Histotroph, secretions from luminal (LE), superficial glandular (sGE) and glandular (GE) epithelia and molecules selectively transported into the uterine lumen, are essential for peri-implantation ovine conceptus development and maternal recognition of pregnancy. Among them, several components of histotroph including nutrients, cell matrix proteins and growth factors may activate mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin; also known as FRAP1) to stimulate hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and/or migration of conceptus trophectoderm cells, as well as expression of IFNT for pregnancy recognition and critical proteins for conceptus development. Therefore, studies were conducted to examine effects of select nutrients (arginine, leucine, glutamine and glucose), IGF2 and SPP1 on mTOR signal transduction pathways and determine their biological effects on proliferation, migration and/or attachment of ovine trophectoderm (oTr) cells and conceptuses (embryo and it extra-embryonic membranes). The first study defined the expression of IGF2, RPS6K, phosphorylated AKT, RPS6K, P38 and ERK1/2 MAPK by the uterus and conceptus during the periimplantation period. In addition, effects of IGF2 on the PI3K signaling pathway were evaluated using oTr cells isolated from Day 15 conceptuses. IGF2 was most abundant in compact stroma of endometrial caruncles and also present in all cells of the conceptus, but particularly abundant in the endoderm and yolk sac. Phosphorylated AKT1, RPS6K, P38 and ERK1/2 proteins were abundant in nuclei of endometrial LE and conceptus trophectoderm. IGF2 activated multiple cell signaling pathways including PDK/AKT/mTOR/RPS6K and MAPKs that are critical to survival, growth and migration of the ovine trophoblast cells. The second study demonstrated the multifunctional effects of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) on oTr cells including cell signaling transduction, migration, and adhesion. Novel results of this study indicated that SPP1 binds ?v?3 and ?5?1 integrins to activate PI3K/mTOR/RPS6K, MAPK as well as crosstalk between mTOR and MAPK pathways that are essential for expansion and elongation of conceptuses and attachment of trophectoderm to uterine LE during implantation. The third study identified effects of arginine (Arg), leucine (Leu), glutamine (Gln) and glucose on oTr cells. Arg, Leu and glucose, but not Gln, activated PI3KAKT1 and mTOR-RPS6K-RPS6 signaling pathways. Arg, Leu and glucose increased abundance of p-RPS6K in nuclei and p-RPS6 in cytoplasm of oTr cells. In addition, results of this study demonstrated that Arg and Leu are remarkably stimulatory to cell proliferation and migration. The fourth study determined effects of Arg on signal transduction pathways and oTr cell proliferation, as well as inhibition of oTr cell proliferation by L-NAME (an inhibitor of NOS) or Nor-NOHA (an inhibitor of arginase) on oTr cells. Arg increased p-mTOR, RPS6K and 4EBP1 protein and also increased protein synthesis and reduced protein degradation in oTr cells. Both NO and polyamines enhanced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of Arg were partially inhibited by both L-NAME and Nor-NOHA. These results indicate that Arg enhances production of polyamines and NO and activates the mTOR-FRAP1-RPS6K-RPS6 signaling pathway to stimulate proliferation of oTr. The fifth study identified differential effects of Arg, Leu, Gln and glucose on gene expression and protein translation in explants cultures of ovine conceptuses. Expression of mRNAs was not affected by treatments with the select nutrients; however, Arg, Leu, Gln and glucose increased abundance of total and phosphorylated forms of mTOR, RPS6K, 4E-BP1 and RPS6. Arg, Leu, Gln and glucose also increased the amounts of NOS and ODC1, but only Arg stimulated a significant increase in abundance of IFNT. Collectively, these studies indicated that IGF2, SPP1 and select nutrients activate mTOR cell-signaling pathways that converge on AKT1 and that are likely critical to mechanism(s) responsible for survival, elongation an development of conceptuses. A more complete understanding of this mechanism will be important to development of strategies to reduce early embryonic losses in ruminants and and in other species including humans.

