Despite the clonal origins of tumors, the majority of neoplasms are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells. The origins of this phenotype these cells have the potential to get can be associated with cancer stem cells or tumor initiating cells have the potential to self-renew and to differentiate giving rise to all cell types compromising a heterogeneous malignancy. These cells are clinically important as they preferentially give rise to tumors and are therefore hypothesized to account for the longevity and recurrence of neoplastic lesions. Cancer stem cells have been identified from a broad range of hematopoietic, neural and epithelia tumors; however, their function in mesenchymal neoplasms is less well defined. Using the side population assay, we identified a subpopulation of cells within mesenchymal neoplasms, referred to as side population cells, which are enhanced for tumor initiating potential. Importantly, we show a correlation between the percentage of side population cells and tumor grade suggesting clinical prognostic value as the proportion of side population cells may be a predictor of patient outcome. Interestingly side population cells show distinct molecular features when compared to non-side population cells and manipulation of these molecular mechanisms reduces the ability of side population cells to initiate tumor formation in osteosarcoma cell lines. In conjunction with these experiments, we also sought to determine the cellular origins of the mesenchymal neoplasm, aggressive fibromatosis. Using mouse models we show the influence of a mesenchymal precursor cells in the development of this malignancy. These results identify important biological features of mesenchymal neoplasms from which the development of targeted treatment strategies can begin.

Despite the clonal origins of tumors, the majority of neoplasms are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells. The origins of this phenotype these cells have the potential to get can be associated with cancer stem cells or tumor initiating cells have the potential to self-renew and to differentiate giving rise to all cell types compromising a heterogeneous malignancy. These cells are clinically important as they preferentially give rise to tumors and are therefore hypothesized to account for the longevity and recurrence of neoplastic lesions. Cancer stem cells have been identified from a broad range of hematopoietic, neural and epithelia tumors; however, their function in mesenchymal neoplasms is less well defined. Using the side population assay, we identified a subpopulation of cells within mesenchymal neoplasms, referred to as side population cells, which are enhanced for tumor initiating potential. Importantly, we show a correlation between the percentage of side population cells and tumor grade suggesting clinical prognostic value as the proportion of side population cells may be a predictor of patient outcome. Interestingly side population cells show distinct molecular features when compared to non-side population cells and manipulation of these molecular mechanisms reduces the ability of side population cells to initiate tumor formation in osteosarcoma cell lines. In conjunction with these experiments, we also sought to determine the cellular origins of the mesenchymal neoplasm, aggressive fibromatosis. Using mouse models we show the influence of a mesenchymal precursor cells in the development of this malignancy. These results identify important biological features of mesenchymal neoplasms from which the development of targeted treatment strategies can begin.

Microfluidics has found numerous applications ranging from the life sciences industries for pharmaceuticals and biomedicine (drug design, delivery and detection, diagnostic devices) to industrial applications of combinational synthesis (such as rapid analysis and high throughput screening). Among all these, one of the intriguing exploitation of microfluidics or micro total analysis systems (µTAS) is the separation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from body fluids. Cancer cells spread from the initial site of a tumor by first invading the surrounding tissue, then by entering the blood or lymph vessels, and finally by crossing the vessel wall to exit the vasculature into distal organs. The September 2006 issue of the Journal of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) states: "The war on cancer was declared 40 years ago and cancer is still here," and "Technologies that capture enemy CTCs for further interrogation might prove useful in the war on cancer." CTCs cannot only become a new marker for cancer prognosis, but their detection can also be a valid new parameter for diagnosing cancer early, for monitoring disease progression and relapse, and for optimizing therapy. This research established a new method to manipulate rare cell types based on their electrical signatures using dielectrophoresis (DEP) without having direct contact between the electrodes and the sample, known as contactless dielectrophoresis (cDEP). DEP is the motion of a particle in a suspending medium due to its polarization in the presence of a non-uniform electric field. cDEP relies upon reservoirs filled with highly conductive fluid to act as electrodes and provide the necessary electric field. These reservoirs are placed adjacent to the main microfluidic channel and are separated from the sample by a thin barrier of a dielectric material as is shown in Figure 1h. The application of a high-frequency electric field to the electrode reservoirs causes their capacitive coupling to the main channel and an electric field is induced across the sample fluid. Similar to traditional DEP, cDEP exploits the varying geometry of the electrodes to create spatial non-uniformities in the electric field. However, by utilizing reservoirs filled with a highly conductive solution, rather than a separate thin film array, the electrode structures employed by cDEP can be fabricated in the same step as the rest of the device; hence the process is conducive to mass production. We demonstrated the ability to isolate human leukemia cancer cells (THP-1) cells from a heterogeneous mixture of live and dead cells using cDEP with more than 99% selectivity and 95% removal efficiency. Through numerical and experimental investigations, new generation of cDEP devices have been designed and tested to detect and isolate THP-1 cells from spiked blood samples with high selectivity and cell capture efficiency. Our experimental observations, using prototype devices, indicate that breast cancer cell lines at their different stages (MCF-7, MCF-10, and MDA-MB231) have unique electrical. Furthermore, through collaborations at the Wake Forest Comprehensive Center, we demonstrated that prostate tumor initiating cells (TICs) exhibit unique electrical signatures and DEP responses and cDEP technology can be exploited to isolate and enrich TICs for further genetic pathways investigations. / Ph. D.

Em animais, a prevalência do câncer tem aumentado de forma significativa com o passar dos anos. As neoplasias mamárias representam o tipo mais frequente de câncer em cadelas, chegando a 52% da população de fêmeas, e entre os animais afetados, 50% das neoplasias se apresentam sob a forma maligna. O desenvolvimento e caracterização de modelos animais para o estudo de neoplasias humanas é de extrema relevância para a melhoria no diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer. Os tumores sólidos apresentam uma hierarquia entre as células que determina o desenvolvimento e o comportamento da neoplasia. Recentemente, tem-se estudado um pequeno grupo de células que apresentam diversas características das células-tronco normais encontradas nos tecidos. Estas células, denominadas Células Iniciadoras de Tumor (CITs), são descritas como sendo as principais responsáveis pelas falhas na quimioterapia e no aparecimento de recidivas tumorais, devido ao grande potencial de renovação e diferenciação que elas possuem. Desta maneira, nosso objetivo foi caracterizar linhagens celulares provenientes de neoplasia de glândula mamária de cadelas que pudessem ser utilizadas futuramente na pesquisa básica e aplicada em oncologia comparada. Além das alterações citogenéticas e imunocitoquímicas, verificamos que os cultivos celulares apresentaram quantidades distintas de populações positivas e negativas quanto à expressão de CD24 e CD44 bem como da atividade de aldeído-desidrogenase, porém, todos exibiram potencial tumorigênico in vitro através do ensaio de formação de tumoresferas / The prevalence of cancer in animals has increased significantly over the years. Mammary tumors are the most common cancer in dogs, reaching 52% of female population, and among affected animals, 50% of tumors are presented in the malignant form. The development and characterization of animal models for the study of human cancers is extremely important for improving the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Solid tumors have a hierarchy of cells that determines the development and behavior of cancer. Recently, there has been studied a small group of cells with different characteristics from those normal stem cells found in tissues. These cells, known as tumor initiating cells (TICs), are described as being primarily responsible for the failures in chemotherapy and the appearance of recurrences, because of their potential for renewal and differentiation. Thus, our objective was to characterize cell lines derived from mammary gland neoplasia of dogs that could be further used for basic and applied research in comparative oncology. In addition to the cytogenetic and immunocytochemical changes, we found that cell cultures had different amounts of positive and negative populations of CD24 and CD44 expression and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, however, all exhibited tumorigenic potential in vitro through tumorspheres formation

Em animais, a prevalência do câncer tem aumentado de forma significativa com o passar dos anos. As neoplasias mamárias representam o tipo mais frequente de câncer em cadelas, chegando a 52% da população de fêmeas, e entre os animais afetados, 50% das neoplasias se apresentam sob a forma maligna. O desenvolvimento e caracterização de modelos animais para o estudo de neoplasias humanas é de extrema relevância para a melhoria no diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer. Os tumores sólidos apresentam uma hierarquia entre as células que determina o desenvolvimento e o comportamento da neoplasia. Recentemente, tem-se estudado um pequeno grupo de células que apresentam diversas características das células-tronco normais encontradas nos tecidos. Estas células, denominadas Células Iniciadoras de Tumor (CITs), são descritas como sendo as principais responsáveis pelas falhas na quimioterapia e no aparecimento de recidivas tumorais, devido ao grande potencial de renovação e diferenciação que elas possuem. Desta maneira, nosso objetivo foi caracterizar linhagens celulares provenientes de neoplasia de glândula mamária de cadelas que pudessem ser utilizadas futuramente na pesquisa básica e aplicada em oncologia comparada. Além das alterações citogenéticas e imunocitoquímicas, verificamos que os cultivos celulares apresentaram quantidades distintas de populações positivas e negativas quanto à expressão de CD24 e CD44 bem como da atividade de aldeído-desidrogenase, porém, todos exibiram potencial tumorigênico in vitro através do ensaio de formação de tumoresferas / The prevalence of cancer in animals has increased significantly over the years. Mammary tumors are the most common cancer in dogs, reaching 52% of female population, and among affected animals, 50% of tumors are presented in the malignant form. The development and characterization of animal models for the study of human cancers is extremely important for improving the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Solid tumors have a hierarchy of cells that determines the development and behavior of cancer. Recently, there has been studied a small group of cells with different characteristics from those normal stem cells found in tissues. These cells, known as tumor initiating cells (TICs), are described as being primarily responsible for the failures in chemotherapy and the appearance of recurrences, because of their potential for renewal and differentiation. Thus, our objective was to characterize cell lines derived from mammary gland neoplasia of dogs that could be further used for basic and applied research in comparative oncology. In addition to the cytogenetic and immunocytochemical changes, we found that cell cultures had different amounts of positive and negative populations of CD24 and CD44 expression and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, however, all exhibited tumorigenic potential in vitro through tumorspheres formation

