Cette étude concerne la compréhension des mécanismes de transfert de chaleur et le développement d’un système de stockage pour la valorisation de la chaleur fatale industrielle. L’utilisation de Matériaux à Changement de Phase (MCP) permet d’atteindre une densité énergétique élevée et de restituer la chaleur à température constante. Cependant, leur faible conductivité thermique impose d’améliorer les transferts thermiques, notamment par l’utilisation d’échangeurs à surface augmentée. Le but est de comprendre le comportement de tels échangeurs en régime transitoire au contact de MCP. Une étude expérimentale à basse température, où quatre échangeurs de type tube-calandre ont été testés avec différentes orientations (horizontale/verticale) et injections (haut/bas), a mis en évidence des phénomènes de transfert thermique importants, comme la convection naturelle à la charge et la contraction volumique à la décharge. Ces observations ont été validées par un modèle CFD tridimensionnel. Une méthode de comparaison des performances basée sur un calcul d’énergie par le biais d’un maillage expérimental est proposée et permet de sélectionner un échangeur selon les critères de densités énergétiques, de temps caractéristique et de coût. Trois MCP, envisagés pour l’application, ont alors été testés à température réelle (100-200 °C) au contact d’un échangeur tube inox à ailettes transverses en aluminium pour évaluer leur cyclabilité et comparer leur comportement. Le mélange de sels, H105 (Tfusion = 122 °C), n’est pas retenu pour l’application à cause de sa faible densité énergétique (≈ 56 kWh/m3) et sa plage de fusion trop étalée. L’acide sébacique (Tfusion = 132 °C) a un comportement répétable au cours des cycles et une densité énergétique plus élevée (≈ 66 kWh/m3). L’alcool de sucre, l’érythritol (Tfusion = 118 °C), présente de bonnes thermo-physiques (128 kWh/m3) mais la maîtrise de sa cristallisation est un point clé pour l’utiliser en tant que MCP. / This PhD thesis deals with the understanding of the heat transfer mechanisms and with the development of thermal energy storage system for the industrial waste heat recovery application. The use of Phase Change Materials (PCM) is attractive for its high storage density and its possibility to deliver heat at constant temperature. However, the PCM low thermal conductivity leads to develop heat transfer improvement methods, such as heat exchangers with increased heat transfer surface. The goal is to characterize the behavior of such heat exchangers An experimental study, where four several heat exchangers have been tested with different orientations (horizontal/vertical) and injection types (upward/downward), highlighted the impact of natural convection during the melting process and the volume contraction one during the solidification. These results have been validated through a 3D numerical model. A performance comparison method based on an energy calculation through an experimental mesh is proposed and enables to select a heat exchanger on criteria such as the storage density, the characteristic time and the cost. Three PCM, adapted to our application, have been tested at the intended temperature (100-200 °C) by integrating them into a storage system made of a stainless steel tube with aluminum circular fins. Their ability to resist to repeated cycles has been assessed and their behavior has been compared. The salts mixture, H105 (Tmelting = 122 °C), is not selected for the application because of it low storage density (≈ 56 kWh/m3) and its large melting area. The sebacic acid (Tmelting = 132 °C) has a repeatable behavior with cycles and a higher storage density (≈ 66 kWh/m3) and is appropriate as storage material. The sugar alcohol, erythritol (Tmelting = 118 °C), has good thermo-physical properties (128 kWh/m3) but the crystallization control is a key point to use it as a PCM.

The aim of diploma thesis is creating calculation algorithms off single types unconventional heat transfer equipment and their aplication in thermal - hydraulic calculations in the industrial aplication . The main attention is paid to shell and tube heat exchangers with ROD and disc baffle system and radiation heat exchanger. All of these exchangers are used mainly in process of waste thermic destruction. The theoretical part of the work describes construction details of each heat exchanger and calculation algorithms of these equipments. The practical part of the work applies theoretic calculation alghortims in the industrial aplication which is design and rating. In the final part advantages and disadvantages of results have been assessed for construction and process aspects.

