Orientadores: Wanilson Luiz Silva, Wilson T. V. Machado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T05:59:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_WinstonFernandodeLima_M.pdf: 1499014 bytes, checksum: 5c07da002115d9b89a6193825e176d9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta concentrações sazonais de elementos maiores, menores e traço em testemunhos de sedimentos e águas intersticiais (água de poro) e de superfície do estuário do rio Morrão, situado na porção NE do sistema estuarino de Santos-Cubatão (Estado de São Paulo). Matéria orgânica na fase sólida e algumas espécies químicas como Cl-, F-, NH4+, NO2 -, NO3 -, PO4 3- e SO4 2- também são reportadas nas águas intersticiais e de superfície e discutidas em termos do ambiente físico-químico (pH, Eh e salinidade). O objetivo maior foi avaliar o risco de biodisponibilidade de metais e metalóides. A água foi amostrada por diálise in situ, usando coletores que realizam difusão, comumente chamados peepers. A região de estudo forma um complexo ambiente, onde indústrias (desde a década de 1950) coexistem com uma área do bioma Mata Atlântica e ecossistema de manguezal. Os sedimentos coletados no verão e inverno de 2007 foram silte-argilosos (lamosos), com elevadas concentrações de matéria orgânica (8,8 a 14,2%). As águas do verão (intersticial e superficial) exibiram maior salinidade e pH em relação às águas de inverno. Em contraste, os valores de potencial redox foram maiores no inverno, mostrando condições mais redutoras durante o verão. Concentrações de NO2 -, NO3 -, PO4 3- foram abaixo do limite de detecção instrumental após a diluição da amostra em 50X, enquanto Cl- e F- (este último com forte influência industrial) foram espécies que apresentaram maiores concentrações no inverno e verão, respectivamente. O conteúdo de SO4 2- foi maior nas águas de inverno (intersticial e superficial) em comparação com as águas de verão, sugerindo que sulfato redução deve ser o processo dominante pelo qual a matéria orgânica do sedimento é metabolizada durante a estação quente e úmida (mais redutora). Em adição, amônio apresentou maior concentração no verão, implicando no decréscimo dos níveis de Eh e condições mais alcalinas. Alumínio, Si, P e Fe foram fortemente concentrados nos sedimentos, mas mostraram baixas concentrações nas águas intersticiais e de superfície, devido às respectivas baixas solubilidades nas condições físico-químicas do estuário investigado. Variabilidade sazonal é indicada no presente estudo para alguns elementos (e.g. As, Ni e Zn), incluindo sedimentos e águas intersticiais e de superfície, como resultado das variações de Eh e pH do ambiente. Elevadas concentrações de sulfetos de ferro nos sedimentos parecem tamponar o sistema, promovendo a precipitação de sulfetos menos solúveis (diminuindo a concentração de As, Ni e Zn na água) / Abstract: This work presents the seasonal concentrations of major, minor and trace elements in sediment cores and interstitial (pore water) and overlying surface waters of the Morrão river estuary located in the northeast part of the Santos-Cubatão estuarine system, State of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil, in order to discuss the metal bioavailability. Organic matter content is shown in the solid phase, and some chemical species such as Cl-, F-, NH4+, NO2 -, NO3 -, PO4 3- and SO4 2- also are reported in interstitial and overlying waters. Geochemistry data are discussed in terms of the physico-chemical environment (pH, redox potential and salinity). Water was sampled by in-situ dialysis using diffusion-type pore water samplers, commonly called "peepers". The study region forms a vast environmental complex where industries (since 1950s) coexist with an area of Atlantic rain forest and mangrove systems. The sampled sediments in summer/2007 and winter/2007 were muddy, with organic matter content ranging between 8.8% and 14.2%. The summer waters (interstitial and overlying) exhibited higher salinity and pH values compared to winter waters. In contrast, redox potential values were higher in winter, showing more reducing conditions during summer. Concentrations of NO2 -, NO3 - and PO4 3- were below the instrumental limit of detection after a 1/50 dilution with deionized water, while Cl- and F- (the latter with strong industrial influence) were dominant species in winter and summer waters, respectively. The SO4 2- content was higher in winter waters (interstitial and overlying) in comparison with summer waters, suggesting that sulfate reduction must be the dominant process by which sediment organic matter is metabolized during the hot and humid season. In addition, ammonium concentrations were highest in summer, implicating in decrease of Eh levels and more alkaline conditions. Aluminum, Si, P, and Fe were strongly concentrated in sediments, but showed relative low values in both interstitial and overlying waters due to the respective low solubility in the physico-chemical conditions of the Morrão river estuary. Seasonal variability is indicate in the present study to some elements (e.g. As, Ni and Zn), including sediments and interstitial and overlying waters, as a result of the dominant Eh and pH conditions. High iron sulfide concentrations in the sediments seem to be a buffer, controlling the precipitation of less soluble sulfides. / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências

Orientador: Lucila Chebel labaki / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:03:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Abreu_LoydeVieirade_D.pdf: 6116266 bytes, checksum: bd21f7f962440ed06e510e1d55c92ea8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O sombreamento por arvores pode melhorar o bioclima termico em cidades tropicais como Campinas, SP. As arvores se comportam de maneiras distintas no microclima urbano porem existem poucos estudos sobre a quantificacao dos beneficios trazidos pelas diferentes especies arboreas e sua disposicao no ambiente construido. O objetivo desta pesquisa e quantificar a contribuicao de individuos arboreos e agrupamentos para a melhoria dos microclimas urbanos e do ambiente construido a partir da caracterizacao do bioclima termico local, estudos dos efeitos dos canios urbanos e avaliacao da escala de influencia da vegetacao, bem como diretrizes de projeto urbano e arquitetonico para clima tropical de altitude. Foram analisadas as especies Ipe Amarelo (Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Stand.), Jacaranda mimoso (Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don.), Jambolao (Syzygium cumini L.), Mangueira (Mangifera indica L.), Pinheiro (Pinus palustris L.) e Pinheiro (Pinus coulteri L.) - isoladas, Mirindiba Bagre (Lafoensia glyptocarpa L.), Sibipiruna (Caesalpinia pluviosa F.), Espatodea (Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.), Tipuana (Tipuana tipu F.) - isoladas e agrupadas -, Flamboyant (Delonix indica F.) e tambem, Chuva de Ouro (Senna siamea L.) - agrupadas. Foram utilizados dados meteorologicos - temperatura do ar, umidade relativa, velocidade do vento e radiacao solar - da estacao meteorologica urbana do Instituto Agronomico de Campinas (IAC) no periodo de 2003 a 2010 e dados coletados "in loco" no periodo de 2007 a 2010. Para as analises climaticas para a cidade de Campinas e simulacao da variacao de sombra, aproveitamento do vento e canions urbanos, foram calculados Temperatura Fisiologicamente Equivalente (PET) e Temperatura Media Radiante (Tmrt). Para quantificar a escala de influencia da vegetacao no microclima, analises da atenuacao da Radiacao Solar, Taxa de Cobertura Verde, Indice da Area da Planta (PAI), PET e Tmrt foram realizadas. Concluiu-se que a promocao de sombra e aproveitamento do vento bem como o manejo de arvores para o sombreamento de calcadas e edificios, sao estrategias a serem consideradas no projeto urbano e arquitetonico que visa melhorar o conforto termico das cidades. Observou-se que a especie Sibipiruna (Caesalpinia pluviosa F.) possui o melhor comportamento no microclima devido as caracteristicas relacionadas a especie, tais como Cobertura Verde e PAI e tambem aquelas relacionadas ao ambiente como disposicao no espaco. Um clima confortavel leva ao ambiente interno confortavel particularmente em edificios e, consequentemente, a eficiencia energetica. Proporcionar condicoes adequadas de conforto termico ao ar livre e um passo importante para alcancar a sustentabilidade em espacos urbanos. A consciencia destas questoes e importante para arquitetos, planejadores e urbanistas, nao apenas por orientar as possiveis solucoes, mas tambem para enriquecer as possibilidades de projeto / Abstract: Shade trees can improve the thermal bioclimate in tropical cities such as Campinas, SP. Trees behave in different ways in urban microclimate, but there is a lack of research in terms of benefits brought by different species and disposition in building environment. The aim of this research is quantify the contribution by different species and their disposition to improve urban microclimate and urban environment, based on characterization of thermal bioclimate of Campinas, quantification of the urban climate changes causes by street canyons and evaluation of influence scale of vegetation on microclimate, as well as definition of urban guidelines for urban and architectural planning focused in Tropical climates. Twelve species and clusters were analyzed: Ipe Amarelo (Tabebuia chrysotricha (Mart. ex DC.) Stand.), Jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don.), Jambolao (Syzygium cumini L.), Mangueira (Mangifera indica L.), Pinheiro(Pinus palustris L.) and Pinheiro (Pinus coulteri L.) - isolated; Mirindiba bagre (Lafoensia glyptocarpa L.), Sibipiruna (Caesalpinia pluviosa F.) , Espatodea (Spathodea campanulata P.Beauv.), Tipuana (Tipuana tipu F.) - isolated and clusters -, Flamboyant (Delonix indica F.) and Chuva de Ouro (Senna siamea L.) - clusters. The meteorological data: air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and solar radiation for the period 2003 to 2010 and environmental parameters collected "in loco": solar radiation, air and globe temperatures, relative humidity and wind speed, at different distances from the tree trunk (2.5 m, 10m, 25m, 50m) were required. To describe the background climate of Campinas and simulations climate modifications and street canyons, Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) was done by using Rayman