, aim to attend the portions of the population of low income families that use displacement on foot, by car or public transport. As a result, this study aimed to perform an analysis of levels of accessibility to hospitals such as "Santa Casa", considering mainly the population groups that most need the public health. The proposed method is based on an indicator (time) to measure accessibility to hospitals by different ways: on foot, by car and public transport, making use of geographic information systems. IBGE data were used to estimate the income levels of traffic areas. A survey with users from hospitals located in the cities of Rio Claro and São Carlos was performed to characterize the source and location of the travel. Using the data obtained in both case studies it was found that the population, in most cases, has used the car travel to hospitals. The accessibility by car was high, because even in distant neighborhoods, the travel time was at 15 minutes for both cities. In contrast, traveling on foot had low accessibility in relation to hospitals, mainly in the distant neighborhoods. The analysis done for public transport accessibility shows the minimum value of 30 minutes to Rio Claro and 35 minutes to São Carlos. Analyzing data from the 2000 Census, it is evident that the population with lower monthly household income is concentrated in the suburb areas of the cities. Thus, the distances done every day by the citizens compromise the access to different services available in the cities, as the travel time, or the lack of public transport routes, or lack of conditions of using public transport. / Empreendimentos do setor de saúde, principalmente os inseridos na rede pública de atendimento, são fundamentais para o atendimento de toda a população de uma cidade e região. A localização dos empreendimentos de saúde do tipo Santa Casa , em geral, foi feita há muitas décadas, ou mesmo os empreendimentos mais recentes, parecem não ter tido a preocupação com a acessibilidade da população. Além disso, os polos geradores de viagens, dentre eles os estabelecimentos do setor de saúde, causam impactos significativos nos seus arredores e também nos sistemas de transporte da região em que estão inseridos. Os hospitais públicos, principalmente no Brasil, visam atender às parcelas da população de menor renda, que se utilizam de deslocamentos a pé, por automóvel ou por transporte coletivo público por ônibus. Em vista disso, este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma análise dos níveis de acessibilidade a hospitais do tipo Santa Casa , considerando, principalmente, as parcelas da população que mais necessitam do sistema público de saúde. O método proposto se baseou em um indicador (tempo) para se medir a acessibilidade aos hospitais pelos modos a pé, automóvel e transporte coletivo, fazendo-se uso de sistemas de informações geográficas. Dados do IBGE foram utilizados para a estimativa de níveis de rendimento de zonas de tráfego. Uma pesquisa com usuários dos hospitais localizados nas cidades de Rio Claro e São Carlos foi realizada para a caracterização e localização de origem das viagens. Através dos dados obtidos nestes os estudos de caso, verificou-se que a população, na maioria das vezes, utiliza o automóvel para realizar as viagens aos hospitais. A acessibilidade por automóvel obteve tempo de viagem de até 15 minutos, mesmo em bairros mais distantes, para as duas cidades. Em contrapartida, para as viagens a pé, o tempo de viagem médio foi de até 20 minutos em um raio de 1,5 km dos hospitais, para os estudos de caso. A análise feita para o transporte coletivo mostra o valor de tempo mínimo de 30 minutos para Rio Claro e de 35 minutos para São Carlos. Analisando-se os dados do Censo 2000, fica evidente que a população com menor rendimento médio mensal familiar se concentra nas regiões periféricas das cidades. Assim, as distâncias a serem vencidas diariamente pelos cidadãos comprometem o acesso aos diversos serviços disponíveis nas cidades, seja pelo tempo de viagem, ou pela falta de linhas de transporte público, ou de condições de se utilizar o transporte público.

Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) is a critical input to many transportation analyses. By definition, AADT is the average 24-hour volume at a highway location over a full year. Traditionally, AADT is estimated using a mix of permanent and temporary traffic counts. Because field collection of traffic counts is expensive, it is usually done for only the major roads, thus leaving most of the local roads without any AADT information. However, AADTs are needed for local roads for many applications. For example, AADTs are used by state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) to calculate the crash rates of all local roads in order to identify the top five percent of hazardous locations for annual reporting to the U.S. DOT. This dissertation develops a new method for estimating AADTs for local roads using travel demand modeling. A major component of the new method involves a parcel-level trip generation model that estimates the trips generated by each parcel. The model uses the tax parcel data together with the trip generation rates and equations provided by the ITE Trip Generation Report. The generated trips are then distributed to existing traffic count sites using a parcel-level trip distribution gravity model. The all-or-nothing assignment method is then used to assign the trips onto the roadway network to estimate the final AADTs. The entire process was implemented in the Cube demand modeling system with extensive spatial data processing using ArcGIS. To evaluate the performance of the new method, data from several study areas in Broward County in Florida were used. The estimated AADTs were compared with those from two existing methods using actual traffic counts as the ground truths. The results show that the new method performs better than both existing methods. One limitation with the new method is that it relies on Cube which limits the number of zones to 32,000. Accordingly, a study area exceeding this limit must be partitioned into smaller areas. Because AADT estimates for roads near the boundary areas were found to be less accurate, further research could examine the best way to partition a study area to minimize the impact.

This thesis explores some of the limitations and implications of using multiple regression analysis in transportation models. Specifically it investigates how the problem of multicollinearity, which results from using intercorrelated variables in trip generation models, adversely affects the validation of hypotheses, discovery of underlying relationships and prediction. The research methodology consists of a review of the literature on trip generation analysis and a theoretical exposition on multicollinearity. Secondly, trip generation data for Greater Vancouver (1968) is used for empirical analysis. Factor analysis and multiple regression techniques are employed. The results demonstrate that multicollinearity is both an explanatory and prediction problem which can be overcome by a combined factor analytic and regression method. This method is also capable of identifying and incorporating causal relationships between land use and trip generation into a single model. It is concluded that the distinction between the explanatory, analytic and predictive abilities of a regression model is artificial, and that greater emphasis on theorizing in model-construction is needed. . / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate