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Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-08-18T12:24:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DissertaçãoPPGBF_MarinaAraújo__VF_2016_MA.pdf: 3564525 bytes, checksum: 787b002a72b4c3884e6c55f35a8f508d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-18T12:24:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) DissertaçãoPPGBF_MarinaAraújo__VF_2016_MA.pdf: 3564525 bytes, checksum: 787b002a72b4c3884e6c55f35a8f508d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-17 / CNPQ / Os fragmentos de Mata Atlântica do Nordeste brasileiro representam um abrigo para a diversidade de espécies e a redução de vários hectares de mata ao longo dos anos gera perda de diversidade, principalmente, da micobiota microscópica associada a esses ambientes. O desenvolvimento rural sustentável necessita de práticas menos agressivas ao ambiente e, dessa forma, os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs), pela semelhança aos ecossistemas naturais em estrutura e diversidade, têm papel de destaque como alternativa para produção agrícola. Os ambientes de mata, assim como os SAFs, além de fornecerem diferentes substratos para a colonização fúngica, propiciam um ambiente com calor e umidade essenciais para o desenvolvimento de fungos. A micobiota microscópica em folhas em decomposição é composta principalmente por fungos conidiais. Esses fungos exibem grande diversidade de formas e adaptações, estando entre os principais decompositores da matéria orgânica. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um estudo de diversidade de fungos conidiais e biomassa fúngica em folhedo de sistema agroflorestal, comparando-o com um fragmento de Mata Atlântica, na região Norte de Pernambuco. Coletas bimestrais foram realizadas na Mata Atlântica nativa de Monjope e no Sítio São João – Sistema agroflorestal (ambos em Abreu e Lima - PE), entre agosto de 2014 e maio de 2015. As amostras de folhedo foram submetidas à técnica de lavagem em água corrente, colocados em câmaras-úmidas e incubados em temperatura ambiente por um período de 45 dias, sendo observados diariamente sob estereomicroscópio. Lâminas semi-permanentes e permanentes foram confeccionadas com as estruturas reprodutivas para a identificação morfológica dos espécimes. As lâminas foram depositadas no Herbário URM da UFPE. A análise da biomassa de fungos no folhedo foi realizada pelo método de quantificação do ergosterol e a relação entre o teor de ergosterol e a ocorrência de fungos conidiais foi determinada. Foram registradas ocorrências de 65 táxons de fungos conidiais, incluindo uma nova espécie (Selenodriella amoena) e uma nova ocorrência para a América do Sul (Linodochium sideroxyli). A concentração de ergosterol foi diferente entre as duas áreas estudadas nos meses de out./14, jan./15 e maio/15, sendo maior no SAF em todos os períodos. O teor de ergosterol da biomassa de fungos no folhedo, em ambas as áreas, possui forte correlação com a ocorrência dos fungos conidiais. Este estudo contribui para ampliar o conhecimento da diversidade de fungos conidiais presentes em folhedo em Pernambuco. / The Brazilian Northeast Atlantic Forest fragments represent a refuge for species diversity and the reduction of several hectares of forest over the years generates loss of diversity, especially microscopic mycobiota associated with these environments. Sustainable rural development requires less aggressive practices to the environment and thus agroforestry systems (AFS), with their similarity to natural ecosystems in structure and diversity, have an important role as an alternative for agricultural production. The forest environments, as well as the SAF’s, provide various substrates for fungal colonization and an environment with heat and humidity essential for the development of fungi. Microscopic mycobiota in decaying leaves is mainly composed of conidial fungi. These fungi exhibit great diversity of shapes and adaptations, being among the major decomposers of organic matter. Thus, this study aimed to investigate conidial fungal diversity and fungal biomass in leaf litter of agroforestry system by comparing it with a fragment of Atlantic Forest in the northern region of Pernambuco. Every two months, samples were taken in the Monjope native Atlantic Forest and Sítio São João - Agroforestry system (both in Abreu e Lima - PE) between August 2014 and May 2015. The litter samples were submitted to the washing technique in running water, placed in humid chambers, and incubated at room temperature for a period of 45 days and observed daily under a stereomicroscope. Semi-permanent and permanent slides were prepared with the reproductive structures for morphological identification of specimens. The slides were deposited in the Herbarium URM UFPE. Analysis of the fungal biomass in leaf litter was carried out using the quantification of ergosterol and the relationship between the ergosterol content and the presence of fungal conidia was determined. The occurrence of 65 taxa of conidial fungi was recorded, including a new species (Selenodriella amoena) and a new record for South America (Linodochium sideroxyli). The concentration of ergosterol was different between the two study areas in the months of Oct. / 14, Jan. / 15 and May / 15, being higher in the SAF in all periods. The ergosterol content of the fungal biomass in leaf litter in both areas has strong correlation with the occurrence of conidial fungi. This study contributes to the understanding of the diversity of conidial fungi present in litter in Pernambuco.

Pucciniomycotina is a subphylum with a high diversity in terms of habitat and life history strategies that include plant parasites, animal associates (including opportunistic human pathogens), saprobes and antagonists of other fungi. The class Cystobasidiomycetes within this subphylum is a representative of such diversity and remains understudied. Their role in nature and the associations they establish with their hosts for most of the species is still unknown. In this study we used taxonomic and phylogenetic methods to present an inventory of strains in this class collected for more than 20 years from all over the world and preserved in the Aime Lab Culture Collection. Molecular and morphological data for six new species in the genera <i>Bannoa, Buckleyzyma</i>, <i>Halobasidium</i> and <i>Sakaguchia </i>were also presented. Additionally, mating experiments were performed by pairing strains of <i>Bannoa</i>; this is the second time in the genus that clamp connections and basidia are observed. We also found that newly described species of <i>Bannoa</i> can be co-inhabitants of sori of rust fungi. In general, antagonistic interactions can occur through: 1) direct physical contact between two fungi, i.e., mycoparasitism; or, 2) the production of antimicrobial compounds. In the Cystobasidiomycetes, direct physical antagonistic interaction which is associated with sexual states has been reported in species of Cystobasidium, Naohidea, Cyphobasidium and Occultifur. On the other hand, the production of antimicrobial compounds which mainly occurs between the yeast stage of the fungi and other organisms has only been reported in Cystobasidium pallidumand Hasegawazyma lactosa. We also hypothesize that the common ancestor to Cystobasidiomycetes is a mycoparasite due to the fact that this life strategy is present in most of the lineages in the class. To test this hypothesis, we grouped into five categories the host association or substrate from which strains of extant species in the Cystobasidiomycetes were isolated, i.e.,animals, plants, fungi, aquatic or decaying organic matter. We constructed a resolved phylogeny for the class based on seven locito study the evolutionary origins of mycoparasitism through ancestral character reconstruction with representation of all described species. Our analysis suggests that the most likely hypothesis is that the most recent common ancestor of the Cystobasidiomycetes was associated to fungi.<br>