No description available.

Brain tumors represent a leading cause of cancer mortality, of which medulloblastoma (MB) and glioblastoma (GBM) represent the most frequent malignant pediatric and adult brain tumors, respectively. The identification of a rare clonal population of cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs) or brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs), as having the ability to initiate, proliferate, and maintain tumor growth has offered a developmental framework for studying MB and GBM. Evidence in support of cell signaling programs carried forward from brain development into oncogenesis have provided opportunities for BTIC-directed therapies targeting the key BTIC property of self-renewal. Given that neural stem cells (NSCs) must maintain a relative balance between self-renewal and differentiation, brain tumorigenesis may be conceptualized as a disease of unregulated BTIC self-renewal. In this work, I aim to demonstrate the re-emergence of self-renewal genes that regulate NSCs in BTICs, use the Wnt pathway as a model by which these genes may be regulated in a context-specific manner, and identify clinically tractable therapies directed at the overall BTIC self-renewal signaling machinery. Specifically, in Chapter 2, I describe the presence of a shared signaling program between NSCs and MB BTICs consisting of Bmi1 and FoxG1. In Chapter 3, I provide evidence in support of a context-specific tumor suppressive function for activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in MB. Lastly, in Chapter 4, I demonstrate a CD133-AKT-Wnt signaling axis in which CD133 functions as a putative cell surface receptor for AKT-dependent Wnt activation in GBM. Overall, the body of this thesis offers a mechanistic model by which BTICs may be regulated and targeted to impair tumor growth and improve overall survivorship in childhood MB and adult GBM. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Les cellules souches cancéreuses (CSC) représentent une sous-population de cellules tumorales à l’origine de l’hétérogénéité et de la croissance tumorale. Les CSC sont plus résistantes aux traitements, et à l’origine de la rechute et des métastases. L’identification des CSC constitue actuellement un enjeu majeur dans le développement de nouvelles thérapies ciblées pour inhiber la croissance tumorale et éradiquer le cancer. Dans ce travail, nous avons cherché à identifier, caractériser, et cibler les CSC dans l’adénocarcinome gastrique. Des modèles murins de xénogreffe de tumeurs primaires de patients atteints d'adénocarcinome gastrique hors cardia de types intestinal et diffus ont été développés, ainsi qu’un modèle de tumorsphere in vitro afin d’évaluer les capacités tumorigéniques de sous-populations tumorales. Nous avons identifié CD44 et l'aldéhyde déshydrogénase (ALDH) comme marqueurs d’enrichissement des CSC dans les 2 types d’adénocarcinomes gastriques, l’ALDH représentant un marqueur plus spécifique que CD44. Nous avons ensuite étudié l'effet de l’acide rétinoïque tout trans (ATRA), et nous avons montré que l'ATRA inhibe la formation et la croissance des tumorspheres in vitro ainsi que la croissance tumorale in vivo. Cet effet de l’ATRA passe par l’inhibition de l’expression des marqueurs souches et des capacités d'auto-renouvèlement des CSC. En conclusion, CD44 et ALDH sont des marqueurs de CSC dans les adénocarcinomes gastriques hors cardia de types intestinal et diffus, et le traitement par l’ATRA constituerait une stratégie commune de traitement pour cibler spécifiquement les CSC et inhiber la croissance tumorale dans ces deux types de cancer gastrique. / Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumor cells at the origin of the heterogeneity and growth of tumors. CSCs are more resistant to treatment, and are responsible for relapse and metastasis. The identification of CSCs is a major challenge for the development of new targeted therapies to inhibit tumor growth and eradicate cancer. In this work, we aimed to identify, characterize, and target CSCs in gastric adenocarcinoma. Mouse models of primary tumor xenografts from intestinal and diffuse type non-cardia gastric adenocarcinomas from patients were developed, as well as an in vitro tumorsphere assay, to assess the tumorigenic capacity of subpopulations of tumor cells. We identified CD44 and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) as CSC enrichment markers in the two types of gastric adenocarcinoma, ALDH representing a more specific marker than CD44. We then studied the effect of All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and showed that it inhibited the formation and growth of tumorspheres in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. This effect of ATRA is due to the inhibition of stem marker expression and the self-renewal capacity of CSCs. In conclusion, CD44 and ALDH are effective CSC markers in intestinal and diffuse type non-cardia gastric adenocarcinomas, and treatment with ATRA provides a common treatment strategy to specifically target CSCs and inhibit tumor growth in both subtypes of this gastric cancer.

