證券投資信託基金已是國人重要的理財主要工具之一。回顧我國證券投資信託基金發展的歷史，從早期為吸引外資投資我國而開放設立證券投資信託基金，接著也成為我國投資人重要之投資工具，到後來開放境外基金得以在國內顧問，境外商品就此開始深受國人喜愛；直至證券投資信託及顧問法通過，主管機關依授權訂定境外基金管理辦法後，國人得投資經由總代理人依法向主管機關申請核准或申報生效在我國境內募集銷售之境外基金，也開啟了境外基金與證券投資信託基金於國內銷售既競爭又合作之關係。 境外基金與證券投資信託基金於國內銷售之競爭合作的關係，不僅在產品創新及銷售金額等方面，本文所關切的是，在境外基金管理辦法公佈實施後，我國證券投資信託基金相關法規發生了什麼變化？有無任何規定是因為境外基金管理辦法實施後，證券投資信託基金相關法規不得不隨之調整者？還有，有無任何境外基金的規範進而影響我國既有之規定？當然，是否也有境外基金業者因為境外基金管理辦法的實施，必須調整其基金的運作與內控制度，以符合我國之法令規定？甚至，有無任何境外基金註冊地，為配合我國市場及法制環境，而更改其法令者？ 本文之研究係以比較我國證券投資信託基金相關規範，與境外基金管理辦法暨我國境外基金主要註冊地之法源，尋找彼此規範不同處，了解其為何規範不同的理由與背景，探討規範不同點之存在理由合理否，進而探詢彼此間之衡平性，以作為提供我國基金產業法律發展之參考資料。 最後結論除回覆前述問題並舉例說明外，並嘗試歸納本文之研究結果，對證券投資信託基金與境外基金之法制規範差異性比較，採見解扼要衡平重申外，並期對我國基金產業之整體發展提供建言。 / The securities investment trust fund is one of the important financial investment vehicles in Taiwan. Looking back on the history of Taiwan fund industry development, from the early days of fund launch to attract foreign investments to these modern days that funds become important investment tools for the investors. Soon later the offshore funds were open to the domestic consultants, they began to be a favored investment product for many investors. After the Securities Investment Trust and Consulting Act takes effect, the regulator prescribed the Regulations Governing Offshore Funds. The local investors may invest in the offshore funds that have obtained authorizations from the regulator, which contribute to not only the competition but also cooperation by and between the offshore funds and the securities investment trust funds in Taiwan. The competition/cooperation between the offshore funds and the securities investment trust funds can be seen at not only the product innovation or domestic sales. More importantly, this thesis concerns more on what are the regulatory initiatives that have been taken for the securities investment trust funds due to the promulgation of the Regulations Governing Offshore Funds. Are there any requirements of the securities investment trust funds that will need adjustments or amendments after the implementation of Regulations Governing Offshore Funds? Also, what are the impacts on the current rules and regulations after the birth of offshore fund regulations? Of course, will the offshore funds managers need to adjust their operation and internal control system to be in compliance with the laws and regulations in Taiwan? Will any offshore funds domicile jurisdiction change their respective laws in order to meet the requirements set fort by the market and legal environment in Taiwan? This thesis uses a comparative study of the related laws of the securities investment trust funds and the Regulations Governing Offshore Funds as well as the directives of UCITS, the original law of most of the offshore funds. To realize what is the specification of their difference and to explore the rationality of their difference. Moreover, to seek the balance of inquires among them, so as to contribute to the fund industry in Taiwan as the reference for legal development. Finally, the thesis tries to summarize the results of this study in addition to replying to the above questions with some examples. After the comparison of the legal systems between the related laws of securities investment trust funds and that of offshore funds, this thesis briefly reiterates the opinion of the balancing and provides concrete and workable suggestions to further the development of the fund industry in Taiwan.