Pro model. To quantify the scale of vegetation influence on urban microclimate, the indexes as Green Coverage Ratio (GCR), Plant Area Index (PAI) and Solar Radiation Attenuated Index (SRAI) was calculated, as well as PET and Tmrt. The results show not only that solar radiation and wind speed can influence air temperature, but also thermal comfort and heat stress as well. The street orientation east-west can improve the thermal climate, and for the others cases it is recommend urban forestry for shading sidewalk and buildings. The species Sibipiruna (Caesalpinia pluviosa F.) presents the best behavior in both seasons, winter and summer, in terms of thermal comfort due to tree features and disposition. The improvement of outdoor thermal comfort is an important step in order to achieve sustainability of urban spaces and configurations. The results can be valuable for architects, planners and urban designers, not only by indicating possible solutions, but mainly by enriching the design possibilities / Doutorado / Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade / Doutor em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

Monsoons and Intertropical Convergence Zones (ITCZ) exhibit variability at various temporal and spatial scales. The temporal scale of variability encompasses scales from the intraseasonal through interannual to interdecadal time scales. Anthropogenic climate change can also have an impact on ITCZ and monsoons. Thus it is necessary to assess the ability of coupled ocean atmospheric models (commonly known as AOGCM) to simulate these aspects of variability of tropical climate. This has been studied with simulations from 20 AOGCMs and their AGCM from IPCCAR4 archive. In addition, we have used our own 100 year simulation with CCSM2 and also simulations with its AGCM viz. CAM2. Our analysis shows that most model have significant bias in tropical rainfall and SST. Most models underestimate SST except over a few regions such as the Eastern boundaries of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The AGCMs which are forced with observed SSTs have much higher annual mean rainfall as compared to AOGCMs. There is a strong correlation between error in shortwave reflectance at the top of the atmosphere and error in SST. The ability of coupled ocean-atmosphere models and their atmosphere-alone counterparts to simulate the seasonal cycle of rainfall over major monsoon regions and also over oceanic ITCZ. It is found that over the Indian monsoon region, most AGCMs overestimate the seasonal cycle while AOGCMs have a more realistic seasonal cycle. This inspite of the fact that most AOGCMs underestimate the SST over the Indian region. It is shown that this is related to errors in precipitable water-rainfall relationship in most models i.e. for a given amount of precipitable water, most models overestimate the rainfall. Thus lower SST reduces the precipitable water and hence the amount of rainfall is reduced. Therefore, the mutual cancellation of errors leads to a more realistic seasonal cycle in AOGCMs. The seasonal cycle over Africa was analysed with the help of a diagnostic model. Over Southern Africa, most models show simulate a less stable atmosphere and hence the rainfall is overestimated. A technique based on Continous Wavelet Transform in Space and Time (CWTST) has been modified to seperate northward and southward propagating modes of BSISO over the Indian and West Pacific regions. It was seen that over the Indian region, northward propagating modes were more prominent in comparison to southward modes. It was also found that the predominant spatial scale (of about 30o) did not show much interannual variability but the associated temporal scale showed significant variation. Both AOGCMs and AGCMs simulations were analysed to investigate the impact of coupling on intraseasonal activity. Most AOGCMs were able to simulate the predominant spatial scale but were unable to simulate the associated temporal scale correctly. These problems persisted with AGCMs also. It was also found that for AGCMs, there were some variations between ensemble members of the AGCMs. Comparing BSISO in increased GHG scenarios with present day simulations we found that in general, power in the spectrum increases. This could be related to higher mean precipitation that has been simulated by most AOGCMs when GHG are increased. The interannual variability in the tropics with special reference to Tropical Biennial Oscillation (TBO) and ENSO has been studied. The changes in these modes of variability due to anthropogenic climate change has also been assessed. We found that in most models over the Nino3.4 region, the mode of variation shifts from a near-four period (in pre-industrial simulations) to that of TBO mode in increased GHG (green house gas) scenario. This suggests that with increasing GHGs, ENSO quasi-periodicity might shift to about two years. It is also interesting to note that for observed rainfall, OLR and 850 hPa winds, the TBO mode has higher variance over the Eastern Indian Ocean, indicating that the TBO mode might be related to Indian Ocean Dipole Mode and EQUINOO (Equatorial Indian Ocean Oscillation).

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