This thesis is devoted to thermal-hydraulic design and rating of heat exchangers with the specialized commercial software HTRI. These heat exchangers are solved for real high-temperature applications, where the hot fluid is a flue gas with high temperature (above 500 °C). In the thesis is made a brief analysis of the conventional design of heat exchangers usable for high-temperature aplications, description of the basic relations, description and brief user manual of software HTRI. Further, work includes a comparative study of methods for calculation of pressure drop of the fluid at 180° elbows, as support analysis for solution of required applications characterized by low pressure drop of process fluids.

This master’s thesis is focused on the description and processing of the cell method, which is generally recommended for prediction of fluids temperature profiles in heat exchanger. In the thesis the basic equations for calculating heat transfer are presented and is also described the current situation in the field of computational prediction of fluids temperature profiles in heat exchangers. The cell method is solved by using the software Maple and is applied to the specific case of industrial heat exchangers. The results obtained by the cell method are compared with the results obtained by educational version of software HTRI Xchanger Suite. By this comparison explicitness of the cell method is assessed.

Ce travail porte sur l’étude et le développement d’un système innovant de ventilation et de chauffage au bois dans les habitations à basse consommation d’énergie, qui sont appelées à devenir la référence constructive en France dès 2015. Dans ces habitations fortement isolées et particulièrement étanches à l’air, les besoins de chauffage sont très faibles et peuvent être couverts par une source de chaleur d’origine renouvelable, telle que le bois énergie. En outre, l’utilisation d’une ventilation performante s’impose comme étant un critère essentiel pour assurer la bonne qualité de l’air intérieur et peut même devenir l’unique vecteur de chauffage en apportant l’appoint de chaleur sur l’air insufflé dans les différentes pièces de l’habitation. Le système présenté dans cette étude propose ainsi de combiner les avantages d’un appareil de chauffage au bois de petite puissance, ici un poêle à granulés de bois, et ceux d’une ventilation à récupération de chaleur sur l’air extrait, grâce à un conduit échangeur intégré à la cheminée du poêle et relié au réseau de soufflage de la ventilation. Développé en partenariat avec l’industriel POUJOULAT, spécialisé dans la fabrication de conduits de cheminée métalliques, ce conduit échangeur permet de récupérer sur l’air neuf une partie de la chaleur initialement perdue par les fumées et de la distribuer dans toutes des zones de vie de l’habitation, même les plus éloignées de l’appareil au bois. Après avoir défini la configuration de couplage à adopter pour assurer le bon fonctionnement de l’ensemble et garantir à la fois la sécurité et le confort des occupants, les performances de plusieurs prototypes de conduit échangeur sont caractérisées expérimentalement. Les résultats obtenus lors des essais en laboratoire permettent alors d’orienter l’évolution des prochains prototypes et de souligner la nécessité de travailler avec un poêle à granulés de bois dont le cycle de combustion est étanche. Un modèle mathématique est également développé pour prédire les performances du dernier prototype de conduit échangeur à triple paroi non isolé sur sa surface extérieure et sa validation est obtenue suite au bon accord entre les résultats calculés et ceux mesurés lors des essais. L’ensemble du système combiné est ensuite installé dans deux habitations à basse consommation d’énergie situées près de Poitiers. L’exploitation des températures et des consommations recueillies pendant la première saison de chauffe montre la bonne tenue du système combiné, ses limites, ainsi que ses conditions d’appropriation par les occupants, dont le comportement apparaît jouer un rôle prédominant dans la réduction des consommations énergétiques. / This work is devoted to the study and development of an innovative wood-based air-heating system for energy-efficient dwellings, which are expected to become the building reference in France from 2015 onwards. As these kinds of homes are highly insulated and particularly airtight, heating requirements are very low and may be covered by a renewable energy source, such as wood energy. In addition, efficient ventilation is absolutely required to ensure indoor air quality and may even sometimes be use as the only way to provide heat into the various rooms of the house. In this context, the system presented in this study aims to combine advantages of a low power wood-burning appliance, as a wood-pellet stove, and those of a mechanical ventilation heat-recovery unit, thanks to a heat exchanger integrated into the chimney of the pellet stove and connected to the ventilation air supply network. Developed in partnership with POUJOULAT, a metallic chimneys manufacturer, this new heat exchanger recovers a part of the heat from flue gases and enables to warm up the fresh air distributed in each living zone of the house, even the most remote of the wood heating device. After defining the best coupling configuration to ensure the proper behaviour of the system, as well as both safety and comfort of the occupants, performances of several heat exchanger prototypes are characterized experimentally. The results from tests in laboratory are then used to guide prototypes development and they highlight the need to work with a room-sealed wood-pellet stove. Moreover, a mathematical model is developed to predict the performances of the latest prototype of triple concentric tube heat exchanger with no insulation at the outer surface. Then, the model validation is obtained following the good agreement between calculated results and those measured during the laboratory tests. The combined system is then installed in two energy-efficient dwellings near Poitiers. Operating temperatures and energy consumptions collected during the first heating season show the good reliability of the combined system, its limitations and its conditions of acceptance by the occupants, whose behaviour is pointed out as a major factor in reducing energy consumptions.