La constitution d’une fiducie-trust a comme effet la création d’une universalité juridique, le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. De cette universalité, les bénéficiaires-cestuis que trusts tirent les avantages que le constituant-settlor a prévu pour eux ; ainsi pour qu’ils puissent obtenir leurs avantages, il faut que le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund soit en bon état. D’où l’importance d’avoir des moyens adéquates qui protègent le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. Dans le cas contraire, les possibilités que le but d’une fiducie-trust déterminée soit réalisé se réduisent, et l'efficacité de l'ensemble de l'institution est remise en question. La protection du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund commence par des moyens qui évitent à cette universalité d’être endommagée. Puisque toute action, comme toute inaction du fiduciaire-trustee, peut avoir des effets négatifs sur le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, il faut empêcher qu’il endommage cette universalité. A l’égard du fiduciaire-trustee, le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund encourt deux dangers : non seulement que le fiduciaire-trustee agisse dans un intérêt autre que celui des cestuis que trusts, mais aussi qu’il soit négligent dans l’exécution de ses obligations. Pour faire face à ces dangers, et empêcher que le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund soit endommagé par le fiduciaire-trustee, deux obligations lui sont imposées : le devoir de loyauté-duty of loyalty et le devoir de diligence-duty of care. D’autre part, si le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund peut être endommagé par le fiduciaire-trustee, il peut aussi être endommagé par des tiers. La protection à l’égard des tiers commence en faisant du fiduciaire-trustee le titulaire des droits mis en fiducie-trust (s’il s’agit d’une propriété, il sera propriétaire ; s’il s’agit d’une créance, il sera créancier) ; elle se poursuit en rendant les biens fiduciés, et donc le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, indépendants du patrimoine du fiduciaire-trustee.Bien qu’il existe des moyens préventifs de protection du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, ces moyens ne sont pas infaillibles. Ainsi, quand le patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund est endommagé, il est nécessaire que le constituant et les bénéficiaires-cestuis que trusts disposent de recours pour faire face aux préjudices soufferts par cette universalité. Parmi les moyens curatifs de protection, on en trouve de nature personnelle : ceux dont les remèdes visent l’exécution en nature de la fiducie-trust et ceux qui visent la réparation du patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. Pour réparer le dommage causé au patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, on trouve aussi des remèdes de nature réelle. Si le droit anglais offre de vrais remèdes réels, en revanche le droit français offre de « faux » remèdes réels puisque, même si ces remèdes ne sont pas stricto sensu des remèdes réels, ils ont des effets analogues aux remèdes du droit anglais. / The constitution of a fiducie-trust has the effect of creating a patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. Because the beneficiaries obtain their benefits from the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund it has to be in a condition that permits them to obtain those benefits. Hence the importance of having adequate means to protect the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. The protection of the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund starts by preventing it from being harmed. Since any action or any inaction of the fiduciaire-trustee can have negative effects on the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund, it is necessary to begin by protecting it from the fiduciaire-trustee. There are two situations which have been proven to be dangerous to the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund: a) when the fiduciaire-trustee acts in an interest other than that of those of the beneficiaries and b) when the fiduciaire-trustee is negligent in the performance of his obligations. To cope with these two problems and to prevent the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund from being damaged by the fiduciaire-trustee, two obligations are imposed upon him: a) the devoir de loyauté-duty of loyalty and b) the devoir de diligence-duty of care. If the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund is at risk of the actions of the fiduciaire-trustee, it is also at risk of the actions of third parties. The protection of the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund from third parties begin by the ownership of the fiduciaire-trustee and continues by separating the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund from the personal property of the fiduciaire-trustee. Because the preventive measures that protect the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund are not infallible, it is necessary that the constituant and the beneficiaries have access to legal remedies for when the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund has been damaged. Among the remedial protection are those of personal nature, including remedies for specific enforcement of the fiducie-trust and those that tend to repair the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund. To repair the damage caused to the patrimoine fiduciaire-trust fund there are also real remedies. If English law provides true real remedies, in contrast to French law offers "fake" real remedies because even if the nature of those remedies are not strictly real, they have similar effects to those offered by English law.

Over the past few decades Classical music, as an established art form, has increasingly struggled world wide as a sustainable industry. The music preferences of the general public have been moving away from the traditional symphonic concerts, and both public and private sponsorships have been diminishing. In South Africa, orchestras moved from fully government subsidised organizations to self-sustaining companies after closure of almost all orchestras in 2000 due to new political leadership and cultural funding redirections. The South African government’s policy on Art and Culture has been completely restructured in the view of the post-apartheid government’s new priorities. The creation of a National Arts Council saw the end of separate provincial art councils and centralized the distribution of private funds. The annual ring-fenced funding for the three orchestras in three different provinces was eventually established. The Department of Arts and Culture realized that funding of all cultural institutions in the country cannot be achieved by government alone and therefore created various companies and trusts, such as National Lottery, to generate additional funding. The private sector is also being encouraged by the ministry to provide assistance and collaborate in supporting of arts and culture. The three full-time orchestras - two established post 2000 - that have persevered in the new conditions and are functioning to this day are KwaZulu-Natal Philharmonic Orchestra, Cape Philharmonic Orchestra and Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra. All three had to adapt to new work loads and undergo a difficult transformation into money-earning business way of conducting their day-to-day operations. New concepts for the running of an orchestra, such as budgeting, advertising, planning, audience creation, outreach education, management reconstruction and fund raising, were slowly taken up and old mentalities associated with how orchestras were previously ran were finally discarded. This dissertation describes the status quo and traces the history of South Africa’s orchestras over the past fifteen years. / Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Music / unrestricted

La reconnaissance du droit de participation et du droit à réparation des victimes est l’évolution la plus remarquable des dernières décennies dans le domaine des droits nationaux et dans le cadre de la justice pénale internationale. Les Juridictions Pénales Internationales construisent le statut des victimes. Confrontés à des concepts innovants, les juges doivent créer des précédents et organiser les modalités des droits des victimes. Ils doivent allier la coordination de la représentation légale de milliers de victimes avec les impératifs de la justice. Au vu des premières décisions, la place des victimes est acquise puisque les juges ont accepté leur participation. Cependant, leur interprétation des règles apporte de sérieuses restrictions aux droits des victimes dans la pratique. La participation des victimes n’est pas pleinement effective et leur réparation se révèle exceptionnelle. Ainsi, l’intérêt de l’étude de la jurisprudence réside dans la détermination du statut réel des victimes au sein des procès internationaux et l’importance des droits appliqués. Des évolutions positives sont possibles en faveur de la reconnaissance du statut de parties au procès et de l’effectivité des droits des victimes. / The recognition of the right to participate and the right to reparation to the victimes is the most remarkable evolution of these last decades in the national laws and in the International Criminal Justice. The International Criminal Jurisdictions built the victims’ status. Confronted to innovative concepts, the judges have to create precedents and organise the modalities of the victim’s rights. They have to combine the coordination of the legal representation of thousands of victims with the necessity of justice. In view of the first decisions, the place of the victimes is established since the judges grant them the right to participate. However, their interpretation of the rules brings serious limitations to the rights of the victims in the practice. The victims’ participation is not fully applied and their reparation turns out to be exceptionnal. So, the interest of the jurisprudence study resides in the determination of the real status of the victims in the international trial and the importance of the granted rights. Positive evolutions can be made in favor of the recognition of the status of parties in the trial and the effectiveness of the rigths of the victims.