As part of an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG), extracts of plants from Suriname and Madagascar were bioassayed for cytotoxicity and antimalarial activity. Six cytotoxic extracts and one potential antimalarial were selected for fractionation, and yielded a number of bioactive compounds which were characterized by spectroscopy methods. Craspidospermum verticillatum (Apocynaceae) yielded four known indole alkoids. Casimirella sp (Icacinaceae) gave three new and five known diterpenoids. Pentopetia androsaemifolia (Apocynaceae) afforded one new and three known cardenolide glycosides. Physalis angulata (Solanaceae) yielded seven known physalins. Roupellina boivinnii (Apocynaceae) yielded four known and three new cardenolide glycosides, and three known cucurbitacins were isolated from Octolepis aff. dioica (Thymelaeaceae). In addition to these structural studies, a synthetic approach to lucilactaene, a cell cycle inhibitor was developed. / Ph. D.

Brust- und Ovarialkarzinome gehören zu den häufigsten sporadischen Tumorerkrankungen bei der Frau. Die Progression von benignen Neoplasien zu malignen Karzinomen werden von spezifischen Veränderungen der Genexpression begleitet. Durch die bioinformatische Auswertung von vier Millionen ESTs aus cDNA-Bibliotheken von Normalgeweben und der korrespondierenden Tumore wurden Hunderte von differenziell exprimierten Genen selektiert. Nach der chromosomalen Kartierung der Kandidatengene erfolgten weitere Untersuchungen für Gene aus den chromosomalen Regionen 1q32-q41 und 11q12-q23, die häufig in Brust- und Ovarialkarzinomen als aberrant beschrieben wurden. Die Validierung der in-silico Expressionsdaten erfolgte über Northernblot- und cDNA-Array-Analysen von unselektierten und mikrodissezierten Tumorproben. Es konnte für einige der Gene die differenzielle Expression in Brusttumoren bestätigt und dadurch neue Kandidatengene für die untersuchten Genloci identifiziert werden. Das Expressionsmuster einer Acyltransferase in 11q13 als potenzielles Tumorsuppressorgen erbrachte den Hinweis auf eine mögliche Involvierung in den Retinol-Metabolismus und könnte auf einen Mechanismus der Inhibierung der Karzinogenese im Brustepithel hindeuten. / Breast and ovarian cancers have become major tumor diseases among woman. The progression of benign neoplasia to malignant carcinoma is characterized by specific changes of gene expression. By using an in-silico strategy to analyze four million ESTs available in cDNA libraries of normal and the corresponding tumor tissues, we selected hundreds of differentially expressed genes. After chromosomal assignment of the candidate genes, further experiments were focussed on these genes located in the specific regions 1q32-q41 and 11q13-q23 often described to be aberrant in breast and ovarian cancer specimen. The in-silico expression analysis was verifyed by Northern blot and cDNA-Array techniques of unselected and microdissected tumor samples. We could confirm the in-silico expression pattern of some genes and identified novel tumor associated candidate genes for the investigated loci. According to the expression pattern, an acyltransferases located in 11q13 may represent a tumor suppressor gene, which could possibly inhibit breast carcinogenesis by involving in retinol metabolism.

A Neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 1 (NEM1; OMIM 131100) é uma síndrome endócrina hereditária, que envolve tumores nas glândulas paratireóides, pâncreas endócrino/duodeno e hipófise. Mutações germinativas no gene supressor de tumor MEN1 são identificadas em aproximadamente 80% dos casos familiais. Os casos restantes podem apresentar grandes deleções no gene MEN1 (raras), não identificáveis ao seqüenciamento direto, ou mutações em outros genes, ainda pouco conhecidos. Recentemente, mutações germinativas em genes que codificam quinases dependentes de ciclinas, como o gene supressor de tumor p27Kip1, foram identificadas em cerca de 1-2% dos pacientes NEM1 sem mutação no gene MEN1. Esses pacientes apresentam uma clínica similar à NEM1, sendo chamada de NEM-like ou NEM4. Estudos in vitro mostraram que a proteína codificada pelo gene MEN1, MENIN, controla a expressão gênica de p27Kip1, indicando que ambos os genes fazem parte da mesma via celular supressora de tumor. Devido à correlação genótipo-fenótipo ser muito fraca nessa síndrome e à grande variabilidade fenotípica encontrada em pacientes com NEM1 (mesmo entre indivíduos/familiares que possuem mesma mutação no gene MEN1), no presente estudo investigamos a hipótese do envolvimento do gene p27Kip1, e de outro gene supressor de tumor recentemente associado com um fenótipo tumores hipofisários famílias, o gene AIP, como possíveis moduladores de fenótipo entre os pacientes com NEM1 de uma extensa família brasileira com a mutação germinativa MEN1 c.308delC e ampla variabilidade fenotípica. Dentre uma série de variáveis clínicas investigadas, observamos um possível papel modulador de fenótipo do gene p27Kip1 nesta família com NEM1. Foi encontrada associação significante entre o genótipo do polimorfismo p.V109G do gene p27Kip1, localizado em um domínio de ligação com a proteína p38 (que é um regulador negativo de p27 por levar à degradação dessa proteína), com os seguintes aspectos clínicos: maior agressividade do tumor hipofisário (macro vs. microadenomas), precocidade no desenvolvimento do tumor pancreático, e presença de carcinóides e metástases nos pacientes analisados (p< 0,05). Não foi observada nenhuma associação do gene AIP e o fenótipo dos pacientes com NEM1. O presente estudo investigou, pela primeira vez, o status germinativo do gene p27Kip1 em pacientes com mutação MEN1 e identificou uma associação significante em relação à susceptibilidade e agressividade dos tumores na coorte estudada / Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an inherited tumoral syndrome that involves tumors in the parathyroids, anterior pituitary and in the pancreatic islet(s) cells. Germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene MEN1 are detectable through direct sequencing in the majority (80%) of the patients with familial MEN1. The remaining patients may present large MEN1 gene deletions, not detectable through direct sequencing, or mutations in other genes, so far largely unknown. Recently, rare mutations in genes that encode cyclin-dependent kinases, as p27Kip1, have been reported in approximately 1-2% of the patients without a MEN1 mutation. These patients were reported as presenting a MEN1-like (or the MEN4) syndrome phenotype. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the protein encoded by the MEN1 gene, MENIN, controls the expression of the p27Kip1 gene and, therefore, these two genes seem to act in the same intracellular tumor suppressor pathway. Due to the lack of genotype-phenotype correlation in MEN1 and the large clinical variability usually observed within unrelated patients carrying the same MEN1 mutation, we hypothesized that p27Kip1 (as well as AIP gene, recently associated with familial predisposition to pituitary tumors) may act as phenotypic modifying gene(s) in the MEN1 syndrome. Herein, we analyzed possible correlations between p27Kip1 genotype and a number of clinical features. We identified significant statistic associations between the p.V109G p27Kip1 polymorphism and phenotype manifestations, indicating a potential role of p27Kip1 in modifying MEN1 phenotype, as follows: pituitary tumor size; early development of pancreatic tumors, and presence of carcinoids and metastasis (p< 0,05). In addition, a possible association with the AIP gene was excluded. The present study analyzed, for the first time, the germline status of p27Kip1 gene in MEN1-mutated patients and identified a potential interaction between the genotype of this tumor suppressor gene in regulating susceptibility and the tumor aggressiveness in MEN1 patients

Les gènes ING (Inhibitor of Growth) sont des gènes candidats suppresseurs de tumeurs conservés de la Levure à l'Homme. Les protéines ING ont des fonctions suppressives de tumeurs de type I ou « caretaker » car elles participent aux processus de maintien de la stabilité du génome en régulant la réplication et la réparation de l'ADN. Elles ont aussi des fonctions suppressives de tumeurs de type II ou « gatekeeper » puisqu'elles sont impliquées dans la régulation de la prolifération cellulaire de façon dépendante et indépendante de p53 et car elles contrôlent la transcription génique en participant au remodelage de la chromatine. L'objectif de ma thèse est de mieux comprendre l'implication de ING1, ING2 et ING3 dans les voies de suppression des tumeurs. Nos travaux montrent que ING1 est sumoylée sur la lysine 193 principalement par l'E3 SUMO ligase PIAS4, afin de réguler l'ancrage de ING1 sur le promoteur de gènes cibles pour réguler leur transcription. Nous avons aussi décrit pour la première fois l'implication de ING2 et de ING3 dans la réponse aux cassures double brin de l'ADN. Nous montrons que cette fonction est conservée entre ING2, ING3 et leur orthologues, respectivement, Pho23 et Yng2 chez la Levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ING2 contrôle l'accumulation de PIAS4 au niveau des sites de dommages et régule la sumoylation de l'E3 ubquitine ligase RNF168, afin de permettre la signalisation et la réparation des cassures double brin de l'ADN. ING3 est nécessaire à l'accumulation de 53BP1 et contrôle la réparation de ces dommages. Ces travaux contribuent donc à une meilleure connaissance du rôle des ING dans les voies de suppression des tumeurs. Ils permettent de mieux comprendre comment ING1 régule la transcription génique et décrivent une nouvelle fonction suppressive de tumeur de type I ou « caretaker » pour ING2 et ING3 dans le maintien de la stabilité du génome. / ING (Inhibitor of Growth) genes are tumor suppressor gene candidates conserved from Yeast to Humans. ING proteins have type I tumor suppressive functions or "caretaker" because they participate in the maintenance of genome stability by regulating DNA replication and repair processes. They have also tumor suppressive functions of type II or "gatekeeper" because they are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation in p53 dependent and independent manners. They also participate in the regulation of gene transcription by regulating chromatin remodeling. The aim of my thesis was to better understand how ING1, ING2 and ING3 are involved in tumor suppressive pathways. Our work shows that ING1 is sumoylated on lysine 193 mainly by the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS4 to regulate ING1 anchoring on target gene promoters to control gene transcription. We have also described the involvement of ING2 and ING3 in the DNA double strand breaks response. We show the conservation of this function between ING2, ING3 and their orthologs, respectively, Pho23 and Yng2 in Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ING2 controls the accumulation of PIAS4 at DNA damage sites and regulates the sumoylation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168, to regulate DNA double strand break signaling and repair. ING3 is necessary for the accumulation of 53BP1 and promotes DNA damage repair. This work contributes to a better understanding of the role of ING proteins in tumor suppression. It thus provides new insights of how ING1 regulates gene transcription and emphasizes a new tumor suppressive function of type I or "caretaker" for ING2 and ING3 in the genome stability maintenance.