Τα ολοκληρωμένα ηλιακά συστήματα συλλέκτη αποθήκης αποτελούνται από μία δεξαμενή αποθήκευσης, της οποίας τμήμα της επιφάνειας της χρησιμοποιείται σαν ηλιακός συλλέκτης. Συνήθως το ρευστό της αποθήκης είναι το νερό χρήσης. Στο υπό εξέταση σύστημα το νερό χρήσης θερμαίνεται έμμεσα, διερχόμενο μέσα από σωληνώσεις εναλλάκτη θερμότητας που τοποθετείται στο εσωτερικό της παραλληλεπίπεδης δεξαμενής. Για την εντατικοποίηση της μετάδοσης θερμότητας προς το νερό χρήσης, δημιουργείται ανάδευση του ρευστού του δοχείου μέσω κυκλοφορητή, ο οποίος τίθεται σε λειτουργία μόνο όταν υπάρχει ζήτηση ζεστού νερού. Προς αποφυγή παραμορφώσεων τοποθετούνται πτερύγια συγκράτησης που ενώνουν τις δύο μεγάλες επιφάνειες της δεξαμενής. Στην παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή διερευνήθηκαν τα ροϊκά φαινόμενα στο εσωτερικό του ICS που έχει περιγραφεί προηγουμένως, με στόχο τη μεγιστοποίηση της θερμανταλλαγής μεταξύ των δύο κυκλωμάτων νερού. Για την παρατήρηση του ροϊκού πεδίου καθώς και την λήψη μετρήσεων ταχυτήτων κατασκευάστηκε πειραματική συσκευή με διαφανή τοιχώματα από Plexiglas. Ελήφθησαν μετρήσεις ταχυτήτων και διακυμάνσεων με χρήση συστήματος Laser Doppler διπλής ακτίνας. Για την οπτικοποίηση του ροϊκού πεδίου τοποθετήθηκαν σωματίδια πολυστερίνης στο εσωτερικό της συσκευής. Ελήφθησαν ψηφιακές φωτογραφίες και βιντεοσκοπήσεις του ροϊκού πεδίου. Για την υπολογιστική προσομοίωση χρησιμοποιήθηκε το εμπορικό λογισμικό FLUENT. Αναπτύχθηκε υπολογιστικό μοντέλο και επιλύθηκε με όλα τα διαθέσιμα μοντέλα τύρβης. Στη συνέχεια πραγματοποιήθηκε σειρά υπολογιστικών προσομοιώσεων, στις οποίες διερευνήθηκε η βέλτιστη θέση και το μέγεθος των στομίων ανακυκλοφορίας, η βέλτιστη διάταξη των πτερυγίων συγκράτησης και η βέλτιστη θέση του εναλλάκτη. Επιπλέον προσδιορίστηκε υπολογιστικά και πειραματικά ο χρόνος αποκατάστασης του ροϊκού πεδίου. Τέλος, τα αποτελέσματα συγκρίθηκαν και με πειραματικά αποτελέσματα άλλων εργασιών. Τα συμπεράσματα που εξάγονται έχουν ως ακολούθως: Το μοντέλο τύρβης standard k-ω δίνει τα πιο αξιόπιστα αποτελέσματα. Το υπολογιστικό μοντέλο θεωρείται πιστοποιημένο μετά από πειραματική επιβεβαίωση ταχυτήτων και θερμοκρασιών. Το στόμιο ανακυκλοφορίας δεν πρέπει να τοποθετείται κάθετα στις μεγάλες επιφάνειες της δεξαμενής, ενώ η διάμετρος του πρέπει να είναι 1/2" ή και μικρότερη. Ο χρόνος αποκατάστασης του ροϊκού πεδίου είναι περίπου 35 s. Τα πτερύγια συγκράτησης πρέπει να ακολουθούν τις ροικές γραμμές. Ως βέλτιστη θέση του εναλλάκτη θεωρείται όταν τοποθετείται σε επαφή με το τοίχωμα. / Integrated Collector Storage (ICS) solar systems use part of the hot water storage as collector, i.e. half of the storage surface is used as absorber. Usually, the storage medium serves also as the energy transfer medium (service hot water). In the examined ICS, the service water is heated indirectly, passing through a serpentine heat exchanger placed inside the tank. The heat transfer from the stored water to the service water is intensified by the agitation of the stored water. A simple solution is the recirculation of the stored water by a small pump, which is functioning whenever a request for hot water exists. Fins in suitable positions, connect the front and back surface of the ICS, to withstand the deformation due to pressures by the tank water. In the present PhD thesis, the flow phenomena inside the ICS previous mentioned, are investigated. The aim is the maximization of the heat transfer between the two water circuits. An experimental device was constructed by transparent Plexiglas, for flow visualization and velocity measurements. A dual beam Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) system was used to measure velocities. Polystyrene particles were added in the comprised water, for the visualization of the path lines. Photographs and video films were also taken. The commercial code FLUENT is used for the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. A CFD model is developed and solutions are obtained using all the available turbulence models. Three main factors that influence the performance are optimized: the position