Establishment and maintenance of a successful pregnancy requires signaling from the embryo to the mare, a process known as maternal recognition. Six days after fertilization, the trophectoderm (TE), a placenta precursor is formed. Signals emanating from the TE to the uterine environment are critical to maternal recognition of pregnancy. The identity of factors necessary for this process remain unknown. A novel equine induced trophoblast cell line (iTr) that closely mimics the genotype and phenotype of native equine TE was created. Transcriptome analysis of iTr revealed increased expression of growth factor (GF) receptors for Epidermal GF (EGF), Hepatocyte GF (HGF), Fibroblast GF-2 (FGF-2) and Insulin GF (IGF-1), suggesting these GF may be important targets during TE development in the early embryo. We hypothesized that treatment of iTr cells with these GF would induce changes in cell proliferation and expression of genes likely involved in maternal recognition. The objectives of this experiment were to evaluate the effect of these GFs on iTr mitotic response and regulation of genes involved in steroidogenesis. Equine iTr cells (n = 3) were cultured with 10 ng/mL EGF, HGF, FGF-2 or IGF-1 for 24 hr, with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) supplementation during the final 2 hr. Subsequently, cells were fixed and EdU positive and total nuclei were enumerated. A parallel plate of iTr cells was treated in a similar manner and lysed for total RNA isolation. Quantitative PCR using gene-specific primers for CYP11A1, PTGS2, PTGES2, and PTGES3 was performed. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc adjustment using the GLM procedure of SAS. Treatment with EGF, FGF-2, HGF, and IGF-1 increased (P < 0.05) iTr proliferation from control levels of 25.33 ± 1.03% to 38.58 ± 1.61%, 45.50 ± 2.94%, and 38.23 ± 2.01% respectively. The 2-&#916;&#916;CT method was used to calculate the fold change (FC) using GAPDH as the reference gene for normalization. Expression of CYP11A2, PTGES2, and PTGES3 was not affected by GF, as measured by qPCR. By contrast, PTGS2 transcript abundance increased (P < 0.05) following FGF-2 (FC = 3.327 ± 0.8291) and HGF (FC = 11.88 ± 4.572) treatment. These results indicate that FGF-2 and HGF may simultaneously induce proliferation and prostaglandin production by TE cells. The combined results of these experiments will improve our understanding of TE morphogenesis and its response to uterine-derived growth factors. / Master of Science / Establishment and maintenance of a pregnancy requires that the mare uterus recognize the presence of the embryo, a process known as maternal recognition of pregnancy. The trophectoderm (TE) are cells on the outer layer of the embryo formed six days after fertilization, which later give origin to the placenta. The TE sends signals from the embryo to the uterus, that are very important for the mare’s recognition of the embryo’s presence. The specific nature of these signals are still unknown in the horse. A cell line (iTr) very similar in aspect and genes to the horse’s native TE has been created in our laboratory. A set of comparative assays have showed that, during the developmental stage of maternal recognition, both the horse TE and the iTr cells share significant identity, and have receptors for the same set of growth factors (GF), suggesting these GF are important for early embryo development and potentially involved in the signaling process of maternal recognition. We proposed that treatment with these GF would induce iTr cells to proliferate and express signals likely involved in maternal recognition in horses. The objectives of this experiments were to evaluate the effect of EGF, HGF, FGF-2 and IGF-1 on iTr cells by measuring proliferation and cellular mechanisms of maternal recognition already established in in other species. Equine iTr cells were cultured with different GF and right before analysis a fluorescent dye that stain dividing cells was added in order to measure the proliferation. Equivalent cell cultures were used to evaluate if the treatment affected the production of hormones involved in signaling maternal recognition. Treatment with all GF induced higher cell proliferation, but HGF also increased the production of one enzyme that participates in producing a very important hormone (prostaglandin E2). The combined results of these experiments add to our understanding of maternal recognition in horses.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22829号 / 医博第4668号 / 新制||医||1047(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 遊佐 宏介, 教授 斎藤 通紀, 教授 高橋 淳 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Des signes d'apoptose, une forme de suicide cellulaire programmé, ont été décrits dans les gamètes et l'embryon préimplantatoire de nombreuses espèces de mammifères y compris l'homme, à la fois in vitro et in vivo. Parce que le développement embryonnaire serait lié à un équilibre entre prolifération et mort cellulaire, l'étude du contrôle génétique de l'apoptose dans les embryons préimplantatoires est d'une importance considérable. Par ailleurs, on sait que la qualité des gamètes (en particulier des ovocytes) influencerait leur propre survie mais également le développement embryonnaire précoce. Les régulateurs d'apoptose appartenant à la famille Bcl-2 occupent une place centrale dans les voies de décision de vie ou de mort cellulaire. Dans le premier volet de ce travail de thèse, nous avons analysé l'expression des membres de la famille Bcl-2 lors de la transition ovocyte-embryon au troisième jour (J3) et montré que les trois sous-groupes de la famille Bcl-2 présentent un profil d'expression dynamique tout au long du développement embryonnaire précoce humain. La régulation des niveaux d'expression de ces gènes au cours du développement embryonnaire précoce pourrait donc s'avérer cruciale pour le contrôle de la survie embryonnaire, notamment sous des conditions de culture suboptimales. Dans