Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / A theoretical study is presented of the fluid mechanics of the inlet vortex (or ground vortex) phenomenon. The vorticity field associated with the vortex is investigated using a secondary flow approach. In this approach the flow is assumed to be composed of an irrotational primary flow and a weak shear flow, with the vortex filaments associated with the latter being regarded as convected by the former. The potential flow field induced by the inlet-ground plane combination is computed using the panel method developed by · Hess, Mack and Stockman. Using the analysis, material lines (which coincide with vortex lines) can be tracked between a far upstream location, where this vorticity can be taken as known, and the engine face location. The deformation of the material lines thus shows directly the generation and amplification of the streamwise component of vorticity, which is responsible for the velocity distortion at the compressor face. Two representative flow configurations are considered, one with headwind only and one with the flow at forty-five degrees to the inlet axis of symmetry. Although the results so far yield only qualitative information, they appear to provide some insight into one mechanism associated with the inlet vortex formation. / by Henri Charles Viguier. / M.S.

aFor many years innovation has been an integral part of improvements to products and services. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have been known as innovation generators, and their importance is paramount for the growth of economy. And yet despite their great importance, there is still a lack of understanding about how SMEs and High-tech SMEs (HTSMEs) with complex products conduct their management of innovation of New Product Development (NPD). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to provide a foundation for addressing the suggested gaps in the literature and to show that further research is needed in innovation management of NPD and how it is connected to HTSMEs. Renewable energy wind turbine sources and the potential growth they represent for SMEs was a factor in choosing this sector as the subject of this research. HTSMEs with creative ideas and innovations of complex products need to adequately manage product development. This recognises the organisation's practices and processes during NPD and the need for innovation management (IM) as a part of an organisation's capabilities in order to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage (SCA). The aim of this thesis is to explore and validate a major qualitative abductive methodology from the findings of 21 High-tech Small Medium Enterprises management in relation to complex wind turbine invention-innovation (creative destruction) practices and processes during the NPD. Analysis, synthesis, and conclusions from the findings of this study are interpreted and discussed in the context of the definition, concepts, characteristics, theoretical, and conceptual framework. Finally, implications for managerial practice offer a deeper understanding of how HTSME manage innovation practices and processes occur during NPD building a superior product and recommendations for further research that can be valuable to academics, practitioners, and other researchers who are seeking ideas for research topics are presented and discussed.

Avec l’évolution technologique, le progrès de l’électronique de puissance et surtout l’enjeu économique, l’utilisation des machines asynchrones à cages ou à rotor bobiné occupe de plus en plus de place dans tous les domaines comme les entrainements électriques et la production d’énergie, leur robustesse, leur fiabilité et leur coût moins élevé sont particulièrement appréciés. Ces deux types d’actionneur en fonctionnement générateur sont la base des éoliennes actuelles.Néanmoins, malgré les travaux de recherches effectués ainsi que les améliorations apportées, ces machines demeurent des sièges potentiels de défaillances aussi bien au niveau stator que rotor. Les défauts les plus courants qui peuvent se produire dans la génératrice asynchrone à rotor bobiné du système éolien, au niveau rotor et stator sont : a) le court circuit sur les enroulements rotoriques et statoriques, b) les défaillances de roulements, c) les irrégularités statiques ou dynamiques de l’entrefer, d) les problèmes au niveau des balais et collecteurs. Ces types de défauts doivent êtres détectés, localisés à temps car ils peuvent endommager gravement le système. Durant ces dernières années, le diagnostic des défauts affectant les systèmes éoliens a été largement étudié. Un grand nombre de méthodes est disponible visant à améliorer la conception du système, à augmenter la qualité et la production d’énergie électrique et d’en diminuer les coûts. Malgré les résultats de la recherche, ces systèmes multi-Complexes restent encore les sièges de réflexions de plusieurs laboratoires tant qu’industriels qu’académiques.Ce rapport de thèse présente une nouvelle méthodologie de diagnostic de défauts combinant la méthode à base de modèle utilisant les équations mathématiques explicites du processus et la méthode sans modèle. Les machines électriques sont modélisées analytiquement par la méthode des circuits électriques magnétiquement couplés. L’objectif est de générer des données en fonctionnement sain et en fonctionnement défaillant de ses variables d’état. Tandis que la méthode sans modèle utilisée est l’analyse en composantes principales (ACP). Les deux méthodes sont implémentées sous Matlab/ Simulink. Les données de la machine acquises sont traitées et analysées par des méthodes statistiques pour générer des résidus. La détection et la localisation de défauts sur la machine sont obtenues par l’analyse des résidus de ses variables d’état. Les résidus sont des indicateurs de défaillance ou non du système étudié. L’analyse des grandeurs caractéristiques de la machine étudiée dans ce rapport de thèse par le biais de plusieurs résultats de simulation montre l’efficacité de la méthode ACP, aussi bien sur le plan de la détection que de la localisation, par rapport aux autres méthodes de diagnostic des machines électriques. / With the technological evolution, due to the progress of power electronics and the economic issue, the use of induction machines with squirrel cage rotor or wound rotor induction machine occupies more and more places in all areas such as electric drive system and power production due to their robustness, their reliability and their lower cost which are highly appreciated. These two types of actuator in generator operation are the basis of the current wind turbine.Nevertheless, in spite of those different researches as well as those improvements, these machines remain still the potential faults both in stator and rotor levels.The most current default which may occur in the wound rotor asynchronous generator of the wind system at the rotor and stator levels are: a) Inter-Turn short circuit on the rotor and stator windings; b) The bearings failures; c) Static or dynamic irregularities of the air-Gap; d) Brushes and collectors ring problems;These types of faults must be detected and localized in time because they may damage the whole system. During these last years, the faults diagnosis affecting the wind systems was widely studied.A large number of methods are available to improve the system design, to increase the quality and quantity of the electrical energy produced and to decrease this energy production costs. In spite of the literatures research results, these multi-Complex systems still remain the reflections seats of several industrial and academic laboratories. This thesis report presents a new faults diagnosis methodology combining the method using the explicit mathematical equations model of the process and the method without a prior model of the system which is the data statistical analysis. The electrical machines are analytically modeled by the method of magnetically coupled electric circuits.The objective is to generate data in healthy and faults functioning of its variable state. Whereas the method without model used is of the principal components analysis (PCA).Both methods are implemented under Matlab /Simulink. The data of the acquired machines are handled and analyzed through the statistical method in order to generate the residues.The detection and the localization of the machine faults are obtained by the residues analysis of its variable state. Residues are faults indicators or healthy on the studied system.The analysis of the characteristic size of the machine studied in this thesis report through several simulation results shows the efficiency of the method PCA, as well as in detection and localization, when compared with other diagnosis methods of electrical machines.