and size of the recirculation ports, the arrangement and size of the interconnecting fins and the heat exchanger placement. The settling time, i.e., the time required for the flow field to be fully developed, is computed both numerically and experimentally. The previous analysis leads to the following conclusions: The standard k–ω model is selected as the most appropriate. The model is validated, with good agreement, against experimental measurements of velocities and temperatures. The placement of the inlet recirculation port perpendicular to the main surfaces of the ICS should be avoided, while its diameter should be 1/2" or less. The settling time is computed about 35s. The interconnecting fins, of the two main ICS surfaces should follow the flow filed path lines. The optimal placement of the tube heat exchanger is in contact with the two major surfaces of the storage tank.

[pt] Em sistemas de refrigeração por compressão de vapor, o projeto adequado dos circuitos para o refrigerante nos trocadores de calor pode ter um impacto significativo no seu coeficiente de performance (COP). O projeto otimizado dos circuitos de refrigerante em sistemas de refrigeração com trocadores de calor do tipo tubo-aletado não é trivial, devido à complexidade de sua representação assim como o elevado número de possíveis combinações, mesmo quando metodologias inteligentes de otimização são empregadas. No presente trabalho propõe-se uma nova metodologia para a otimização simultânea (condensador e evaporador) dos circuitos do refrigerante em sistemas de refrigeração com trocadores de calor de tipo tubo-aletado. Esta metodologia, aqui denominada como GAFIS (Genetic algorithms applied in filtered spaces), mostra-se mais eficiente que as metodologias até então descritas na literatura. Foi aplicado o método GAFIS, em conjunto com um simulador completo para o sistema de refrigeração, Genesym, na otimização de unidades comerciais de condicionamento de ar de alto desempenho. Estudaram-se casos onde o sistema atingiu aumentos de até 15,3 por cento no coeficiente de performance. Em outros estudos, obtiveram-se casos onde o custo de produção foi reduzido em 3,85 por cento (do custo total da unidade), mantendo-se um similar desempenho (capacidade e COP). Testes de otimização, considerando-se diferentes diâmetros dos tubos, na construção dos trocadores de calor, e sistemas com distribuição não uniforme de velocidade de ar, também foram realizados com o GAFIS. Igualmente foram estudados condensadores de microcanais, devido ao interesse atual da indústria com estes trocadores de calor. A otimização do circuito para o refrigerante, neste caso, é relativamente simples, devido ao baixo custo computacional das simulações. Entretanto, modelos de simulação adequados para estes tipos de trocadores de calor só recentemente começaram a surgir, e não têm sido explorados de maneira adequada até a presente data. Explorou-se no presente trabalho, a influência, no desempenho térmico do condensador, dos parâmetros que definem o circuito do refrigerante. Para tal efeito, desenvolveu-se um modelo de simulação baseado em análise local, validado com dados experimentais disponíveis, de condensadores de microcanais de uso automotivo com diâmetro hidráulico (lado do refrigerante) de 0,9 e 1,0mm, para refrigerantes R-134a, Fluid-H e R-1234yf. Foram encontradas relações diretas entre os parâmetros geométricos que definem os circuitos de refrigerante no condensador e seu desempenho térmico. Tal fato pode ser utilizado como orientação expedita para o projeto do circuito ótimo do condensador. / [en] Refrigerant circuiting in condensers and evaporators has a significant effect in the performance of refrigeration systems. The optimized project of the refrigerant circuits in refrigeration systems with plate-fin heat exchangers is not trivial, due to the complexity of their representation as well as the high number of possible combinations, even when methodologies of intelligent optimization are used. The present work proposes a new methodology for the simultaneous optimization of