le second volet, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'analyse du transcriptome au cours du développement embryonnaire précoce humain, et plus particulièrement lors de la spécification du trophectoderme. La confrontation du transcriptome des embryons à J3 avec celui des cellules du trophectoderme nous a permis de mettre en évidence des processus moléculaires qui pourraient jouer un rôle important lors de la différenciation du TE, tels que la stéroïdogenèse et les régulations épigénétiques. En plus de son intérêt fondamental, la connaissance de l'expression génique et des mécanismes moléculaires régulant des processus clés tels que l'apoptose et la différenciation cellulaire au cours du développement embryonnaire préimplantatoire peut permettre d'ouvrir des pistes de recherche diagnostique et thérapeutique intéressantes. / Apoptosis, a form of cell death by self-destruction, has been reported in gametes and preimplantation embryos both in vitro and in vivo. Recent evidence suggests that cell death processes can impact embryo developmental competence. Moreover, quality of the gametes (particularly of the oocytes) is relevant not only for their own survival but can also influence embryonic development during the early cleavage stages. Thus, the investigation of apoptosis-related genes and mechanisms in early embryos is crucial. Bcl-2 family proteins, through balanced interactions between pro- and anti-apoptotic members, play a pivotal role in controlling cell life and death. In a first part, we analyzed the expression patterns of Bcl-2 family members during the human oocytes-to-day 3 embryo transition and showed that several members were differentially regulated. The regulation of the expression levels of anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members during early embryonic development may therefore be crucial for the control of early embryo survival, especially under suboptimal culture conditions. In a second part, we were interested in studying the transcriptome during human early embryonic development, and particularly during the trophectoderm specification. The comparison of the transcriptome of embryos on day 3 with that of trophectoderm cells allowed us to identify new molecular processes that could play an important role during trophectoderm differentiation and development, such as steroidogenesis and epigenetic regulations. In addition to its fundamental interest, a better knowledge of gene expression and molecular mechanisms regulating key processes such as apoptosis and cell differentiation during human early embryonic development may provide new guides for diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.

Factors currently at the forefront of human in vitro fertilization (IVF) that collectively influence treatment success in the form of blastocysts development were investigated during early mammalian embryology with concentration on infertile patients presenting with diminished ovarian reserve or preliminary ovarian failure. A novel experimental technique, Graft Transplant-Embryonic Stem Cells (GT-ESC) was introduced in the mouse model, as the first inclusive approach for embryo selection in IVF treatments resulting in successful graft integration of sibling cells, stage-dependent (day 4) blastocysts. E-Cadherin-catenin bonds play an integral role in trophectoderm cell viability and calcium removal, inducing disruption of cell-to-cell bonds at the blastocyst stage was detrimental to continued blastocyst development. One of the leading methods for embryo selection for uterine transfer in human IVF is application of pre-implantation genetic screening (PGS) methods such as next generation sequencing (NGS). Female patients <35 y do not benefit from this treatment when outcome is measured by presence of fetal heart beats at 10 weeks of gestation. Patients 35-37 y benefit from PGS with no significant difference of outcome based on form of PGS method utilized. Therefore, small nucleotide polymorphism array (snp-array) or targeted-NGS should be selected for this age range to lessen the financial burden of the patient. Embryos from women >40 y have a higher rate of mosaic cell lines which can be detected by NGS. Therefore NGS is most beneficial for women >40 y. Additionally, ovarian stimulation of the patient during human IVF can notably influence outcome. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a more conducive indicator of blastocysts development per treatment compared to basal follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). Actionable variables included in a decision tree analysis determined a negative influence (0% success, n=11) of high dose gonadotropin use (>3325 IUs) in good prognosis patients (>12 mature follicles at trigger, AMH >3.15 ng/mL). A positive relationship exists (80% success, n=11) between poor responders (AMH <1.78 ng/mL, <12 mature follicles at trigger) and high dose gonadotropin use (>3025 IUs). Utilizing the decision tree during IVF treatment can be beneficial to treatment success. Moreover, a parallel relationship of the fundamental principles of culture medium pH, pCO2 and pO2 was found with respect to blastocyst development. Human infertility patients' gametes predisposed to primary stressors (i.e., age, genetics and etiology) are negatively impacted (~30% success, n=7) for cleavage stage (day 3) embryo development when primary culture medium has pCO2 <30mmHg given age >31 y and <14 oocytes retrieved. When day 3 embryo development is measured at >65% good quality embryos per treatment (based on SART grading criteria), blastocysts development success is highest when secondary culture medium pO2 is 69-88 mmHg (~90% success, n=12). Thus, IVF treatment outcome can be optimized with utilization of predictive model analyses in the form of decision trees providing greater success for the IVF laboratories, ultimately decreasing the emotional and financial burden to infertility patients.