The focus of this evaluation study was to investigate how and to what extent a transitional bilingual education (TBE) program may have contributed to the students' academic and linguistic development in Spanish and English. Reading and mathematics subtest achievement data were utilized to ascertain educational outcomes for experimental (n = 24) and comparison (n = 118) subjects. Experimental and comparison subjects had participated in a TBE program and a monolingual English program, respectively, between 1980 and 1982, attending first through third grades in four school sites of the Sunnyside Unified School District #12, located in Tucson, Arizona. The data for the study were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. The following conclusions were based on the findings of this study: (1) Students who participated in TBE projects because they need initial instruction in their native language (Spanish) will perform as well or better, over time, on standardized tests as comparison students matched for socioeconomic status (SES) and ethnicity. (2) Pupils who participate in TBE projects progress, over time, in English reading and mathematics either slightly below, at, or above national norms, suggesting a cumulative effect. The major implications of the study were as follows: (1) Progress in English is not hindered by providing instruction in another language (Spanish). A transfer of skills from L1 (Spanish) to L2 (English) is possible in TBE settings. (2) It cannot be assumed that enrollment in a TBE project precludes maintenance or development of skills in L1 (Spanish). (3) The acquisition of second language (English) skills is associated with the support conditions characteristic of successfully implemented TBE projects.

Effect of shading, ventilation, and a combination of these for cooling honey bee, Apis mellifera L., hives during summer months were studied under field conditions at Tucson, Arizona. Mean brood nest temperatures during day hours, 0800 to 2000 hrs., were significantly lower in shaded and ventilated colonies than those of all other treatments. Neither shading alone nor ventilation alone had a significant effect on brood nest temperatures compared with control treatment. Nectar and pollen carrier proportions were significantly larger in shaded colonies than those of unshaded colonies at 1400 hrs. Ventilation had insignificant effect on nectar carrier proportions in both locations, whereas it significantly decreased and increased pollen carrier proportions in shaded and unshaded colonies, respectively. Mean volumes of nectar, however, were not significantly different from each other in all treatments. Proportions of water carriers and water volumes were significantly smaller in shaded colonies without significant difference between means of ventilation and no ventilation than those of unshaded colonies with ventilation had significantly smaller means. All treatments were not significantly different from each other regarding mean numbers of departing bees at 0900, 1100, and 1400 hrs and mean sealed brook areas. Mean colony weight of control colonies differed insignificantly from those of all other treatments. In another study, empty bee hives made of pine wood, perlite concrete, and sun-dried adobe and subjected to different combinations of shading and painting were tested to determine the effect of these materials thermal properties in cooling and heating the hives during summer and winter, respectively. The walls of the wooden hive were 1.9 cm-thick while those of the other two hives were 5.0 cm-thick. Under all treatment conditions, the areas under the curves for inside air temperatures of the wooden hive were larger than those of the other two hives for a 10-hour period, from 0700 to 1700 hrs. The calculated "temperature areas" for the other two hives were very close to each other. Shading was more effective than white paint in reducing hive temperatures in summer. Hives painted black during winter had remarkably higher temperatures than white-painted hives.

The general objective of this research was to examine the space/time distribution of traffic platoons over a long stretch of roadway with conditions predominant for the southern Arizona urban area. Two sites were chosen for data collection. Both traffic links were one mile long between two successive traffic signals and both were typical of the local low-friction traffic flow conditions. All data were recorded by observers using 20-channel Esterline-Angus recorders. The specifics of the data collection method permitted studying only variables such as the lane of travel, traffic composition, platoon size, traffic volume and the influence of an uphill gradient on platoon behavior. The investigated platoons remained clearly bunched as they progressed downstream along the researched traffic links. The research indicates that it would take much more than a mile (available distance) for the vehicles in the platoon to reach free-flow conditions.

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