Numerical optimization methods have made significant progress over the last decades and play an important role in modern industrial design processes. In most cases, gradient-free algorithms are used, which only require the value of the objective function in each optimization step. These methods are robust and can be integrated into a standard design process at low implementation effort. However, in aerodynamic design problems using high-fidelity Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the computational cost is high, especially when a large number of design parameters are used. Gradient-based methods, on the other hand, are particularly suited for problems involving large design spaces and generally converge to a local optimum in a few design cycles. However, the computational efficiency of these methods is mainly determined by the gradient calculation.This thesis presents the development of an efficient gradient-based optimization framework for the aerodynamic design of turbomachinery applications. In particular, the adjoint approach is used to evaluate the gradients of the objective function with respect to all design parameters at low computational cost. The present work covers the various components of the optimization framework, including the solution of the flow governing equations, adjoint-based sensitivity analysis, geometry parameterization, and mesh generation. A substantial part of the thesis describes the implementation and validation of those components. The flow solver is a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes code applicable to multiblock structured grids. The spatial discretization is realized with a Roe-type upwind scheme with a MUSCL extrapolation for second order spatial accuracy. Viscous fluxes are centrally discretized, and for the turbulence closure problem the Spalart-Allmaras and the Shear-Stress Transport (SST) models are used. The code uses an implicit multistage Runge-Kutta time-stepping scheme, accelerated by local time-stepping and geometric multigrid. The corresponding discrete adjoint solver uses the same time marching scheme as the flow solver and features similar performance characteristics in terms of runtime and memory footprint. The adjoint solver has been implemented primarily by hand with selective use of algorithmic differentiation (AD) to simplify the development. The geometry parameterization is based on B-Spline representations which has two main advantages: (a) the simple integration of geometric constraints for structural requirements, and (b) the connection to Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software for manufacturing. The whole optimization framework is driven by a Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithm. The proposed framework has been successfully applied to optimize axial and radial turbines on multiple operating points subject to aerodynamic and geometric constraints. The different studies show the effectiveness of the developed method in terms of improved performances and computational cost. In particular, a comparative study shows that the proposed method is able to find optimized blade shapes at a computational time which is about one order of magnitude lower compared to a gradient-free optimization algorithm. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Esta dissertação descreve um simulador em tempo real para aplicação em testes de reguladores de velocidade de hidrelétricas. O simulador é implementado num hardware que permite a conexão física de todos os sinais que o regulador teria na usina. As dimensões e o perfil hidráulico da usina, dados das máquinas e unidade de força hidráulica são inseridos através de tabelas de fácil entendimento pelo usuário Os transientes hidráulicos no conduto forçado são simulados usando o método das características e levam em conta a influência da turbina. A unidade hidráulica e os atuadores são modelados incluindo suas não-linearidades. Além dos testes de fábrica, este simulador pode ser utilizado para análise preliminar de transientes hidráulicos, treinamento de operadores e como plataforma de testes para novas estratégias de controle da turbina. / This work describes a real-time simulator to be used in hydroturbine speed governor tests. The simulator is implemented using a hardware configuration which allows the physical connection to the governor under test like it would be in the hydropower plant. The conduit dimensions, hydraulic scheme, machine and hydraulic power unit data are inserted into the simulator by user friendly input tables. The hydraulic transients in the penstock are simulated using the method of characteristics and take into account the turbine influence. The electrohydraulic interface, servomotor and hydraulic power unit are simulated including the nonlinearities of valves and servomotors. Besides the factory tests, this simulator can also be applied for a preliminary analysis of hydraulic transients, operator training and platform for testing new turbine control strategies.

Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise da influência de parâmetros adimensionais e grandezas dimensionais no projeto de turbomáquinas operando em diferentes situações de pressão, temperatura e vazão mássica de vapor. O trabalho é divido em duas partes principais, sendo que inicialmente são analisados os parâmetros adimensionais e as grandezas dimensionais que influenciam diretamente o valor do rendimento interno das turbomáquinas térmicas que utilizam o vapor como fluido de trabalho. Na segunda parte do trabalho são abordadas as classes de pressão e rotação específica, e sua influência no comportamento de parâmetros adimensionais. A aplicação dos resultados está diretamente ligada a especificação de turbomáquinas em sistemas de cogeração para aproveitamento de fluxos térmicos provenientes de processos, queima de combustíveis ou gases de escape de uma máquina térmica, para os quais os projetistas necessitam estimar o rendimento de tais componentes por ocasião da análise de viabilidade econômica. / Abstract: This work has as objective the analysis of the influence of dimensionless parameters and dimensional greatness in the project of turbomachinery operating in different pressure situations, temperature and flow steam. This work is shared in two main parts, which are initially analyzed the dimensionless parameters and the dimensional greatness that directly influence the internal efficiency of the thermal turbomachinery that using steam as the working fluid. In the second part of the work are accosted the classes of pressure and specific rotation, and its influence on the behavior of dimensionless parameters. The application of the results is directly linked to the specification of turbomachinery in cogeneration systems for use of heat flows from processes, burning of fuel or the exhaust gases of a thermal machine, for which the designers needs to estimate the efficiency of such components at analysis of economic feasibility. / Orientador: Paulo Magalhães Filho / Coorientador: José Nédilo Carrinho de Castro / Banca: Carlos Daniel Ebinuma / Banca: José Rui Camargo / Mestre

A seleção adequada dos materiais e do processo de fabricação de rotores hidráulicos de turbinas Francis continua entre os maiores desafios enfrentados pelas empresas do setor desde sua criação no final do século XIX. A garantia de operação dessas máquinas está diretamente ligada à confiabilidade dos materiais, projetos e dos processos de fabricação, além da rigorosa observação de procedimentos e normas. Para que se consiga assegurar que ao final do processo de fabricação os procedimentos tenham sido respeitados, inúmeros testes são necessários. Alguns destes testes, porém podem afetar as próprias diretrizes para a execução do projeto ou fabricação. Um exemplo é o ensaio de propagação de trincas em diferentes arames de fabricação tipo GMAW e FCAW, que foi realizado com materiais cuja energia de absorção de impacto variava entre 30 e 100 J. Os resultados mostraram que o trabalho de impacto do material influencia consideravelmente a tenacidade e a velocidade de crescimento de falhas, o que consequentemente leva à conclusão de que esta propriedade define a margem de segurança do material contra propagação de trincas em aplicações como a construção de rotores hidráulicos soldados. Materiais com valores superiores de energia de impacto registraram um melhor comportamento com relação à propagação de falhas sendo mais adequados em regiões de altos esforços cíclicos, como as conexões de rotores Francis (pás x cubo x coroa). O trabalho mostra ainda quais os meios metalúrgicos e químicos necessários para se atingir um material com energia de impacto superior, demonstrando que os efeitos da ductilidade do material são mais significativos do que a resistência mecânica à tração. O que põe em xeque os padrões de dimensionamento dos componentes puramente baseados na comparação de tensões estáticas com a propriedade de resistência do material em seus limites de escoamento e ruptura. / The selection of materials and manufacturing process of hydraulic Francis Runners is one of the greatest challenges faced by sector companies since their establishment in the late 19th century. The guarantee of operation of these machines is directly linked to the reliability of the materials, designs and manufacturing processes, as well as the strict observation of procedures and standards. In order to ensure that procedures have been followed to at the end of the manufacturing process, numerous tests are required. Some of these tests, however, may affect some guidelines for project or manufacturing execution. An example is the crack propagation test on different types of manufacturing wires GMAW and FCAW, which were carried out with materials that energy of impact absorption varied from 30 to 100 J. The results showed that the impact work of the material influences considerably the tenacity and the crack growth rate, which consequently leads to the conclusion that this property defines the safety margin of the material against the cracks propagation in applications such as the construction by welding of hydraulic runners. Materials with higher values of impact energy showed a better behavior related to the failure propagation being more adequate in regions of high cyclic stresses such as the connections of Francis runners (blades x band x crown). The paper also shows the metallurgical and chemical requirements to obtain a material with higher impact energy, demonstrating that the effects of material ductility are more significant than the mechanical tensile strength. This fact challenges the current design standards of components based purely on the comparison of static tensions with the resistance property of the material at their resistance and rupture limits.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005. / "August 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-154). Online version available on the World Wide Web.