A Neoplasia endócrina múltipla tipo 1 (NEM1; OMIM 131100) é uma síndrome endócrina hereditária, que envolve tumores nas glândulas paratireóides, pâncreas endócrino/duodeno e hipófise. Mutações germinativas no gene supressor de tumor MEN1 são identificadas em aproximadamente 80% dos casos familiais. Os casos restantes podem apresentar grandes deleções no gene MEN1 (raras), não identificáveis ao seqüenciamento direto, ou mutações em outros genes, ainda pouco conhecidos. Recentemente, mutações germinativas em genes que codificam quinases dependentes de ciclinas, como o gene supressor de tumor p27Kip1, foram identificadas em cerca de 1-2% dos pacientes NEM1 sem mutação no gene MEN1. Esses pacientes apresentam uma clínica similar à NEM1, sendo chamada de NEM-like ou NEM4. Estudos in vitro mostraram que a proteína codificada pelo gene MEN1, MENIN, controla a expressão gênica de p27Kip1, indicando que ambos os genes fazem parte da mesma via celular supressora de tumor. Devido à correlação genótipo-fenótipo ser muito fraca nessa síndrome e à grande variabilidade fenotípica encontrada em pacientes com NEM1 (mesmo entre indivíduos/familiares que possuem mesma mutação no gene MEN1), no presente estudo investigamos a hipótese do envolvimento do gene p27Kip1, e de outro gene supressor de tumor recentemente associado com um fenótipo tumores hipofisários famílias, o gene AIP, como possíveis moduladores de fenótipo entre os pacientes com NEM1 de uma extensa família brasileira com a mutação germinativa MEN1 c.308delC e ampla variabilidade fenotípica. Dentre uma série de variáveis clínicas investigadas, observamos um possível papel modulador de fenótipo do gene p27Kip1 nesta família com NEM1. Foi encontrada associação significante entre o genótipo do polimorfismo p.V109G do gene p27Kip1, localizado em um domínio de ligação com a proteína p38 (que é um regulador negativo de p27 por levar à degradação dessa proteína), com os seguintes aspectos clínicos: maior agressividade do tumor hipofisário (macro vs. microadenomas), precocidade no desenvolvimento do tumor pancreático, e presença de carcinóides e metástases nos pacientes analisados (p< 0,05). Não foi observada nenhuma associação do gene AIP e o fenótipo dos pacientes com NEM1. O presente estudo investigou, pela primeira vez, o status germinativo do gene p27Kip1 em pacientes com mutação MEN1 e identificou uma associação significante em relação à susceptibilidade e agressividade dos tumores na coorte estudada / Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an inherited tumoral syndrome that involves tumors in the parathyroids, anterior pituitary and in the pancreatic islet(s) cells. Germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene MEN1 are detectable through direct sequencing in the majority (80%) of the patients with familial MEN1. The remaining patients may present large MEN1 gene deletions, not detectable through direct sequencing, or mutations in other genes, so far largely unknown. Recently, rare mutations in genes that encode cyclin-dependent kinases, as p27Kip1, have been reported in approximately 1-2% of the patients without a MEN1 mutation. These patients were reported as presenting a MEN1-like (or the MEN4) syndrome phenotype. In vitro studies have demonstrated that the protein encoded by the MEN1 gene, MENIN, controls the expression of the p27Kip1 gene and, therefore, these two genes seem to act in the same intracellular tumor suppressor pathway. Due to the lack of genotype-phenotype correlation in MEN1 and the large clinical variability usually observed within unrelated patients carrying the same MEN1 mutation, we hypothesized that p27Kip1 (as well as AIP gene, recently associated with familial predisposition to pituitary tumors) may act as phenotypic modifying gene(s) in the MEN1 syndrome. Herein, we analyzed possible correlations between p27Kip1 genotype and a number of clinical features. We identified significant statistic associations between the p.V109G p27Kip1 polymorphism and phenotype manifestations, indicating a potential role of p27Kip1 in modifying MEN1 phenotype, as follows: pituitary tumor size; early development of pancreatic tumors, and presence of carcinoids and metastasis (p< 0,05). In addition, a possible association with the AIP gene was excluded. The present study analyzed, for the first time, the germline status of p27Kip1 gene in MEN1-mutated patients and identified a potential interaction between the genotype of this tumor suppressor gene in regulating susceptibility and the tumor aggressiveness in MEN1 patients

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