No description available.

It is generally accepted that most tumours contain radioresistant hypoxic cells, which limit the effectiveness of photon radiation. This dissertation outlines an attempt to i increase the sensitivity of mouse tumours to X- and gamma radiation by reducing the fraction of hypoxic cells in tumours. It is proposed that this can be achieved by making the tumour bearing animals breathe a hypoxic gas mixture for a period of time and then returning them to a normoxic or hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) environment just prior to and for the duration of delivery of radiation. The effect of breathing 8% oxygen for 72 hours prior to radiation (single X-ray dose of 11 Gy) in air or in HBO on the regrowth delay of CaNT tumours and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced murine rhabdomyosarcomas was compared with radiation alone. No differences in regrowth delay were observed in the case of the CaNT tumour between the mice that received pre-treatment and radiation and those that received radiation alone. In the rhabdomyosarcoma an increase in regrowth delay was observed in the mice that were exposed to the 8% oxygen environment for a 72-hour period prior to being irradiated. These findings are discussed with reference to the different hypoxic cell fractions which were determined for each tumour type (CaNT 54%; rhabdomyosarcoma 27%). The response of the Fib/T tumour grown in WHT mice to 60co gamma rays (delivered in air or in HBO) where mice were exposed to different hypoxic pre-treatments (8%, 10% or 15% oxygen) lasting either 48 hours or 72 hours was compared to that obtained where mice were pre-treated with air, using an in vitro colony forming excision assay. The response of the Fib/T tumour to radiation was improved by a 48 hour and 72-hour exposure of the WHT mice to 8%, 10% and 15% oxygen. However, the greatest sensitization was achieved where mice were kept in an 8% oxygen environment for 48 hours before radiation. These results are interpreted and discussed in relation to two adaptation mechanisms, viz. increased haemoglobin levels and increased 2,3-DPG concentrations, that were shown to operate where mice were exposed to a reduced oxygen environment. Furthermore, the importance of the "increased oxygen availability" model relative to the "reduced cord radius" model is assessed. Where mice, pre-treated with air, were irradiated in HBO, a similar tumour response was observed compared to where mice were pre-treated with 8% oxygen for 48 hours but irradiated in air. Where mice were exposed to two equal fractions of radiation, spaced by an interval. Of 24 hours, the greatest tumour response to radiation was observed where the mice were pre-treated with 8% oxygen for 48 hours and then returned to this environment for the 24-hour interval between fractions. If both fractions of radiation were delivered in HBO, an increase in tumour radiation damage was produced compared to where radiations were delivered in air. The response of the Fib/T tumour to single dose neutron radiation (delivered to air-breathing mice) was determined where mice were either pre-treated for 48 hours with 8% oxygen or with air. Results indicated that a 48-hour 8% oxygen pre-treatment was less efficacious in sensitizing the Fib/T tumour to neutron radiation than it was in sensitizing the Fib/T tumour to 60co gamma radiation. The activity of the scavenger enzymes, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and a related enzyme in the antioxidant system (glutathione reductase), as well as the content of glutathione were determined in the Fib/T tumour of mice before and after exposure to 8% oxygen. This hypoxic environment was found to produce no significant change in the activity of either of the three enzymes or in glutathione levels. iii Finally, the findings reported in this thesis are discussed in relation to possible adaptation in the clinical radiotherapy situation.

Ye / Genetic and epigenetic alterations significantly contribute to development of human cancer. Genotyping tumour tissue in search for these actionable genetic and epigenetic changes has become routine practice in oncology. However, sampling tumour tissue has significant inherent limitations. It provides only a single snapshot in time, prone to selection bias due to intra-tumour heterogeneity, and cannot always be performed owing to its invasive nature. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) based liquid biopsy provides an effective alternative to invasive tissue sampling and have emerged as a minimally invasive, real-time biomarker. Recent advancements in DNA sequencing technologies have revealed enormous potential of ctDNA to improve tumour detection and stratification. In this review, we critically appraise the role of ctDNA as a liquid biopsy for cancer and evaluate the role of circulating tumour DNA as a diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarker. We also highlight some technical challenges and constraints associated with circulating DNA analysis.

HACE1 is a tumour suppressor gene located at human chromosome 6q21. HACE1 is downregulated in Wilms’ tumour as well as several other human cancers. Its role in normal development remains unknown. The zebrafish has established itself as a robust model for studying vertebrate development and human cancers. A zebrafish hace1 homologue has been identified. Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) assays and colocalization studies demonstrate conserved hace1 expression. Moreover, morpholino knockdown of hace1 reveals perturbed cardiac development and function. Transgenic zebrafish harboring either wild type or dominant negative mutated C876S (C876S DN) human HACE1 genes have been generated. DN zebrafish display increased apoptosis, both untreated and following irradiation-induced cellular damage. There was no difference in cell cycle progression between wild type embryos and C876S DN. Further characterization of the HACE1 transgenic zebrafish model will serve to better our understanding of the role of human HACE1 in normal development and tumourigenesis.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.