refrigerant circuiting in air-air refrigeration systems with plate-fin heat exchangers. This new methodology, here defined as GAFIS (Genetic algorithms applied in filtered spaces), has proven to be more efficient than traditional methods. The GAFIS method was applied, in conjunction with a full refrigeration system simulator, Genesym, for the optimization of high performance commercial air-conditioning units. Typical cases were studied and a coefficient of performance improvement of up to 15.3 percent has been observed. In other studies, there were cases where the manufacturer s predicted cost was reduced in 3,85 percent (of total cost of the unit), while a similar thermal performance (capacity and COP) was maintained. Optimization tests, considering different diameters of tube, for the construction of heat exchangers, as well as systems with non-uniform air velocity distribution, were also performed with the GAFIS method. Microchannel condensers were also studied, given the current interest of industry on this kind of heat exchanger. The optimization of the refrigerant circuiting, in this case, would not be a major problem, due to the low computational cost of its simulation. However, simulation models appropriate for these types of heat exchangers have only been recently in use, and, to date, have not been adequately explored. In the present work, the influence on condenser performance of parameters that define the refrigerant circuiting has been investigated. For this purpose, a simulation model, based on local analysis, was developed. It was validated against experimental data, available from automotive microchannel condenser tests, with hydraulic diameters (refrigerantside) of 0.9 and 1.0mm for refrigerants R-134a, Fluid-H and R-1234yf. A direct relation was found between the geometric parameters that define the condenser refrigerant circuiting and its thermal performance. This fact can be appropriately used as guidance for expeditious design practices of the optimal refrigerant circuit of the condenser.

Shell and tube heat exchangers (STHEs) are the most common type of heat exchanger in preheat trains (PHT) of oil refineries and in chemical process plants. Most commercial design software tools for STHE assume uniform distribution over all tubes of a tube bundle. This leads to various challenges in the operation of the affected devices. Flow maldistribution reduces heat duty of STHE in many applications and supports fouling buildup in fluids that tend to particle, bio, and crystallization fouling (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, ed., 2010, Heat Atlas, 2nd ed., VDI-Buch., Springer-Verlag). In this article, a fluid mechanics study about tube side flow distribution of crude oil and related hydrocarbons in two-pass PHT heat exchangers is described. It is shown that the amount of flow maldistribution varies significantly between the different STHE designs. Therefore, a parameter study was conducted to investigate reasons for maldistribution. For instance, the nozzles diameter, type, and orientation were identified as crucial parameters. In consequence, simple design suggestions for reducing tube side flow maldistribution are proposed.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to get acquainted with modern technological elements currently used in shell-and-tube heat exchanger in the shell-side and tube-side, thermal-hydraulic calculation of selected elements and comparison of thermal-hydraulic properties with classically used competing technological elements. The work deals mainly with EM baffle in the tube-side and tube inserts like the twisted tape type (and its modifications) and coiled wire in the tube-side. The theoretical part is focused on acquaintance with classical technological elements in shell-and-tube heat exchanger and with basic thermal-hydraulic calculations, practical part then on acquaintance with modern elements and thermal-hydraulic calculation of selected elements. These calculations are then compared with the results of the thermo-hydraulic calculation of similar elements.