No description available.

Malgré plusieurs chimiothérapies suivies d’une transplantation et d’une immunothérapie, 40% des patients avec un neuroblastome (NB) à haut risque subissent une progression de la maladie ou une rechute. L’échec de ces traitements est attribué à la présence de cellules initiatrices de tumeur (TIC) qui expriment le marqueur CD133 et qui sont souvent résistantes aux agents chimiothérapeutiques. Les cellules Natural Killer (NK), qui possèdent un effet anti-tumoral, peuvent être utilisées dans le cadre du développement de nouvelles approches immuno-thérapeutiques. Nous posons l’hypothèse que les cellules NK activées éliminent efficacement les TIC et contribuent à la réduction des risques de rechute. De plus, il est possible d’augmenter l’effet anti-tumoral des cellules NK contre le NB. L’activité cytotoxique des cellules NK est augmentée par des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) activées. A la suite de la stimulation de leurs récepteurs Toll-like les pDC produisent de grandes quantités d'interféron-alpha (IFN-α). Nous avons étudié les propriétés lytiques des cellules NK contre des lignées cellulaires de NB à la suite de leur activation par l’IFN-α ou des pDC activées. Nos résultats révèlent une augmentation de l’activité cytolytique des cellules NK contre ces lignées en réponse à une stimulation par les pDC activées. De plus, les cellules de NB CD133+ ou celles résistantes à l’immunothérapie dirigée contre le GD2 sont sensibles à la lyse médiée par les cellules NK stimulées par les pDC. Nous avons examiné les mécanismes cellulaires impliqués dans la lyse des cellules de NB. Nous montrons que cette cytotoxicité est médiée en partie par TRAIL induisant l'apoptose et en partie par la libération des granules cytotoxiques. Ainsi, ces résultats permettent de proposer une nouvelle approche immuno-thérapeutique complémentaire au traitement par l’anticorps anti-GD2 pour les patients atteints de NB à haut risque. / Despite aggressive treatment by chemotherapy followed by transplantation and treatment with anti-tumor cell disialoganglioside (GD2) monoclonal antibody, IL-2, GM-CSF and retinoic acid, 40% of patients with high-risk neuroblastoma (NB) still undergo disease progression or relapse. Furthermore, tumor-initiating cells (TIC) expressing the CD133 marker are present in NB tumors and are more resistant to chemotherapy. To evaluate a new immunotherapeutic approach, we took advantage of the anti-tumor effect of Natural Killer (NK) cells. We hypothesized that activated NK cells would be a potent therapeutic strategy to eliminate TIC and reduce relapse of NB. We aimed to establish the best strategy to increase the NK cell mediated cytotoxicity against NB. NK cell cytotoxic activity is increased by cytokines, chemokines and activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) which produce high amounts of interferon-alpha (IFN-α) upon Toll-like receptor stimulation. We investigated NK-cell lytic properties against NB cell lines following activation by IFN-α or activated pDC. Our results reveal an increased cytolytic activity of NK cells against NB cell lines after stimulation by activated pDC, CD133+ (TIC) as well as anti-GD2 resistant NB cells are sensitive to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity following stimulation by activated pDC. We also examined the cellular mechanisms involved in NK cell-mediated lysis of NB cell lines. The increased cytotoxicity is partially mediated by TRAIL induced apoptosis and as well as by the release of cytolytic granules. In conclusion, we propose a new immunotherapeutic approach that can be used in combination with the anti-GD2 therapy for the treatment of high-risk NB patients.