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I compared atmospheric and soil pollen values to determine taphonomic influences on pollen in Southwestern soils. Burkard traps sampled atmospheric pollen for six years from multiple sites in Tucson, Arizona. Tauber and soil samples were collected for two years at Tumamoc Hill (Tucson). Morus, Ambrosia, Gramineae, and Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthus characterize Tucson's airborne pollen. Artemisia, Garrya and summer Pinus pollen are transported from the mountains. Annual pollen capture is similar between Burkard and Tauber samplers. Atmospheric pollen is seasonally variable; annual variability is low. Spatial variability among sites is low. Pollen concentrations vary widely among sites, but taxonomic composition remains constant. Reentrained soil pollen comprises 11% of the airborne pollen. Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthus pollen comprise 90% of the reentrained pollen. Pollen reentrainment varies seasonally. High maximum and minimum temperatures, low dew point and moderate wind speeds are associated with maximum atmospheric pollen concentrations. Winds preceding summer storms cause increased pollen concentrations. Deterioration characterizes pollen from soils. Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthus, Ambrosia, Other Compositae and Graminear are commonly found; Morus is rarely found. Pinus, Sphaeralcea, Boerhaavia and Kallstroemia are present in low numbers. These taxa have thick pollen walls, and they resist destruction. Seasonally collected soil samples have similar pollen spectra. Seasonal airborne pollen variability does not affect the soil pollen spectra. Inoculated soil pollen is well preserved, but pollen is lost rapidly. After one year, pollen concentrations approached background levels for seven of the eight pollen taxa tested. Solidago remained an order of magnitude higher. Pollen morphology may play a role in differential pollen loss. Pollen from the inoculated plots is lost through post-mortem transport. Pollen in soils is time-averaged and exhibits little temporal variability. The average airborne pollen spectra differs from the pollen in the soil. Soil pollen was degraded; inoculated plot pollen was well preserved. I conclude airborne pollen contributes little to the soil pollen of Tumamoc Hill. The soil pollen spectra is affected by selective- or non-deposition of airborne pollen (e.g. Morus), differential pollen destruction, and differential post mortem transport.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether, in public education, separate is inherently unequal and concomitantly, whether desegregation confers educational benefits upon all groups of students. The study investigated student achievement in schools which were placed under a court order to desegregate beginning in 1978. A mixed design, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to investigate whether significant differences existed among various groups within the fifth-grade cohort of 212 subjects assigned to three desegregated schools. Conducted as an ex post facto investigation, the study utilized reading test scores of 1977, 1981 and 1983 extracted from the district's computerized data base. There are cautions and limitations inherent in any ex post facto research, as well as in reliance upon standardized test results as the solitary measure of student achievement, which should be kept in mind in accepting conclusions of this study. Significant differences were found among (1) racial/ethnic groups, (2) schools, (3) desegregation durations, (4) local and extended neighborhood students (LNS, ENS) and (5) school test profiles. Specific findings are that: (1) Slightly higher gains were recorded for minority students. (2) Phase III students showed significantly higher gains. (3) Highest performance was recorded for Phase I students and was attributed to the benefits of longer desegregation treatment. (4) Overall, LNS performed lower than ENS, yet in Phase III, LNS had nearly twice the gains of ENS. (5) The individual school's test profile showed a decrease during the first years of desegregation, then increased to a level which was comparable or higher than pre-desegregation levels. Keeping the aforementioned cautions in mind, the study concluded that desegregation conferred educational benefits upon all groups of students and continued to support the premise of Brown (1954) that, in public education, separate education is inherently unequal education.

Individuals with a psychiatric disability have had the poorest vocational outcomes of all the disabled populations when comparing rehabilitation success rates. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between selected background, social, and service variables and vocational rehabilitation outcome in order to identify potential indicators of success or failure. Data was gathered from records in the Tucson, Arizona offices of the state-federal vocational rehabilitation program. The sample included 210 White and Hispanic subjects with a psychiatric disability. Their records had been closed in the years 1983 through 1987. The independent variables were the background variables of Age, Age of Onset, Ethnicity, and Educational Level, the social variables of Living Situation, Ability To Get Along With Others, and Employment History, and the service variables of Training and Support. The dependent variable was Employment Status as determined by the vocational rehabilitation program: Successful subjects, coded a Status 26, were closed having been employed at least 60 days; unsuccessful subjects, coded a Status 08, 28, or 30, left the program unemployed. The study followed a correlational design using a regression approach. Logistic Regression Analysis with forward selection was the strategy employed to identify the best predictive model. A chi-square test of independence was used to further study variables that showed some predictive potential. An effort was made to control for the presence of one or more additional disabilities. The results indicated that the variables most highly related to Employment Outcome, in the order of their importance, were Training, Employment History, and Ability To Get Along With Others. Ability To Get Along With Others disappeared as a key indicator when the sample was divided into single and multiple disability groups. However, the findings suggest that Ability To Get Along With Others and Support Services may contribute to the effect of the two more powerful variables. It is also cautiously suggested that Training that is job-related and skill-building in nature may be more useful than formal education for this population.

