Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1904. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1949. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [97]-99).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1904. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1950. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf [95]).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-180).

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude du potentiel des cristaux biaxes dans le but de réaliser un laser de puissance. Les cristaux biaxes possèdent deux axes optiques ce qui donnent lieu à un effet appelé "réfraction (ou diffraction) conique". Cet effet, connu depuis 1832, est intensé- ment étudié depuis une décennie. Les progrès en croissance et découpe cristalline permettent d’obtenir des échantillons de longueurs et de qualités optiques suffisantes pour observer ce phénomène. L’utilisation de cet effet en cavité laser ayant déjà été réalisée [79, 78], l’objectif de cette thèse fut dans un premier temps de confirmer ces résultats. Ainsi, un système utilisant des cristaux de KGd(WO4)2 (KGW) dopés au Néodyme a été préalablement testé. Ces premiers résultats furent décevants. La stabilité, la qualité de faisceau ainsi que l’efficacité étaient plus que mé- diocres. L’efficacité maximale fut d’environ 40 % contre 74 % dans la publication [77]. Par ailleurs, le faisceau de sortie présentait un profil elliptique indiquant la présence d’une lentille thermique avec un fort astigmatisme. Ainsi, cette orientation, qui devrait être proche d’une direction athermale (ne présentant pas d’astigmatisme d’origine thermique) selon Biswal [10], ne l’est pas dans une cavité laser pour ce cristal. De plus ce laser est très peu stable et difficile à aligner. Les fluctuations importantes de l’efficacité de celui-ci ont abouti à une interrogation quant à la dépendance des propriétés optiques aux alentours de l’axe optique. Ainsi, dans les premiers chapitres de cette thèse, figurent une étude détaillée des principales propriétés optiques d’absorption et d’émission. Les ré- sultats de cette étude montrent que ces propriétés varient non seulement suivant la polarisation mais également suivant l’orientation aux alentours de l’axe optique. Etant donné que l’état de polarisation autour de l’axe optique varie avec l’orientation, les dépendances en orientation et polarisation sont liées. [...] Enfin, un montage innovant a été testé afin d’utiliser la réfraction conique. La puissance de sortie ainsi que l’efficacité de ce montage étaient très faibles, environ 800 mW en sortie pour 4 W de puissance de pompe. / This thesis is devoted to the study on the potential of biaxial crystals in order to increase laser output power. Biaxial crystals have two optic axes and an effect called conical refraction (or diffraction) can occur. This effect is known since 1832, and intensively studied since the last decade. Thanks to the progress of crystal growth and crystal cutting, it is possible to have long samples of good optical quality in order to ob serve the conical refraction. This effect has already been used in a laser cavity [79, 78]. The aim of this thesis was to confirm the results previously obtained. Thus, Neodymium-doped KGd(WO4)2 (KGW) crystals, cut along the optic axis, have been tested. These first results were disappointing. Stability, beam quality and efficiency were very low. The maximum efficiency achieved was arount 40% compared to the 74% claimed in publication [77]. Thus, this orientation which should be an athermal direction using the calculation of Biswal [10] shows astigmatism when there is a temperature gradient. Furthermore, this laser being difficult to align with strong intensity fluctuations, rise interrogations about the optical property variations around the optic axis. Thus, in the first Chapters of this thesis a study of those properties around the optic axis is given. It shows a strong variation of the optical properties depending on the polarization and orientation around the optic axis. The study of the refraction along the optic axis helps to understand this complex dependency with the orientation. In a second time, holmium-doped KY(WO4)2 (KYW) crystals have been tested for laser emission at 2 µm. The choice of this ion has been done on several criteria. The first one is that the ISL laboratory is used to work with this wavelength and has a lot of equipment. The second one is that Holmium ions have a small "quantum defect" (pump wavelength 1960 nm and lasing wavelength 2074 nm). This low "quantum defect" limits the dispersion between the pump and lasing wavelengths. This decreases the separation between the optic axes of both wavelengths. Thus, when the pump is aligned for conical refraction the lasing wavelength is also aligned along the optic axis. Thanks to a better setup (with new mechanical parts) the polarization and orientation dependencies of the laser efficiency have been investigated. Up to 3 W of output power with a slope efficiency of 70% has been reached near the optic axis. The doping concentration of the Holmium-doped KY(WO4)2 (KYW) being more appropriated for high power laser, no thermal lens effect has been observed. Furthermore, the first conical refraction laser with a quasi-three-level system has been realized. An efficiency of 50% has been achieved with such a conical refraction laser. Finally, a new innovative setup is proposed using the External Conical Refraction. An output power of 800 mW for 4 W of incident pump power has been reached.