Among the renewable energies, wind energy presents the highest growth in installed capacity and penetration in modern power systems. This is why reliability of wind turbines becomes an important topic in research and industry. To this end, condition monitoring (or health monitoring) systems are needed for wind turbines. The core of any condition monitoring system (CMS) are fault diagnosis algorithms whose task is to provide early warnings upon the occurrence of incipient (small magnitude) faults. Thanks to the use of CMS we can avoid premature breakdowns and reduce significatively maintenance costs. The present thesis deals with fault diagnosis in sensors of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) for wind turbine (WT) applications. In particular we are interested in performing fault detection and isolation (FDI) of incipient faults affecting the measurements of the three-phase signals (currents and voltages) in a controlled DFIG. Although different authors have dealt with FDI for sensors in induction machines and in DFIGs, most of them rely on the machine model with constant parameters. However, the parameter uncertainties due to changes in the operating conditions will produce degradation in the performance of such FDI systems. In this work we propose a systematic methodology for the design of sensor FDI systems with the following characteristics: i) capable of detecting and isolating incipient additive (bias, drifts) and multiplicative (changes in the sensor gain) faults, ii) robust against changes in the references/disturbances affecting the controlled DFIG as well as modelling/parametric uncertainties, iii) residual generation system based on a multi-observer strategy to enhance the isolation process, iv) decision system based on statistical-change detection algorithms to treat the entire residual and perform fault detection and isolation at once. Three novel sensor FDI approaches are proposed. The first is a signal-based approach, that uses the model of the balanced three-phase signals (currents or voltages) for residual generation purposes. The second is a model-based approach that accounts for variation in the parameters. Finally, a third approach that combines the benefits of both the signal- and the model-based approaches is proposed. The designed sensor FDI systems have been validated using measured voltages, as well as simulated data from a controlled DFIG and a speed-controlled induction motor. In addition, in this work we propose a discrete-time multiple input multiple output (MIMO) regulator for each power converter, namely for the rotor side converter (RSC) and for the grid side converter (GSC). In particular, for RSC control, we propose a modified feedback linearization technique to obtain a linear time invariant (LTI) model dynamics for the compensated DFIG. The novelty of this approach is that the compensation does not depend on highly uncertain parameters such as the rotor resistance. For GSC control, a LTI model dynamics is derived using the ideas behind feedback linearization. The obtained LTI model dynamics are used to design Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG) regulators. A single design is needed for all the possible operating conditions.

Wind farms are nowadays more often constructed in alpine terrain than earlier due to theprofitable wind resource as well as, often, less conflicting interests than in more denselypopulated areas. The cold climate poses a relatively new challenge to the wind power industrysince icing of the wind turbine blades and sensors may induce losses in production, increasethe wear and tear of the components, leading to a shortening of structural life time as well as itdecreases the availability and hence reducing the economical profitability for the owner.This study focuses on modelling of ice accretion on a vertically mounted cylinder,dimensioned to correspond to an IceMonitor, and comparing the results with measured iceload on a similar instrument during the winter of 2009/2010. The modelling is carried outwith both a statistical approach using multiple linear regression and a physical approach usingmodel for ice accretion. Ice load was also modelled for the period 1989-2009 using the ERAinterimre-analysis data set in order to compare the winter 09/10 with a longer referenceseries. Modelled ice loads for four winters between 2005 and 2009 were compared withproduction data to investigate a possible connection between ice load and production losses.The results showed that the statistical approach was unable in its current form toreproduce and predict measured ice loads and the method was deemed unsuitable. Thephysical model shows more promising results, although with problems in modelling rapid iceaccretion and ice shedding events.No clear connection between measured production losses and modelled ice loads wasfound when analyzing available data. Uncertainties in input data correction as well asimportance of ice density are possible sources of error.Due to confidentiality of some of the data, the measurement sites used in this thesis aredenoted site A, site B and site C.