Urban environments can satisfy the habitat requirements of a variety of wildlife species. It has been shown that urban residents enjoy wildlife near their homes. The goal of this study was to determine if urban wildlife distributions could be predicted by metropolitan planning variables, so that opportunities for urban residents to enjoy wildlife near their homes could be enhanced. Three hundred one random points, stratified into seven zones, based on intensity of urbanization and vegetation type, were chosen in the Tucson metropolitan study area. Birds were censused with the variable circular plot method. Sign of selected mammal species were searched for at a subset of these points. Native bird species diversity declined steadily as housing density increased. The study area still supports a high diversity of native species because of the high levels of natural open space still found intermixed with residential development. The amount of land covered in residential development and the amount of paloverde-saguaro vegetation types with associated riparian areas were the best predictors of native bird species diversity. The data also suggest that plant cover created by man-maintained vegetation is not as attractive to native bird species as naturally occurring vegetation. Ground nesters and insectivores tended to drop out at higher housing densities while seed-eaters were retained. Three patterns of avian response to variables describing the intensity of urbanization and the amount of natural vegetation emerged: urban, suburban, and exurban. Native Sonoran desert birds appear to be highly sensitive to urbanization, as minor increases in residential housing densities lead to declines in diversity. Mammal species appear to be most sensitive to the size of open space areas and fragmentation and isolation of natural lands. Metropolitan planning processes may be limited in their ability to retain high species diversities. The impacts of urbanization on wildlife diversities may be mitigated through sensitive open space planning.

The purpose of this study was to identify the attitudes of unified school district administrators regarding a merger of special and regular education as proposed by some educators who support the Regular Education Initiative (REI). The REI is a position statement generating from the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, that calls for a new partnership between regular and special educators in addressing the needs of all children with learning problems, including those with handicapping conditions. The study elicited responses from 229 administrators in Arizona during the 1988-89 school year. A survey instrument was used to obtain information from the administrators regarding their opinions on items within six categories of consideration (student, instructional, funding, teacher, administrative, and current program) that have implications for a merger. Administrators were also asked to indicate their overall support for a merger and to rate its feasibility and desirability based on each of the six categories of consideration. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences among the three administrator groups regarding the responsibility, role, and directorship of special education in the education of students with learning problems; the willingness of regular education teachers to work with students with handicaps; the benefit of a merger for nonhandicapped low-achieving students; and their rationale for changes in the current special education system. Additional significant differences were found regarding administrators' perceptions of the feasibility of a merger when the analysis was based on district size. Administrators were equally divided in their support for a merger. Most administrators indicated that regular classroom teachers were ill-prepared to educate students with handicaps and would not favor a merger. Administrators expressed strong support for waivers of federal state rules and regulations to implement merged systems experimentally and indicated that no major changes should be considered until results from evaluation studies were available. Results of this study hold implications for policy makers, researchers, teacher trainers, and school administrators.

A study of Tucson residents' and University of Arizona students' attitudes towards vegetation in Tucson indicates that familiarity and emotions attached to landscape or vegetation types are major factors in the development of preferences. Context, or the location of vegetation and perceived associated uses, appears to be another important factor affecting attitudes towards vegetation. Vegetation is seen as contributing to Tucson's identity or sense of place. However, students tend to prefer grass lawns and tree or shrub species from humid climates while Tucson residents prefer native, low-water use species and desert landscaping. Landscape elements considered to be important are shade and cool appearance, type or presence of trees, greenness, neatness and an organized, planned appearance. Messy, dirty, cluttered, and uncared-for appearances--as well as apparent poor health or lack of vegetation--are disliked landscape characteristics. Awareness of environmental issues associated with vegetation, such as water-use and pollen production, is more prevalent among Tucson residents interviewed than among students. However, there appears to be a disparity between expressed attitudes towards vegetation and water use and actual yard landscaping in the interview sample. Vegetation, especially trees, is important to a strong majority of respondents in this study. Yard trees and trees in parks are seen as most important. Respondents from neighborhoods with heavy vegetation cover density value street trees and trees at a city level more than do respondents from neighborhoods with sparse vegetation cover. However, this may be due to a lack of resources for planting and maintaining trees in the low-income neighborhood with sparse vegetation. Tucson's identity, and the quality of life offered in Tucson is affected by the type of vegetation planted in the city. With increasing concern about water availability, urban heat islands, and global warming, the type, amount, and location of vegetation planted in cities in arid climates will become increasingly important. Citizens' attitudes towards vegetation affects the type of vegetation planted and nurtured in Tucson. In developing public policies related to vegetation, it is important to consider people's emotional needs as well as environmental factors in order to create meaningful places.

Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider) is a wild desert shrub known for the liquid wax extracted from its fruits. As the plant undergoes the first stages of domestication into a commercial crop, it is important to understand its response to environmental factors and to study its regularity of production. Phenological studies including vegetative growth, floral biology, seed production, and seed wax content were conducted from 1979 to 1982, complementing investigations in 1978 in three natural stands of jojoba, near Tucson, Arizona and air and soil precipitation, temperatures were continuously recorded at each study site. Periods of vegetative growth were identical for staminate and pistillate plants and were generally observed after the occurrence of measurable rainfall. In late winter vegetative growth occurred after monthly average minimum temperatures of 4-5°C, although local responses to small differences in temperature were observed. Anthesis was first observed in late February or early March. Fruits generally originated from flower buds produced in the previous summer. Incidence of fruit abortion was greatest in May and June. Variations from year to year in seed production from 1978 to 1982 suggested biennial bearing. Factors in addition to frost incidence were believed to be associated with the absence of seed production in 1979 and the low seed crop of 1981. Levels of foliar total nonstructural carbohydrates were not found to be appreciably different between a low production year and a high production one. Seed wax percent was found to be independent of annual variation in seed production. Plant growth and productivity was greatest on the site with the best developed soil profile, highest water holding capacity and highest exchangeable sodium percentage.

The "Pueblo and the Public" is a case study of a public issue as presented in newspapers. The issue is whether or not to raze the old Mexican part, the Pueblo, of downtown Tucson. The dissertation is in four parts and is described as follows. Part One defines terms and reviews theory relating speech to thought and society and develops an analytical approach to the research based on the framework of Ogden and Richards (1989). It concludes with a review of urban renewal as a national policy and as an academic debate that raised questions that were never resolved. Part Two is a geographical study of the Pueblo, within Tucson and its history. Geographic descriptions are based on archival information and interviews with old residents. Part Three describes the content of a newspaper text drawn from a 15-year coverage in Tucson's English-language daily newspapers. This text is examined as a story and analyzed in terms of its concepts and its schemes of reality. Part Four makes a comparison between the text's schemes of reality and geographic schemes of reference. A summary is made and the questions from the national debate are answered. The conclusion is that the Ogden and Richards' framework is useful in understanding the situation. The newspapers framed the public issue in a way that did not give the public an adequate or appropriate basis to make an informed decision about razing the Pueblo. The main findings are that speech transmits meaning in three distinct ways at the same time. First, it has form and sequence which expresses ideas having historical context. Second, the listener translates form and context into attitudinal schemes and responds to them. Third, form, context and situation are modified by symbols and meta-ideas. It is concluded that correctly interpreting the meaning of speech requires performing three different cross-referencing operations: (1) to where the action is located, (2) to antecedent action, and (3) to how the listener is situated.

An interactional model of the socialization process was used to investigate how children develop social competence in the day care center. Socialization is a multimodal process through which messages about how to behave in socially appropriate ways are communicated to children through several modes of communication. The interactional model describes one mode of socialization--the socialization event. Socialization events are interpersonal interactions in which the appropriateness of one or more interactants is explicitly discussed. During such events, socialization agents call upon their repertoires of interactional strategies and linguistic routines to accomplish culturally defined goals of socialization. Over six hundred socialization events were recorded in two day care centers which served different ethnic groups. Research with Anglo and Mexican-American populations revealed that cultural values and educational philosophies affected the way social interaction was organized and the types of socialization events found in the day care centers. Statistical analyses of the socialization events recorded in the two centers revealed significant differences in the ways the socialization process was organized in them. In both centers, there were gender differences in the socialization of individual children. At the Anglo center, emphasis was placed on the socialization of individual boys, while socialization in the Mexican-American center was concerned primarily with groups of children. Differences in the behavior of the teachers at the two centers during socialization events were found to be related to their ethnic background and philosophies of education. Contextual variation in socialization events was also found in the two centers. At the Mexican-American center, significant differences were found in socialization during academic and non-academic contexts. In the Anglo center, contextual variation was attributed to differences in the size of the group of children involved in the activity and the participant structure used to organize interaction during the activity. The results of these analyses indicated that the interactional model of socialization offers insight into both intracultural and cross-cultural variation in the socialization process.