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La realización de esta tesis doctoral permitió confirmar la combinación exitosa de la configuración de láseres guiados y las propiedades espectroscópicas de los dobles tungstatos de potasio y tierra rara para ser usados en la fabricación de dispositivos de óptica integrada. Mediante crecimiento epitaxial en fase líquida (LPE) de capas monocristalinas de KY1-x-yGdxLuy(WO4)2 activadas con Er3+ y Tm3+ se fabricaron guías de onda planas. Usando la composición KY0.58Gd0.22Lu0.17Tm0.03(WO4)2 se demostró por primera vez un láser guiado en los regímenes continuo y pulsado (Q-switch) con emisión a 1.84 m. Combinando técnicas de fotolitografía UV, Ar-ion milling y LPE, se fabricaron guías de onda acanaladas de dos tipos: superficiales y soterradas. Mediante esta novedosa combinación, se demostró por primera vez un láser guiado de Tm3+ con emisión a 1.84 m sin la necesidad de añadir espejos a la guía acanalada soterrada. / The successful combination of the advantages of the waveguide laser geometry and the spectroscopic properties of monoclinic double tungstates was confirmed in this work by the realization of planar and channel waveguide lasers activated with Tm3+. Planar waveguides activated with Er3+ and Tm3+ were fabricated by Liquid Phase Epitaxial growth (LPE) of KY1-x-yGdxLuy(WO4)2 single crystalline layers over KY (WO4)2 substrates. CW and Q-switch laser operation at 1.84 m were, for the first time, demonstrated using the lattice matched composition KY0.58Gd0.22Lu0.17Tm0.03(WO4)2 . Surface channel waveguides were fabricated by structuring the surface of the Er3+ and Tm3+-doped planar waveguides by means of standard UV-photolithography and Ar-ion milling. Buried channel waveguides were fabricated by a novel combination of LPE of the activated layers after structuring of the surface of the KY (WO4)2 substrates by Ar-ion milling. Mirrorles waveguide laser in CW regime was demonstrated using these buried channel waveguides.

Neste trabalho, foram realizadas sínteses dos tungstatos duplos NaLa(WO4)2 (NLW), NaGd(WO4)2 (NGW) e LiLa(WO4)2 (LLW) puros e simplesmente dopados com os íons Nd3+ e Yb3+; comparando-se dois métodos de obteção: o de reação no estado sólido e o sol-gel modificado (Pechini). Verificou-se que o envelhecimento do reagente La2O3 (adsorção de umidade ambiente) é um fator determinante na formação dos materiais desejados. Ambos os métodos testados são análogos para obtenção desses materiais se a proporção estequiométrica dos reagentes for a correta. Um estudo empírico foi realizado para crescimento, a partir da fusão, de fibras cristalinas, através do método de micro-pulling-down (µ-PD) (nos modos de aquecimento resistivo e indutivo), de NLW, NGW e LLW puros e simplesmente dopados com os íons Nd3+ e Yb3+. Neste estudo observou-se a evaporação do líquido durante o processo, o efeito da variação das taxas de puxamento e a interação do líquido com o material do cadinho e com a interface de cristalização. Foram obtidas fibras monocristalinas para todos os compostos. Amostras destas fibras foram caracterizadas por difratometria de raios-X (DRX) para verificação da fase formada, por microscopia ótica (MO) e eletrônica de varredura (MEV) para caracterização do diâmetro das fibras, espectrometria por dispersão em energia (EDS/EDX) para determinação da concentração dos dopantes; e também espectroscopia ótica de absorção no VIS-IR para determinação da incorporação do dopante na forma trivalente. / At the present work, the pure and Nd,Yb-doped alkali rare earth double tungstates NaLa(WO4)2 (NLW), NaGd(WO4)2 (NGW) and LiLa(WO4)2 (LLW) were synthesized. Two synthesis methods were evaluated: the solid state reaction method and the modified sol-gel method (Pechini). Both of them are similar for the synthesis of these materials if stoichiometric proportion of reagents is used. It was verified that the moisture adsorption from air by the reagent La2O3 is a problem in the formation of the studied compounds. An empirical study of growth from the melt of single-crystalline fibers was achieved through the micro-pulling-down (µ-PD) method (in the heating inductive and resistive modes) of pure and Nd,Yb-doped NLW, NGW and LLW. It was observed in this study the liquid evaporation during the process, the effect of different pulling rates, the liquid interaction with the crucible material and the crystallization interface. Single-crystalline fibers were achieved for all compounds studied. Samples were characterized through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) for phases identification, optical (OM) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) for fiber diameter visualization, energy dispersion scattering (EDS/EDX) for determining dopants concentration and also optical absorption spectroscopy in the VIS-IR for determining dopants incorporation in the trivalent state.